Unit 4.1.2 Intelligence PDF

MEd: Psychological Perspectives of Education Unit 4:Creativity and Intelligence Unit 4.1.2:Intelligence: Meaning, factors affecting intelligence 4.1.3: Multiple Intelligences George Attanayake BA (Peradeniya) PGDE (Colombo) MA in Education and ELT (...

MEd: Psychological Perspectives of Education Unit 4:Creativity and Intelligence Unit 4.1.2:Intelligence: Meaning, factors affecting intelligence 4.1.3: Multiple Intelligences George Attanayake BA (Peradeniya) PGDE (Colombo) MA in Education and ELT (London) PGD in TESL (Humber) Practical Nursing (Theory) (George Brown College of Nursing, Toronto)  What is Intelligence? Intelligence is the sum total of all cognitive processes and skills. It refers to the ability of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope with the demands of social living. The higher order forms of cognition are: Concept formation, reasoning, problem solving, creating new ideas, memory and perception which are related to human intelligence. Human intelligence is the ability to acquire, recall/retrieve and use knowledge to understand concrete and abstract concepts, relations among objects and ideas, and to use knowledge in a meaningful way.  How much does our intelligence depend on our genes? 1. For more than a century, researchers have been studying how much our genetic legacy influences our intelligence. After all that time, they have determined that, our genes do influence intelligence and IQ to a range of 40% to 80%. 2. Early Nutrition: As it turns out, a person really is what s/he eats, and what his/her mother ate during her pregnancy. Pre natal and early nutrition are linked to brain structure, behaviour and intelligence. 3. The greater nutrition in the food we eat, especially for meals in the weeks just after birth, the greater the size of the caudate, the “C”- shaped subcortical structure which lies deep inside the brain near the thalamus which plays a critical role in various higher neurological functions. 4. Caudate is the part of our brain that specializes in learning and memory which uplifts our verbal IQ scores.  The effects also seem to apply to babies whose pre-natal diets were rich in long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (……………………………………..). When pregnant women and lactating women have diets rich in these fatty acids, their offspring are more likely to score higher on intelligence and achievement tests at ages 4 and 7. How much nature versus nurture (heredity versus environment) affects human intelligence is a long studied and long debated topic. These factors include everything from our family’s parenting style and home environment to how we are educated and the experiences we have throughout our lives. Researchers often study twins who have been separated at birth to understand further the roles nature and nurture play in human intelligence. They theorize that if intelligence is purely biological, identical twins separated at birth should still have equal IQs. But that’s not always the case. 09/03/2024  While you may be genetically predisposed to an average intelligence level, a quality education and life experiences may enable you to turn an average IQ into a great one over a lifetime. 5. Birth order: People have been studying whether or not birth order affects human intelligence for more than a century. Earlier it was believed that first borns and older children in families were more intelligent than their younger siblings. Families with just one child may have more time and financial resources to put towards educating the child. Recent studies however observe that it may not be intelligence. Our potential for learning, understanding and reasoning – affected by birth order. But not our (IQ) intelligence Quotient. IQ tests measure our intelligence aptitude and compare us to our peers. Firstborn children, on average, score 3 points higher on IQ tests than their closest, next born siblings.  Once again, Intelligence is a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.” In the traditional method intelligence of a child/person is measured by calculating the individual’s Intelligence Quotient. The most common types of IQ tests are: 1. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. 2. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. IQ, or intelligence quotient is a number representing a person's reasoning ability. It's determined by dividing a person's score on a special test by his or her age, then multiplying by 100. IQ = mental age divided by Chronological age multiplied by 100  What is Intelligence Quotient? IQ = Mental Age e X 100 Chronological Age According to Traditional IQ testing, there are 7 levels of IQ in Children. IQ above 130 = Genius IQ 120 – 130 = Gifted Children IQ 110 – 120 = Above Average Children IQ 90 – 110 = Average Children IQ 80 – 90 = Morons (moronic children) IQ 70 – 80 = Imbeciles (imbecilic children) IQ 60 – 70 = Idiots (idiotic children)  4.1.2: Multiple Intelligences Theory However, As defined by Howard Gardner, Intelligence is the ability to solve problems or fashion products that are valuable in one or more cultural settings. Each person may have different types of intelligence. Even everyone can possess more than one of it. Howard Gardner divided the multiple intelligence into eight kinds.  