Dental Profession Development PDF

The development of the dental profession Profession Basics Occupation or practice with special characteristics: Specific knowledge and skills: Through regulated and authorized studies (B.Sc. Diplomas, degrees…) Self-organization: Professional associations (such as Denstists’) that define, organi...

The development of the dental profession Profession Basics Occupation or practice with special characteristics: Specific knowledge and skills: Through regulated and authorized studies (B.Sc. Diplomas, degrees…) Self-organization: Professional associations (such as Denstists’) that define, organize and regulate both the work and the workers. Professional Ethics: They have a moral component in their practice aimed at social good towards the citizens. It provides essential services to the individual and the Society. Profession Features 1. Well-defined professional field. The profession possesses a body of knowledge and a repertoire of behaviors and skills needed in the practice of the profession (not possessed by the non-professional). 2. Self-regulation of the activity. Regulation by imposing norms and rules. 3. Membership control. To fight against intrusion. 4. Formal and dialectic ritualization. With specific words and tools, such as dental terminology or lab gown, gloves, turbine, implants… 5. Universalism. To treat all patients equally, with no distinction and maintain an affective neutrality in the relationship patient-doctor. Medicine as a profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern • No state institutions or regulation of medical practice. • Public medicine and private medicine (medical craftsmen, itinerant doctors…). • Surgery as a modest social category (craft character, manual). • Paradigm: Hippocratic Medicine → "Galenic Synthesis" Contemporary Medicine as a profession Regarding dental profession… Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern In the classical period (5th century B.C. - 2nd century) there were no defined studies, the relationship between teacher and apprentice was very close, people paid for the acquisition of knowledge. Dental profession had a handcrafted, manual character and was less valued than medicine, with a modest social status. There was a code or oath to treat well to colleagues and not to transgress the rules. Contemporary Medicine as a profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary V – XV centuries EARLY MIDDLE AGES • Monasteries: o spiritual centers o intellectual learning and medical practice centers o social centers • Paradigm: Combination of spiritual and natural healing (herbal remedies) LATE MIDDLE AGES (from XII century) • Universities (associated with monasteries): o Knowledge growth and expansion o Institutionalization and regulation Medicine as a profession First steps to regulation Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary V – XV centuries XIV – XV century • Roger II of Sicily (1140): anyone who had not passed an examination would be forbidden to practice medicine. • Frederick II of Prussia: An exam + 1 year practice. • Las Siete Partidas (The Seven-Part Code) (1348): uniform body of normative rules for the whole kingdom (including medical practice). • The Royal Tribunal of the Proto-Medicine (1477): a technical institutional body responsible for monitoring the practice of the health professions (physicians, surgeons, pharmacists…) and for teaching them. Medicine as a profession Regarding dental profession… Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary V – XV centuries At the end of the 12th century, universities were created, but dentistry (and surgery) were left out and training was done through guilds, groups that controlled training and work with their own rules. Dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Medicine as a profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary XV – XVIII centuries RENAISSANCE (XV – XVI centuries) • Professional organizations controlled by local governments (colleges of doctors). Control of exams and licenses. • Traditionalism and avoid innovation (galenism) Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) De humani corporis fabrica. Anatomo-pathological model Diseases were classified according to observable criteria considered as objective. Medicine meets Science (legitimation) Medicine as a profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary XV – XVIII centuries s. XVIII • Man’s search for liberalism, equality and dignity • Protestant protests against Catholic Church • Removal of English dominance from America • French revolution Doctor-patient relationship Activity-Passivity → Co-operation model Medical and surgical schools break the monopoly of Universities over knowledge (free competition) Surgeons and Apothecaries create associations that break the medical leadership and monopoly. American Medical Association (1874) British Medical Association (1857) Dental profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern XV – XVIII centuries Contemporary Dental profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary XV – XVIII centuries s. XVI First monographs on teeth Artzney Buchlein (1539), Opuscle of medicine against all kind of diseases and defects of the teeth Walter H. Ryff (1545), Useful report on diseases on the eyes and teeth Dental profession Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary XV – XVIII centuries s. XVI Physicians and doctors dedicated to Odontology Francisco Martínez de Castrillo (1557), Short and compendious colloquium... Bartolomeo Eustachio (1563), Libellus de dentibus. Dental profession The creation of the Bachelor’s Ancient (Greece and Rome) Middle Ages Modern Contemporary XV – XVIII centuries s. XVII - XVIII Louis XV created the Royal Academy of Surgery (1731) that accredits the first qualifications for dentists: Expert pour les dents (although it started in 1699): Theoretical and practical exam. Extension in 1768. No candidate can be admitted if he has not worked two full and consecutive years with teachers in surgery or with an expert in teeth established in the city of Paris or its surroundings and three if they are from other cities. Pierre Fouchard, Le chirugien dentiste ou traite des dents (1728) Philip Plaf, Treaty of the teeth of the human body and its diseases (1756) John Hunter, Natural History of Teeth (1771) Dental profession The creation of the Bachelor’s Professionalization models UNIVERSITY model INDEPENDANT SCHOOL model • Germanic world. • University of Vienna (Georg Carabelli) • Exclusivity of teachers for teaching and research. • Public expenditure. • The first dental institutes 1884. • United States. Hayden and Harris, create the Dental School of Baltimore (1840). • No basic studies were necessary. • Integration of the German model. STOMATOLOGY (Medical speciality) DENTISTRY (Independent career, practical training, advances in techniques and instruments)