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FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01- The Teaching Profession Unit IV Laws Pertaining to the Educational System & Governance Topic The Structure of the Philippine Educational...

FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01- The Teaching Profession Unit IV Laws Pertaining to the Educational System & Governance Topic The Structure of the Philippine Educational System Course Intended Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the structure, governance and management of the Philippine educational system Learning Outcome Essential 1. What is the present structure of the educational system? Question/s 2. What is the system of governance and management in the educational system? This lesson is designed to introduce the structure of the Philippine Educational System. Specifically, it will acquaint the students with the provisions of the Constitution that pronounced the various principles that governed the education in the country as well Description of the as the different laws that establish the different agencies that comprised its trifocalized system of education. Finally, the Lesson discussion on the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST) as the current standard of teacher quality will highlight the implications of this new standard to the ways teaching and learning is done as well as its impact in the over-all educational system of the country. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Learning Target/s Identify the different laws that established ang governs the different agencies of the educational system described in a case analysis The study of the different laws concerning the structures, governance and management of the Philippine Educational System will assist in our understanding of how and why the teaching and learning is done in our country. The government comprised of different departments, bureaus, agencies and offices that functions and works together to achieve its Induction of primary objective which is to serve the people and promote their safety and welfare. The Constitution as the highest law of the land established Prior Knowledge the major structures and institutions of our government and pronounced principles and policies that govern their powers and functions. All responsible citizens of the country must have a working knowledge about these institutions which comprised our government. The young generations nowadays are found of travelling to different places and post pictures and narratives of their travels. Travellin g means being familiar with the different places we have been and the different people we have met. It is nice if we can also travel to the different government institutions establish by the Constitution and in so doing familiarize ourselves with the powers, functions and programs of these institutions. The lesson on the laws pertaining to the educational system and governance focuses on the following: Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution, BP 232, RA 9155, RA 7722, RA 7796, and the PPST. Dissection of Concepts 1  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01- The Teaching Profession ARTICLE XIV OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION (2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE & SPORTS for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical https://www.chanrobles.com/article14.htm#.Xx3x5J4zbIU development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, EDUCATION encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency. education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. (3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools Section 2. The State shall: within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by the religious (1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without additional education relevant to the needs of the people and society; cost to the Government. (2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and Section 4. high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children, (1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age; the educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational institutions. (3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both (2) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged; mission boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such (4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as citizens. The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that in all educational institutions. respond to community needs; and The control and administration of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens (5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics, of the Philippines. vocational efficiency, and other skills. No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of Section 3. aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the provisions of this subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign curricula. diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents. 2  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall (3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from languages. taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence of such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by law. Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of Proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned, may official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. likewise be entitled to such exemptions, subject to the limitations provided by law, including restrictions on dividends and provisions for reinvestment. Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. (4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants, endowments, donations, or contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall be exempt from tax. serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 5. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis. (1) the State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be programs. translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish. (2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning. Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of representatives of various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, (3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, coordinate, and promote researches for the development, propagation, and reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements. preservation of Filipino and other languages. (4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and State. progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training, (5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive systems adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment. and national life. LANGUAGE Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to 3  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens. (2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture. Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest SPORTS participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based Section 19. organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, of a healthy and alert citizenry. particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. (2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors. ARTS AND CULTURE Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression. Republic Act No. 9155 Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State shall https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/08/11/republic-act-no9155/#:~:text= conserve, promote, and popularize the nation’s historical and cultural heritage and Third%20Regular%20Session,Republic%20Act%20No.,EDUCATION%2C%20AND resources, as well as artistic creations. %20FOR%20OTHER%20PURPOSES Section 16. All the country’s artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural AN ACT INSTITUTING A FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNANCE FOR BASIC treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the State which may EDUCATION, ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, regulate its disposition. RENAMING THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS AS THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and policies. SECTION 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the “Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001.” Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is hereby declared the policy of the State to protect educational system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other and promote the right of all citizens to quality basic education and to make such incentives, and community cultural centers, and other public venues. education accessible to all by providing all Filipino children a free and compulsory 4  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION education in the elementary level and free education in the high school level. Such (d) To ensure that schools and learning centers receive the kind of focused attention education shall also include alternative learning systems for out-of-school youth and they deserve and that educational programs, projects and services take into account adult learners. It shall be the goal of basic education to provide them with the skills, the interests of all members of the community; knowledge and values they need to become caring, self- reliant, productive and patriotic citizens. (e) To enable the schools and learning centers to reflect the values of the community by allowing teachers/learning facilitators and other staff to have the flexibility to serve The school shall be the heart of the formal education system. It is where children learn. the needs of all learners; Schools shall have a single aim of providing the best possible basic education for all learners. (f) To encourage local initiatives for the improvement of schools and learning centers and to provide the means by which these improvements may be achieved and Governance of basic education shall begin at the national level. It is at the regions, sustained; and divisions, schools and learning centers — herein referred to as the field offices — where the policy and principle for the governance of basic education shall be (g) To establish schools and learning centers as facilities where schoolchildren are translated into programs, projects and services developed, adapted and offered to fit able to learn a range of core competencies prescribed for elementary and high school local needs. education programs or where the out-of-school youth and adult learners are provided alternative learning programs and receive accreditation for at least the equivalent of a The State shall encourage local initiatives for improving the quality of basic education. high school education. The State shall ensure that the values, needs and aspirations of a school community are reflected in the program of education for the children, out-of-school youth and adult Sec. 4. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act, the terms or phrases used shall learners. Schools and learning centers shall be empowered to make decisions on what mean or be understood as follows: is best for the learners they serve. (a) Alternative Learning System – is a parallel learning system to provide a viable SEC. 3. Purposes and Objectives. – The purposes and objectives of this Act are: alternative to the existing formal education instruction. It encompasses both the non- formal and informal sources of knowledge and skills; (a) To provide the framework for the governance of basic education which shall set the general directions for educational policies and standards and establish authority, (b) Basic Education – is the education intended to meet basic learning needs which accountability and responsibility for achieving higher learning outcomes; lays the foundation on which subsequent learning can be based. It encompasses early childhood, elementary and high school education as well as alternative learning (b) To define the roles and responsibilities of, and provide resources to, the field systems for out-of-school youth and adult learners and includes education for those offices which shall implement educational programs, projects and services in with special needs; communities they serve; (c) Cluster of Schools – is a group of schools which are geographically contiguous (c) To make schools and learning centers the most important vehicle for the teaching and brought together to improve the learning outcomes; and learning of national values and for developing in the Filipino learners love of country and pride in its rich heritage; (d) Formal Education – is the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling. At the end of each level, the learner needs a certification in order to enter or advance to the next level; 5  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION (e) Informal Education – is a lifelong process of learning by which every person Sec. 5. Principles of Shared Governance. – (a) Shared governance is a principle which acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights from daily recognizes that every unit in the education bureaucracy has a particular role, task and experiences at home, at work, at play and from life itself; responsibility inherent in the office and for which it is principally accountable for outcomes; (f) Integrated Schools – is a school that offers a complete basic education in one school site and has unified instructional programs; (b) The process of democratic consultation shall be observed in the decision-making process at appropriate levels. Feedback mechanisms shall be established to ensure (g) Learner – is any individual seeking basic literacy skills and functional life skills or coordination and open communication of the central office with the regional, division support services for the improvement of the quality of his/her life; and school levels; (h) Learning Center – is a physical space to house learning resources and facilities of (c) The principles of accountability and transparency shall be operationalized in the a learning program for out-of-school youth and adults. It is a venue for face-to-face performance of functions and responsibilities at all levels; and learning activities and other learning opportunities for community development and improvement of the people’s quality of life; (d) The communication channels of field offices shall be strengthened to facilitate flow of information and expand linkages with other government agencies, local (i) Learning Facilitator – is the key-learning support person who is responsible for government units and nongovernmental organizations for effective governance; supervising/facilitating the learning process and activities of the learner; Sec. 6. Governance. – The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall (j) Non-Formal Education – is any organized, systematic educational activity carried henceforth be called the Department of Education. It shall be vested with authority, outside the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a accountability and responsibility for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and segment of the population; improving the quality of basic education. Arts, culture and sports shall be as provided for in Sections 8 and 9 hereof. (k) Quality Education – is the appropriateness, relevance and excellence of the education given to meet the needs and aspirations of an individual and society; Sec. 7. Powers, Duties and Functions. – The Secretary of the Department of Education shall exercise overall authority and supervision over the operations of the Department. (l) School – is an educational institution, private and public, undertaking educational operation with