Theory of Multiple Intelligences by Howard Gardner George Attanayake BA (Peradeniya) PGDE (Colombo) MA in Education and ELT (London) PGD in TESL (Humber) Practical Nursing (Theory) (George Brown College of Nursing, Toronto)  What are Multiple Intelligences? Multiple intelligences is a theory first posited by Harvard developmental psychologist Howard Gardner in 1983 that suggests human intelligence can be differentiated into eight modalities: 1. verbal-linguistic intelligence: Word Smart 2. logical-mathematical intelligence: Logic Smart 3. musical-rhythmic intelligence: Music Smart 4. visual-spatial intelligence: Picture Smart 5. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: Body Smart 6. Interpersonal intelligence: People Smart 7. intrapersonal intelligence: Self Smart 8. Naturalistic intelligence: Nature Smart The idea behind the theory of multiple intelligences is that people learn in a variety of different ways.  “A jack of all trades is a master of none, but oftentimes better than a master of one.” This old saying was used as a compliment, the phrase means that a person is a generalist rather than a specialist, versatile and adept at many things. A versatile person can do many things or serve many functions. Are you a jack of all trades?  The theory of multiple intelligences was created by Dr. Howard Gardner in 1983. Gardner’s theory places an emphasis on the idea that the traditional understanding of intelligence by means of I.Q. Testing is far too limited. To broaden this notion of intelligence, Gardner introduced 8 different types of intelligences. 1. Verbal Linguistic intelligence. 2. Logical/Mathematical intelligence. 3. Musical intelligence. 4. Visual/Spatial intelligence. 5. Bodily Kinesthetic intelligence. 6. Interpersonal intelligence. 7. Intrapersonal intelligence and 8. Naturalist intelligence.  Gardner says that our schools and culture focus most of their attention on linguistic and logical- mathematical intelligence. We esteem the highly articulate or logical people of our culture. we should also place equal attention on individuals who show gifts in the other intelligences.  Unfortunately, many children who have these gifts don’t receive much reinforcement for them in school. Many of these kids, in fact, end up being labeled ‘learning disabled,’ ‘ADD’ (attention deficit disorder), or simply underachievers, when their unique ways of thinking and learning aren’t addressed by a heavily linguistic or logical mathematical classroom.”  1. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence. People with this intelligence can use words and language effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and are generally elegant speakers. They think in words rather than pictures. If you have a strong Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence, You might learn better by: 1. Reading. 2. memorizing. 3. Playing word games. 4. Group discussions. 5. Journal Writing. 6. Staging a play. 7. Making a video 8. Writing a report or Essay. 9. Designing a poster 10. Communicating with peers or experts live or online 11. Composing a song and 12. Using the Internet.  2. Logical – Mathematical Intelligence. People with this intelligence can use reason, logic and numbers effectively. These learners think conceptually in logical and numerical patterns making connections between pieces of information. They are always curious about the world around them. They ask a lot of questions and like to do experiments. If you have a strong Logical-Mathematical Intelligence you might learn better by: 1. Recording information systematically. 2. Playing strategy games (Chess etc.) 3. Analyzing data. 4. Asking logical questions and engaging in discussions. 5. Constructing time lines. 6. Making a video. 7. making graphs. 8. Building a model. 9. Doing hands on experimentation: (creating/designing/testing something). 10. Using the Internet  3. Musical Intelligence. People with this intelligence can produce and appreciate music effectively. These musically inclined learners think in sounds, rhythms and patterns. They immediately respond to music either by appreciating or criticizing what they hear. Many of these learners are extremely sensitive to environmental sounds, e.g. crickets, bird songs, bells, dripping taps etc. If you have a strong Musical Intelligence you might learn better by: 1. Listening to songs, instrumentals, orchestras and recordings. 2. Talking to yourself. 3. making up songs. 4. Mentally repeating information. 5. Reading aloud. 6. Changing Tempo (slowing down, holding back, getting gradually faster & returning to the original tempo). 7. Do choreography (steps arrangement in dancing and moving) 8. making a video. 9. Putting on a play.  4. Visual/Spatial Intelligence. People with Visual/Spatial intelligence can perceive visuals effectively.