a specific age-group of pupils or students pursuing defined studies at defined levels, receiving instruction from teachers, usually located in a building or a A. National Level group of buildings in a particular physical or cyber site; and In addition to his/her powers under existing laws, the Secretary of Education shall have (m) School Head – is a person responsible for the administrative and instructional authority, accountability and responsibility for the following: supervision of the school or cluster of schools. (1) Formulating national educational policies; CHAPTER 1 (2) Formulating a national basic education plan; Governance of Basic Education (3) Promulgating national educational standards; 6  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION (4) Monitoring and assessing national learning outcomes; (5) Undertaking research projects and developing and managing regionwide projects which may be funded through official development assistance and/or other funding (5) Undertaking national educational research and studies; agencies; (6) Enhancing the employment status, professional competence, welfare and (6) Ensuring strict compliance with prescribed national criteria for the recruitment, working conditions of all personnel of the Department; and selection and training of all staff in the region and divisions; (7) Enhancing the total development of learners through local and national programs (7) Formulating, in coordination with the regional development council, the budget to and/or projects. support the regional educational plan which shall take into account the educational plans of the divisions and districts; The Secretary of Education shall be assisted by not more than four (4) undersecretaries and not more than four (4) assistant secretaries whose assignments, (8) Determining the organization component of the divisions and districts and duties and responsibilities shall be governed by law. There shall be at least one approving the proposed staffing pattern of all employees in the divisions and districts; undersecretary and one assistant secretary who shall be career executive service officers chosen from among the staff of the Department. (9) Hiring, placing and evaluating all employees in the regional office, except for the position of assistant director; B. Regional Level (10) Evaluating all schools division superintendents and assistant division There shall be as many regional offices as may be provided by law. Each regional superintendents in the region; office shall have a director, an assistant director and an office staff for program promotion and support, planning, administrative and fiscal services. (11) Planning and managing the effective and efficient use of all personnel, physical and fiscal resources of the regional office, including professional staff development; Consistent with the national educational policies, plans and standards, the regional director shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the following: (12) Managing the database and management information system of the region; (1) Defining a regional educational policy framework which reflects the values, needs (13) Approving the establishment of public and private elementary and high schools and expectations of the communities they serve; and learning centers; and (2) Developing a regional basic education plan; (14) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities. (3) Developing regional educational standards with a view towards benchmarking for C. Division Level international competitiveness; A division shall consist of a province or a city which shall have a schools division (4) Monitoring, evaluating and assessing regional learning outcomes; superintendent, at least one assistant schools division superintendent and an office staff for programs promotion, planning, administrative, fiscal, legal, ancillary and other support services. 7  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION Consistent with the national educational policies, plans and standards, the schools (1) Providing professional and instructional advice and support to the school heads division superintendents shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the and teachers/facilitators of schools and learning centers in the district or cluster following: thereof; (1) Developing and implementing division education development plans; (2) Curricula supervision; and (2) Planning and managing the effective and efficient use of all personnel, physical (3) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities. and fiscal resources of the division, including professional staff development; E. School Level (3) Hiring, placing and evaluating all division supervisors and schools district supervisors as well as all employees in the division, both teaching and non-teaching There shall be a school head for all public elementary schools and public high schools personnel, including school heads, except for the assistant division superintendent; or a cluster thereof. The establishment of integrated schools from existing public elementary and public high schools shall be encouraged. (4) Monitoring the utilization of funds provided by the national government and the local government units to the schools and learning centers; The school head, who may be assisted by an assistant school head, shall be both an instructional leader and administrative manager. The school head shall form a team (5) Ensuring compliance of quality standards for basic education programs and for with the school teachers/learning facilitators for delivery of quality educational this purpose strengthening the role of division supervisors as subject area specialists; programs, projects and services. A core of non-teaching staff shall handle the school’s administrative, fiscal and auxiliary services. (6) Promoting awareness of and adherence by all schools and learning centers to accreditation standards prescribed by the Secretary of Education; Consistent with the national educational policies, plans and standards, the school heads shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the following: (7) Supervising the operations of all public and private elementary, secondary and integrated schools, and learning centers; and (1) Setting the mission, vision, goals and objectives of the school; (8) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities. (2) Creating an environment within the school that is conducive to teaching and learning; D. Schools District Level (3) Implementing the school curriculum and being accountable for higher learning Upon the recommendation of the schools division superintendents, the regional outcomes; director may establish additional schools district within a schools division. Schools districts already existing at the time of the passage of this law shall be maintained. A (4) Developing the school education program and school improvement plan; schools district shall have a schools district supervisor and an office staff for program promotion. (5) Offering educational programs, projects and services which provide equitable opportunities for all learners in the community; The schools district supervisor shall be responsible for: 8  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION (6) Introducing new and innovative modes of instruction to achieve higher learning Transfer of Cultural Agencies outcomes; Sec. 8. Cultural Agencies. – The Komisyon ng Wikang Pilipino, National Historical (7) Administering and managing all personnel, physical and fiscal resources of the Institute, Record Management and Archives Office and the National Library shall now school; be administratively attached to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and no longer with the Department of Education. The program for school arts (8) Recommending the staffing complement of the school based on its needs; and culture shall remain part of the school curriculum. (9) Encouraging staff development; CHAPTER 3 (10) Establishing school and community networks and encouraging the active Abolition of the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports participation of teachers organizations, non-academic personnel of public schools, and parents-teachers-community associations; Sec. 9. Abolition of BPESS. – All functions, programs and activities of the Department of Education related to sports competition shall be transferred to the Philippine Sports (11) Accepting donations, gifts, bequests and grants for the purpose of upgrading Commission (PSC). The program for school sports and physical fitness shall remain teachers’/learning facilitators’ competencies, improving and expanding school facilities part of the basic education curriculum. and providing instructional materials and equipment. Such donations or grants must be reported to the appropriate district supervisors and division superintendents; and The Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports (BPESS) is hereby abolished. The personnel of the BPESS, presently detailed with the PSC, are hereby transferred (12) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities. to the PSC without loss of rank, including the plantilla positions they occupy. All other BPESS personnel shall be retained by the Department. The Secretary of Education shall create a promotions board, at the appropriate levels, which shall formulate and implement a system of promotion for schools division CHAPTER 4 supervisors, schools district supervisors, and school heads. Promotion of school heads shall be based on educational qualification, merit and performance rather than Support and Assistance of Other Government Agencies on the number of teachers/learning facilitators and learners in the school. Sec. 10. The Secretary of Education and the Secretary of Budget and Management The qualifications, salary grade, status of employment and welfare and benefits of shall, within ninety (90) days from the approval of this Act, jointly promulgate the school heads shall be the same for public elementary, secondary and integrated guidelines on the allocation, distribution and utilization of resources provided by the schools. national government for the field offices, taking into consideration the uniqueness of the working conditions of the teaching service. No appointment to the positions of regional directors, assistant regional directors, schools division superintendents and assistant schools division superintendents shall The Secretary of the Department of Education shall ensure that resources be made unless the appointee is a career executive service officer who preferably appropriated for the field offices are adequate and that resources for school personnel, shall have risen from the ranks. school desks and textbooks and other instructional materials intended are allocated directly and released immediately by the Department of Budget and Management to CHAPTER 2 said offices. 9  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION Sec. 11. The Secretary of the Department of Education, subject to civil service laws entitled ‘An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, as and regulations, shall issue appropriate personnel policy rules and regulations that will amended.'” best meet the requirements of the teaching profession taking into consideration the uniqueness of the working conditions of the teaching service. Sec. 14. Rules and Regulations. – The Secretary of Education shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulations within ninety (90) days after the approval of this Sec. 12. The Commission on Audit, in the issuance of audit rules and regulations that Act: Provided, That, the Secretary of Education shall fully implement the principle of will govern the utilization of all resources as well as the liquidation, recording and shared governance within two (2) years after the approval of this Act. reporting thereof, shall take into account the different characteristics and distinct features of the department’s field offices, its organizational set-up as well as the nature Sec. 15. Separability Clause. – If for any reason, any portion or provision of this Act of the operations of schools and learning centers. shall be declared unconstitutional, other parts or provisions hereof which are not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect. CHAPTER 5 Sec. 16. Repealing Clause. – All laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and Final Provisions regulations, part or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. Sec. 13. Governance in the ARMM. – The Regional Education Secretary for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) shall exercise similar governance Sec. 17. Effectivity Clause. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its authority over the divisions, districts, schools and learning centers in the region as may publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation. be provided in the Organic Act without prejudice to the provisions of Republic Act No. 9054, entitled “An Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Lapsed into law on August 11, 2001 without the President’s signature, pursuant to Region in Muslim Mindanao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6734, Sec. 27(1), Article VI of the Constitution. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RA 7796 (TESDA) https://tesda.gov.ph/uploads/File/REPUBLIC%20ACT%20NO.%207796.pdf a) Promote and strengthen the quality of technical education and skills development programs to attain international competitiveness. AN ACT CREATING THE TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT b) Focus technical education and skills development on meeting the changing AUTHORITY, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS, STRUCTURE AND FOR OTHER demands for quality middle-level manpower; PURPOSES SECTION c) Encourage critical and creative thinking by disseminating the scientific and technical 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the “Technical Educational and Skills knowledge base of middle-level manpower development programs; Development Act of 1994” or the “TESDA Act of 1994.” d) Recognize and encourage the complementary roles of public and private institutions SECTION 3. Statement of Goals and Objectives. — It is the goal and objective of this in technical education and skills development and training systems; and Act to: 10  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION e) Inculcate desirable values through the development of moral character with expire every year. The member from the private sector appointed thereafter to fill emphasis on work ethic, self-discipline, self-reliance and nationalism. vacancies caused by expiration of terms shall hold office for three (3) years. SECTION 5. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority; Creation. The President of the Philippines may, however, revise the membership of the TESDA Board, whenever the President deems it necessary for the effective performance of the Board’s functions through an administrative order. — To implement the policy declared in this Act, there is hereby created a Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), hereinafter referred to as the Authority, which shall replace and absorb the National Manpower and Youth Council The TESDA Board shall meet at least twice a year, or as frequently as may be (NMYC), the Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE) and the personnel deemed necessary by its Chairperson. In the absence of the Chairperson, a Co- and functions pertaining to technical-vocational education in the regional offices of the Chairperson shall preside. In case any member of the Board representing the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) and the apprenticeship program Government cannot attend the meeting, he or she shall be regularly represented by an of the Bureau of Local Employment of the Department of Labor and Employment. undersecretary or deputy-director general, as the case may be, to be designated by such member for the purpose. The benefits, privileges and emoluments of the Board shall be consistent with existing laws and rules. SECTION 8. Powers and Functions of the Board. SECTION 7. Composition of the TESDA Board. — The TESDA Board shall be composed of the following: — The Authority shall primarily be responsible for formulating, continuing, coordinated and fully integrated technical education and skills development policies, plans and The Secretary of Labor and Employment-- Chairperson programs taking into consideration the following: Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports - Co-Chairperson a) the State policy declared herein of giving new direction and thrusts to efforts in developing the quality of Filipino human resource through technical education and Secretary of Trade and Industry - Co-Chairperson skills development; b) the implementation of the above-mentioned policy requires the coordination and Secretary of Agriculture - Member cooperation of policies, plans, and programs of different concerned sectors of Philippine society; Secretary of Interior and Local Government - Member c) equal participation of representatives of industry groups, trade associations, employers, workers and government shall be made the rule in order to ensure that Director-General of the TESDA Secretariat - Member urgent needs and recommendations are readily addressed; and d) improved linkages between industry, labor and government shall be given priority in the formulation of any national-level plan. In addition, the President of the Philippines shall appoint the following members from the private sector: two (2) representatives, from the employer/industry organization, one of whom shall be a woman; three (3) representatives, from the labor sector, one of The Board, shall have the following powers: whom shall be a woman; and two (2) representatives of the national associations of private technical-vocational education and training institutions, one of whom shall be a 1) promulgate, after due consultation with industry groups, trade associations, woman. As soon as all the members of the private sector are appointed, they shall so employers, workers, policies, plans, programs and guidelines as may be necessary for organize themselves that the term of office of one-third (1/3) of their number shall the effective implementation of this Act; 11  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION 2) organize and constitute various standing committees, subsidiary groups, or Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines technical working groups for efficient integration, coordination and monitoring technical in Congress assembled: education and skills development programs at the national, regional, and local levels; 3) enter into, make, execute, perform and carry-out domestic and foreign contracts SEC. 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the “Higher Education Act of 1994”. subject to existing laws, rules and regulations; 4) restructure the entire sub-sector consisting of all institutions and programs involved SEC. 3. Creation of the Commission on Higher Education. - In pursuance of in the promotion and development of middlelevel manpower through upgrading, the abovementioned policies, the Commission on Higher Education is hereby created, merger and/or phase-out following a user-led strategy; hereinafter referred to as the Commission. The Commission shall be independent and 5) approve trade skills standards and trade tests as established and conducted by separate from the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), and attached private industries; to the Office of the President for administrative purposes only. Its coverage shall be 6) establish and administer a system of accreditation of both public and private both public and private institutions of higher education as well as degree-granting institutions; programs in all post-secondary educational institutions, public and private. 7) establish, develop and support institutions’ trainors’ training and/or programs; 8) lend support and encourage increasing utilization of the dual training system as provided for by Republic Act No. 7686; SEC. 8. Powers and Functions of the Commission. - The Commission shall 9) exact reasonable fees and charges for such tests and trainings conducted and have the following powers and functions: retain such earnings for its own use, subject to guidelines promulgated by the Authority; a. formulate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities, and 10) allocate resources, based on the Secretariat’s recommendations, for the programs programs on higher education and research; and projects it shall undertake pursuant to approved National Technical Education and b. formulate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities and Skills Development Plan; programs on research; 11) determine and approve systematic funding schemes such as the Levy and Grant c. recommend to the executive and legislative branches, priorities and grants scheme for technical education and skills development purposes; on higher education and research; 12) create, when deemed necessary, an Advisory Committee which shall provide d. set minimum standards for programs and institutions of higher learning expert and technical advice to the Board to be chosen from the academe and the recommended by panels of experts in the field and subject to public hearing, and private sector: Provided, That in case the Advisory Committee is created, the Board is enforce the same; hereby authorized to set aside a portion of its appropriation for its operation; and e. monitor and evaluate the performance of programs and institutions of 13) perform such other duties and functions necessary to carry out the provisions of higher learning for appropriate incentives as well as the imposition of sanctions such this Act consistent with the purposes of the creation of TESDA. as, but not limited to, diminution or withdrawal of subsidy, recommendation on the downgrading or withdrawal of accreditation, program termination or school closure; f. identify, support and develop potential centers of excellence in program REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7722 (CHED) areas needed for the development of world-class scholarship, nation building and national development; http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1994/05may/19940518-RA-07722- g. recommend to the Department of Budget and Management the budgets of FVR.pdf public institutions of higher learning as well as general guidelines for the use of their income; AN ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, h. rationalize programs and institutions of higher learning and set standards, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES policies and guidelines for the creation of new ones as well as the conversion or elevation of schools to institutions of higher learning, subject to budgetary limitations 12  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION and the number of institutions of higher learning in the province or region where SEC. 14. Accreditation. - The Commission shall provide incentives to institutions of creation, conversion or elevation is sought to be made; higher learning, public and private, whose programs are accredited or whose needs i. develop criteria for allocating additional resources such as research and are for accreditation purposes. program development grants, scholarships, and other similar programs: Provided, That these shall not detract from the fiscal autonomy already enjoyed by colleges and SEC. 18. Transitory Provisions. - Such personnel, properties, assets and liabilities, universities; functions and responsibilities of the Bureau of Higher Education, including those for j. direct or redirect purposive research by institutions