(They can visualize – Create a realistic 2D or 3D picture in the mind by reading or listening to the information). These learners tend to think in pictures and need to create vivid mental images to retain information. They enjoy looking at maps, charts, pictures, videos and movies. While reading a novel or short story they can effectively enjoy the events/ movements by the visualized pictures in their mind. If you have a strong Visual/Spatial Intelligence you might learn better by: 1. Studying pictures. 2. Watching videos. 3. Using visual, tangible aids. 4. Doing mazes, Puzzles. 5. Making predictions 6. Constructing timelines. 7. Putting on a play. 8. Making videos. 9. Making graphs. 10. Designing posters. 11. Transferring information and 12. using the internet.  5. Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence. People with Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence can perceive visuals can control body movements and handle objects skillfully. These learners express themselves through movement. They have a good sense of balance and eye-hand coordination (e.g. ball play, balancing beams, juggling). Through interacting with the space around them, they are able to remember and process information. If you have a strong Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence, you might learn better by: 1. Doing roleplay. 2. Exercising while reviewing. 3. visiting museums, parks, canyons, landscapes. 4. Asking logical questions. 5. Doing hands on experimentations. 6. Building models. 7. Engaging in team games.  6. Interpersonal Intelligence. People with Interpersonal Intelligence have the ability to maintain healthy relationships with other people and understand others quickly. These learners try to see things from other peoples’ points of view in order to understand how they think and feel (Use empathy). They often have an uncanny ability to sense feelings, intentions and motivations of other people. They are great organizers. Generally they try to maintain peace in group settings and encourage co-operation. They use both verbal (speaking) and non verbal (eye contact, body language) language to open communication channels with others. If you have a strong Interpersonal Intelligence, you might learn better by: 1. Studying in groups. 2. Comparing information with others. 3. Interviewing peers and experts. 4. Relating personal experiences. 5. Doing co-operative projects. 6. Doing choreography. 7. putting on plays. 8. Making videos.  7. Intrapersonal Intelligence. People with Intrapersonal Intelligence have the ability to self reflect and be aware of one’s inner state of being. These learners try to understand their inner feelings, dreams, relationships with others, their strengths and weaknesses. If you have a strong Intrapersonal Intelligence, you might learn better by: 1. Avoiding distractions. 2. Establishing personal goals. 3. Working alone. 4. Reflecting on personal experiences. 5. Journal Writing. 6. Planning goals around one’s own personal interests. Intrinsic motivation  8. Naturalist Intelligence. People with Naturalist Intelligence have the ability to recognize plants and animals, to make distinctions in the natural world, and to understand systems and define categories. If you have a strong Naturalist Intelligence, you might learn better by: 1. Studying outside the house. 2. learning in the presence of plants and pets. 3. Relating environmental issues to topics. 4. Smelling, seeing, touching, tasting in the natural environment. 5. Observing natural phenomena. Differences between the traditional view of intelligence and the multiple intelligences. Traditional View of Intelligence Multiple Intelligence Theory 1. Intelligence can be measured by short answer tests. 1. Short answer tests are not used to measure intelligence because they do not measure disciplinary mastery or deep understanding. They only measure rote memorization skills and one’s ability to do well in short answer tests. 2. Human beings have all the intelligences but each 2. In traditional practice teachers teach the same person has a unique combination or profile. material to every one. 3. Intelligence level does not change over a life time. 3. We can all improve each of the intelligences, though some people will improve more readily in one intelligence area than in others. Differences between the traditional view of intelligence and the multiple intelligences. Traditional View of Intelligence Multiple Intelligence Theory 1. Intelligence consists in ability of logic and language. 1. There are many more types of intelligence which reflects different ways of interacting with the world. 2. Multiple Intelligence pedagogy implies teachers teach 2. People are born with a fixed amount of intelligence. and assess differently based on individual intellectual strengths and weaknesses. 3. Teacher teaches a topic or subject. 3. Teachers structure learning activities around an issue or question and connect subjects. Teachers develop strategies that allow for students to demonstrate multiple ways of understanding and value their uniqueness.  