of higher learning to higher and tertiary education and degree-granting vocational and technical programs meet the needs of agro-industrialization and development; in the regional offices, under the Department of Education, Culture and Sports, and k. devise and implement resource development schemes; other government entities having functions similar to those of the Commission are l. administer the Higher Education Development Fund, which will promote the hereby transferred to the Commission. purposes of higher education; m. review the charters of institutions of higher learning and state universities The Commission shall have the authority to appoint its own personnel. and colleges including the chairmanship and membership of their governing bodies and recommend appropriate measures as basis for necessary action; n. promulgate such rules and regulations and exercise such other powers and All regular or permanent employees transferred to the Commission shall not suffer any functions as may be necessary to carry out effectively the purpose and objectives of loss of seniority or rank or decrease in emoluments. Personnel of the Bureau of Higher this Act; and Education not otherwise transferred to the Commission shall be reassigned by the o. perform such other functions as may be necessary for its effective DECS in any of its offices and bureaus: Provided, however, That, any employee who operations and for the continued enhancement, growth or development of higher cannot be accommodated shall be given all the benefits as may be provided under education. existing laws, rules and regulations. SEC. 12. The Technical Panels. - The Commission shall reconstitute and/or organize Jurisdiction over DECS-supervised or chartered statesupported post-secondary technical panels for different disciplines/program areas. They shall assist the degree-granting vocational and technical programs and tertiary institutions shall be Commission in setting standards and in program and institution monitoring and transferred to the Commission. evaluation. The technical panels shall be composed of senior specialists or academicians to be appointed by the Commission. A transitory body is hereby created which shall be composed of the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), Chair of the Senate Committee on Education, SEC. 13. Guarantee of Academic Freedom. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed as Arts and Culture, Chair of the House Committee on Education and Culture, a limiting the academic freedom of universities and colleges. In particular, no abridgment representative each of the Association of Christian Schools and Colleges (ACSC), the of curricular freedom of the individual educational institutions by the Commission shall Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP), the Philippine Association be made except for: (a) minimum unit requirements for specific academic programs; of Colleges and Universities (PACU), the Philippine Association of Private Schools, (b) general education distribution requirements as may be determined by the Colleges and Universities (PAPSCU), the Philippine Association of State Universities Commission; and (c) specific professional subjects as may be stipulated by the and Colleges (PASUC), and the Philippine Association of Private Technical Institutions various licensing entities. No academic or curricular restriction shall be made upon (PAPTI). private educational institutions which are not required for chartered state colleges and universities. The transitory body shall facilitate the complete and full operation of the Commission which shall not be later than three (3) months after the effectivity of this Act. It shall likewise, promulgate the rules and regulations necessary to effectively implement the smooth and orderly transfer to the Commission. The transition period not exceeding three (3) months shall commence from the approval of this Act. 13  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232 The State shall promote the right of every individual to relevant quality education, regardless of sex, age, creed, socio-economic status, physical and mental conditions, https://lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1982/bp_232_1982.html racial or ethnic origin, political or other affiliation. The State shall therefore promote and maintain equality of access to education as well as the enjoyment of the benefits of education by all its citizens. AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION The state shall promote the right of the nation's cultural communities in the exercise of their right to develop themselves within the context of their cultures, customs, traditions, I. GENERAL PROVISIONS interest and belief, and recognizes education as an instrument for their maximum participation in national development and in ensuring their involvement in achieving CHAPTER 1 national unity. Preliminary Matters Section 4. Declaration of Objectives - The educational system aim to: Section 1. Title - This Act shall be known as the "Education Act of 1982." 1. Provide for a broad general education that will assist each individuals in the peculiar Section 2. Coverage - This Act shall apply to and govern both formal and non-formal ecology of his own society, to systems in public and private schools in all levels of the entire educational system. (a) attain his potentials as a human being; (b) enhance the range and quality of individual and group participation in the basic CHAPTER 2 functions of society; and Declaration of Basic State Policy and Objectives (c) acquire the essential educational foundation of his development into a productive Section 3. Declaration of Basic Policy - It is the policy of the State to established and and versatile citizen; maintain a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development. Toward this end, the government shall ensure, within the 2. Train the nation's manpower in the middle-level skills for national development; context of a free and democratic system, maximum contribution of the educational system to the attainment of the following national developmental goals: 3. Develop the profession that will provide leadership for the nation in the advancement of knowledge for improving the quality of human life; and 1. To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress; 4. Respond effectively to changing needs and conditions of the nation through a system of educational planning and evaluation. 2. To ensure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and Towards the realization of these objectives, and pursuant to the Constitution, all educational institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of 3. To achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and preserve, develop citizenship, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and scientific, and promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual values in a changing world. technological, and vocational efficiency. 14  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION Furthermore, the educational system shall reach out to educationally deprived 1. "Parents" or guardians or the head of the institution or foster home which has custody communities, in order to give meaningful reality to their membership in the national of the pupil or student. society, to enrich their civic participation in the community and national life, and to unify all Filipinos into a free and just nation. 2. "Students," or those enrolled in and who regularly attend and educational institution of secondary or higher level of a person engaged in formal study. "Pupils," are those II. THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY who regularly attend a school of elementary level under the supervision and tutelage of a teacher. CHAPTER 1 Preliminary Provisions 3 "School personnel," or all persons working for an educational institution, which includes the following: Section 5. Declaration of Policy and Objectives - It is likewise declared government policy to foster, at all times, a spirit of shared purposes and cooperation among the a. "Teaching or academic staff," or all persons engaged in actual teaching and/or members and elements of the educational community, and between the community and research assignments, either on full-time or part-time basis, in all levels of the other sectors of society, in the realization that only in such an atmosphere can be true educational system. goals and objectives of education be fulfilled. b. "School administrators," or all persons occupying policy implementing positions Moreover, the State shall: having to do with the functions of the school in all levels. 1. Aid and support the natural right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth through c. "Academic non-teaching personnel," or those persons holding some academic the educational system. qualifications and performing academic functions directly supportive of teaching, such as registrars, librarians, research assistants, research aides, and similar staff. 2. Promote and safeguard the welfare and interest of the students by defining their rights and obligations, according them privileges, and encouraging the establishment of sound d. "Non-academic personnel," or all other school personnel not falling under the relationships between them and the other members of the school community. definition and coverage of teaching and academic staff, school administrators and academic non-teaching personnel. 3. Promote the social economic status of all school personnel, uphold their rights, define their obligations, and improve their living and working conditions and career prospects. 4. "Schools," or institutions recognized by the State which undertake educational operations. 4. Extend support to promote the viability of those institutions through which parents, students and school personnel seek to attain their educational goals. Section 7. Community Participation. - Every educational institution shall provide for the establishment of appropriate bodies through which the members of the educational Section 6. Definition and Coverage - "Educational community" refers to those persons community may discuss relevant issues, and communicate information and suggestions or groups of persons as such or associated in institutions involved in organized teaching for assistance and support of the school and for the promotion of their common interest. and learning systems. Representatives from each subgroup of the educational community shall sit and The members and elements of the educational community are: participate in these bodies, the rules and procedures of which must be approved by them and duly published. 15  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION 6. The right to publish a student newspaper and similar publications, as well as the right to invite resource persons during assemblies, symposia and other activities of similar CHAPTER 2 nature. Rights 7. The right to free expression of opinions and suggestions, and to effective channels of Section 8. Rights of Parents - In addition to other rights under existing laws, all parents communication with appropriate academic channels and administrative bodies of the who have children enrolled in a school have the following rights: school or institution. 1. The right to organize by themselves and/or with teachers for the purpose of providing 8. The right to form, establish, join and participate in organizations and societies a forum for the discussion of matters relating to the total school program, and for recognized by the school to foster their intellectual, cultural, spiritual and physical growth ensuring the full cooperation of parents and teachers in the formulation and efficient and development, or to form, establish, join and maintain organizations and societies implementation of such programs. for purposes not contrary to law. 2. The right to access to any official record directly relating to the children who are under 9. The right to be free from involuntary contributions, except those approved by their their parental responsibility. own he organizations or societies. Section 9. Right of Students in School - In addition to other rights, and subject to the Section 10. Rights of all School Personnel - In addition to other rights provided for by limitation prescribed by law and regulations, and student and pupils in all schools shall law, the following rights shall be enjoyed by all school personnel: enjoy the following rights: 1. The right to free expression of opinion and suggestions, and to effective channels of 1. The right to receive, primarily through competent instruction, relevant quality communication with appropriate academic and administrative bodies of the school or education in line with national goals and conducive to their full development as person institution. with human dignity. 2. The right to be provided with free legal service by the appropriate government office 2. The right to freely chose their field of study subject to existing curricula and to continue in the case of public school personnel, and through the school authorities concerned in their course therein up to graduation, except in cases of academic deficiency, or the case of private school personnel, when charged in an administrative, civil and/or violation of disciplinary regulations. criminal proceedings by parties other than the school or regulatory authorities concerned for actions committed directly in the lawful discharge of professional duties and/or in defense of school policies. 3. The right to school guidance and counseling services for decisions and selecting the alternatives in fields of work suited to his potentialities. 3. The right to establish, join and maintain labor organizations and/or professional and self-regulating organizations of their choice to promote their welfare and defend their 4. The right of access to his own school records, the confidentiality of which the school interests. shall maintain and preserve. 4. The right to be free from involuntary contributions except those imposed by their own 5. The right to the issuance of official certificates, diplomas, transcript of records, grades, organizations. transfer credentials and other similar documents within thirty days from request. 16  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION Section 11. Special Rights and/or Privileges of Teaching or Academic Staff - Further to CHAPTER 3 the rights mentioned in the preceding Section, every member of the teaching or Duties and Obligations academic staff shall enjoy the following rights and/or privileges: Section 14. Duties of Parents. - In addition to those provided for under existing laws, all 1. The right to be free from compulsory assignments not related to their duties as defined parents shall have the following duties and obligations: in their appointments or employment contracts, unless compensated therefor, conformably to existing law. 1. Parents, individually or collectively, through the school systems, shall help carry out the educational objectives in accordance with national goals. 2. The right to intellectual property consistent with applicable laws. 2. Parents shall be obliged to enable their children to obtain elementary education and 3. Teachers shall be deemed persons in authority when in the discharge of lawful duties shall strive to enable them to obtain secondary and higher education in the pursuance and responsibilities, and shall, therefore, be accorded due respect and protection. of the right formation of the youth. 