How to Teach or Learn in 8 Different Ways There are Eight different potential pathways to learning If a teacher is having difficulty reaching a student in the more traditional linguistic or logical ways of instruction,……..? The theory of MI suggests several other ways in which the material might be presented to facilitate effective learning.  Application of Multiple Intelligence in Teaching The theory of multiple intelligences proposes a major transformation in the way our schools are run. It suggests that teachers be trained to present their lessons in a wide variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, role play, multimedia, field trips, inner reflection, and much more.  Different Ways / Strategies that you might connect it with Words …………………………..? Numbers, or logic ….……………………….? Pictures …………………………..? Music …………………………..? Self-reflection …………………..........…? Interpersonal …………………………..? A social experience …………………………..? An experience in the natural world …………………………? 8 Different Ways…. Whatever you are teaching or learning, see how you might connect it with: Words……………………………………………verbal/linguistic Numbers, or logic………………………….logical/mathematical Pictures…………………………………………visual/spatial Music…………………………………………….musical/rhythmic Self-reflection………………………………..intrapersonal A physical experience…………………….bodily-kinesthetic A social experience………………………..interpersonal An experience in the natural world…naturalist Classroom activities - more than one of the multiple intelligences. Group discussion - Verbal-Linguistic; Interpersonal Journal writing - Intrapersonal; Verbal/Linguistic Choreography - Musical-Rhythmic; Verbal-Linguistic; Interpersonal Constructing timelines - Logical-Mathematical; Visual-Spatial Putting on a play - Musical-Rhythmic; Verbal/Linguistic; Interpersonal; Visual- Spatial Making a video - Logical-Mathematical, Musical-Rhythmic; Verbal/Linguistic; Interpersonal; Visual-Spatial  Writing a report or essay - Verbal-Linguistic Making graphs - Logical-Mathematical; Visual-Spatial Designing posters - Verbal-Linguistic, Visual-Spatial Communicating with peers or experts online - Verbal-Linguistic; Interpersonal Hands-on experimentation - Kinesthetic; Logical/Mathematical Composing a song - Musical/Rhythmic; Verbal-Linguistic Building a model or 3-D displays - Kinesthetic; Logical-Mathematical Teaching Example Teaching or learning about the law of supply and demand, Read about it (linguistic) Study mathematical formulas that express it (logical/mathematical) Examine a graphic chart that illustrates the principle (spatial) Observe the law in the natural world (naturalist) Observe the law in the human world of commerce (interpersonal) Examine the law in terms of your own body, e.g. when you supply your body with lots of food, the hunger demands goes down; when there’s very little supply, your stomach’s demand for food goes way up and you get hungry (bodily- kinesthetic /intrapersonal) Write a song that demonstrates the law (musical)  Multiple Intelligences Rap The eight intelligences are really cool. We all have them so no one is a fool Linguistic deals with writing and with words. We have language - we're not like animals or birds. Logical-mathematical doesn't need to be a shock. If you study real hard, you'll be smarter than Spock! Spatial involves seeing, drawing, and art, Creating different things and taking them apart.  In case you didn't know, kinesthetic is P.E. Get fit and coordinated athletically! Naturalists are collectors of animals and plants. They like to press flowers and count little ants. All of these so far are really neat, But I like musical 'cause it has a beat. Sometimes, I feel lonely, without any friends, But interpersonal skills put that to an end. Intrapersonal skills are when you want to reflect. For yourself, you should always have respect.  Shapes - Circles Make a group circle by joining hands. Interpersonal, Bodily-Kinesthetic Look for circles around the classroom. Spatial Make circles in art projects. Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic Sing “The Circle Game” and other circle songs. Musical Make up stories about circles. Linguistic Compare sizes of circles (from small to large). Spatial, Logical-Mathematical  Multiplication - 7’s table Count to 70, standing up and clapping on every seventh number. Bodily-Kinesthetic Sing the Multiplication Rock song for the 7’s. Musical Chant the numbers 1 to 70, placing special emphasis on every seventh number. Musical Complete a “hundreds chart,” coloring in every seventh number. Spatial  Spelling Create categories for your spelling words. logical-mathematical Write words using different colors for the letters of parts of the word visual/spatial Make up a story using all spelling words. Tell the story to another person. -verbal/linguistic Sing-spell your words to the melody of your favorite song. musical Create your own goals on how you will study and learn your spelling words.-intrapersonal The End Thank You Any Questions?