4. Teachers shall be accorded the opportunity to choose alternative career lines either 3. Parents shall cooperate with the school in the implementation of the school program in school administration, in classroom teaching, or others, for purposes of career curricular and co-curricular. advancement. Section 15. Duties and Responsibilities of Students - In addition to those provided for Section 12. Special Rights of School Administration - School administrators shall, in under existing laws, every student shall: accordance with existing laws, regulations and policies of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, be accorded sufficient administrative discretion necessary for the 1. Exert his utmost to develop his potentialities for service, particularly by undergoing efficient and effective performance of their functions. an education suited to his abilities, in order that he may become an asset to his family and to society. School administrators shall be deemed persons in authority while in the discharge of lawful duties and responsibilities, and shall therefore be accorded due respect and 2. Uphold the academic integrity of the school, endeavor to achieve academic protection. excellence and abide by the rules and regulations governing his academic responsibilities and moral integrity. Section 13. Rights of Schools - In addition to other rights provided for by law, schools shall enjoy the following: 3. Promote and maintain the peace and tranquility of the school by observing the rules and discipline, and by exerting efforts to attain harmonious relationships with fellow 1. The right of their governing boards or lawful authorities to provide for the proper students, the teaching and academic staff and other school personnel. governance of the school and to adopt and enforce administrative or management systems. 4. Participate actively in civic affairs and in the promotion of the general welfare, particularly in the social, economic and cultural development of his community and in 2. The right for institutions of higher learning to determine on academic grounds who the attainment of a just, compassionate and orderly society. shall be admitted to study, who may teach, and what shall be subjects of the study and research. 5. Exercise his rights responsibly in the knowledge that he is answerable for any infringement or violation of the public welfare and of the rights of others. 17  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION Section 16. Teacher's Obligations - Every teacher shall: 5. Render adequate reports to teachers, academic non-teaching personnel and non- academic staff on their actual performance in relation to their expected performance 1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in accordance with and counsel them on ways of improving the same. the philosophy, goals, and objectives of the school. 6. Observe due process, fairness, promptness, privacy, constructiveness and 2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective attainment of specified learning consistency in disciplining his teachers and other personnel. objectives in pursuance of national development goals within the limits of available school resources. 7. Maintain adequate records and submit required reports to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. 3. Render regular reports on performance of each student and to the latter and the latter's parents and guardians with specific suggestions for improvement. Section 18. Obligations of Academic Non-Teaching Personnel - Academic non- teaching personnel shall: 4. Assume the responsibility to maintain and sustain his professional growth and advancement and maintain professionalism in his behavior at all times. 1. Improve himself professionally be keeping abreast of the latest trends and techniques in his profession. 5. Refrain from making deductions in students' scholastic rating for acts that are clearly not manifestations of poor scholarship. 2. Assume, promote and maintain an atmosphere conducive to service and learning. 6. Participate as an agent of constructive social, economic, moral, intellectual, cultural 3. Promote and maintain an atmosphere conducive to service and learning. and political change in his school and the community within the context of national policies. III. THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS Section 17. School Administrators' Obligations - Every school administrator shall: CHAPTER 1 Formal Education 1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in accordance with the philosophy, goals and objectives of the school. Section 19. Declaration of Policy. - The State recognizes that formal education, or the school system, in society's primary learning system, and therefore the main instrument 2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective administration and management of the for the achievement of the country's educational goals and objectives. school. Section 20. Definition - "Formal Educational" refers to the hierarchically structured and 3. Develop and maintain a healthy school atmosphere conducive to the promotion and chronologically graded learning organized and provided by the formal school system preservation of academic freedom and effective teaching and learning, and to and for which certification is required in order for the learner to progress through the harmonious and progressive school-personnel relationship. grades or move to higher levels. Formal education shall correspond to the following levels: 4. Assume and maintain professional behavior in his work and in dealing with students, teachers, academic non-teaching personnel, administrative staff, and parents or 1. Elementary Education. - the first stage of compulsory, formal education primarily guardians. concerned with providing basic education and usually corresponding to six or seven grades, including pre-school programs. 18  FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES 2PROFED01 – THE TEACHING PROFESSION 2. Secondary Education. - the state of formal education following the elementary level 2. To train the nation's manpower in the skills required for national development; concerned primarily with continuing basic education and expanding it to include the learning of employable gainful skills, usually corresponding to four years of high school. 3. To develop the professions that will provide leadership for the nation; and 3. Tertiary Education. - post secondary schooling is higher education leading to a degree 4. To advance knowledge through research work and apply new knowledge for in a specific profession or discipline. improving the quality of human life and responding effectively to changing societal needs and conditions. Section 21. Objectives of Elementary Education - The objectives of elementary education are: CHAPTER 2 Non-Education and Specialized Educational Services 1. To provide the knowledge and develop the skills, attitudes, and values essential to personal development and necessary for living in and contributing to a developing and Section 24. Specialized Educational Service - The State further recognizes its changing social milieu; responsibility to provide, within the context of the formal education system, services to meet special needs of certain clientele. These specific types, which shall be guided by 2. To provide learning experiences which increase the child's awareness of and the basic policies of the State embodied in the General Provisions of this Act, include: responsiveness to the changes in and just demands of society and to prepare him for constructive and effective involvement; 1. "Work Education," or "Practical Arts," as a program of basic education which aims to develop the right attitudes towards work; and "technical-vocational education," post- 3. To promote and intensify the child's knowledge of, identification with, and love for the secondary but non-degree programs leading to one, two, or three year certificates in nation and the people to which he belongs; and preparation for a group of middle-level occupations. 4. To promote work experiences which develop the child's orientation to the world of 2. "Special Education," the education of persons who are physically, mentally, work and creativity and prepare himself to engage in honest and gainf