Sociology Unit 4 PDF

M = Y V ~ - ~ v = ~ F ~ ~ E ~ F ~ - ~ - Sociology : The study of the relationship between people and the social structure they develop Focus on gender roles, family...

M = Y V ~ - ~ v = ~ F ~ ~ E ~ F ~ - ~ - Sociology : The study of the relationship between people and the social structure they develop Focus on gender roles, family structure, social class, criminal behaviour, social institutions, ethnicity, sexuality, politics, economics, history Industrial Revolution Changes altered the social economic, and cultural conditions of England People moved to urban centres and cities grew Living conditions worsened and crime increased Benefited the middle class -> increased their wealth Working class Many people lost their jobs (replaced by machines) Working longer hours in unsafe conditions Child labor increased ↑ Values : Shared ideas and standards considered acceptable and binding -> overall ideal menda Ex. Equity Norms : Expectations about how people should behave in particular contexts Ex. Concert etiquette Roles : The expected behaviour of a person in a particular social position Ex. Dentist 3 Parenting Styles Authoritarian Black and white stand on issues and sets strict boundaries with no flexibility Demanding but not responsive Little open dialogue between parent and child Rely on punishment and obedience to teach a lesson or maintain strict rules and expectations Pros Cons Structure and rules are necessary Can be overdone for healthy child development Damaging to self-esteem Effects on child Lack of trust between parent and children Prone to low self-esteem Fearful or shy Associating obedience with love Difficult in social situations Possibly misbehaving when outside of parental care Authoritative Emphasizes negotiation and helping children to figure out their own problems Known as the most effective High expectations but provides support and understanding Pros Cons Gains insight into their child's life Can feel overwhelming for the parent Creates a healthy environment for a Might not accommodate to their children's needs growing child Effects on child Provides children with a deeper understanding of the world around them Helps with development  Permissive Weak boundaries and no commands potentially harmful responsive but not demanding Can be a response to authoritarian upbringing or fear of upsetting their child Pros Cons Very nurturing and loving Few rules are set for children Effects on child Rules are inconsistent when they do exist little self-discipline and self-control No boundaries or rules are set Neglectful Most harmful Provides little nurturing and guidance for children Parents rarely naturally neglect as a response to a child's behaviour Can be generational Pros Cons Can be easily helped through education Damaging to children Effects on child Lack of trust between children and parent No trust formation with parents Hard to form relationships Macrosociology vs Microsociology A wide perspective and studies society as a whole Maur Social systems and populations on a larger scale Large social institutions that individuals belong to 3 Structural functionalism Conflict Theory Understanding the bases of social action and interaction among individual members and their place unjaro [ in society Role and interactions of an individual or small group of people may have in society 3 Feminist Sociology * Symbiotic interactionism  Group Dynamics Dyad: a group of two members -> an intimate relationship governed by rules (established behaviour with that person) Informal: interactions not governed by explicit rules Secondary: members of this group are measured by their contributions to a common goal Virtual community: a group that communicate over the internet dep Mob Mentality Mob: A disorderly crowd of people ninfe. Mass hysteria: the widespread irrational reaction to a perceived danger Smart mob: a large group of strangers who use electronic media to organize and stage surprise public gatherings Socialization Occurs when we absorb values and norms into our social consciousness/awareness Agents of Socialization : Sources we learn about social life and how to fit into society from I' Ex. School, peers, family, media, religion 7. 234 5 D Sets a standard for knowledge and skills Teaches beliefs and attitudes for different situations Learn skills (communication, collaboration, compromise), learn about gender, culture, etc. sexual & relationships Teaches beliefs for what is right and wrong ⑬ Siblings are the most influential social relationships (role models, force to handle conflict) Favouritism can teach lessons on how to handle people * Takes time away from others (social skills, relationships) ⑪ Teaches what to wear, how to act, etc. ⑤ Teaches moral code, standards to follow, teaches responsibility Structural functionalism D * Society is the table when social institutions meet the needs of its citizens -> Institutions are interdependent and work together to meet the needs of individuals Each part of society has a role to function -> organs in a body Institutions exist because they have a positive function Tend to overlook poverty ands racism People can ignore the social injustices of a society if they only focus on the positive Anomie (chaos) - society wants to avoid chaos so it injects order Émile Durkheim Believed that individuals identify with society as a whole and see themselves as part of a larger picture Believed that society functions logically and protects the interests of its members The constant change he observed meant that society was becoming more diverse Functional Differentiation: divisions that are created to help deal with a complex environment -> operate independently but are connected to one another Collective Consciousness: a moral force that binds the individual to society Talcott Parsons Emphasized that all social phenomena and relationships could be explained through their functions in society -> Individuals and specific groups in society could be defined by propose that they served -> If something existed in many societies, then it must exist to serve a necessary purpose Keys to society's survival Adaption: adapt to environment Goal Attainment: members are directed Integration: social cohesion Pattern Maintenance: socializing or reproducing values Conflict theory Class conflict: studies competition between groups of power -> Result of the constant struggle between those who have economic and political power and those who do not Karl Marx Conflict within the economic system between two distinct classes Started the theory because of the Industrial Revolution and the mistreatment of workers by the factory owners Argued that the low and middle class were being abused by the upper class economically Felt that the imbalance of power and wealth would always create Proletariat = working class conflict and would end with the lower classes rising up and Bourgeoisie = elite class overthrowing the elite Capitalism : A country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit Attribute - Capitalism Communism Factors of production Individuals Everyone are owned by Factors of production Profit Usefulness to people are valued for Allocation decided by Supply and Central plan Demand Feminist sociology Focus on gender inequality Dorothy Smith : Canadian Sociologist Argued that because culture is socially constructed, it has been constructed to favour men Wants to work towards a sociology that reflects the realities and experiences of all people regardless of race, gender, or economic status Gender Labels : Any label we use to describe male and female behaviour (learned) When did girls start to wear pink 1918: pink is for boys (more decided and stronger) blue is for girls (delicate and dainty) 1940: Changed as a result of preferences interpreted by manufacturers and retailers Consumerism People would find the sex of their children, then go shopping for boy/girl merchandise "The more you individualize clothing, the more you can sell" · Symbiotic interactionism Human interaction at the micro level Emphasizes the individual living within a larger society Amelia Mota An individual is at the centre of understanding society since social values and roles are formed by & individual interpretation Individuals create a sense of self by the reactions of others Behaviour of others in society is rooted in our response and reaction to it Does not focus on social systems but on the way that individuals give meaning to social interactions · Charles Cooley Individual and society are interconnected and their functions cannot be separated The individual is just as capable of shaping society as society is of shaping the individual Primary group = a set of people with whom an individual has a strong emotional and personal connections (friends/family) -> The constant interaction with members of one's primary groups is crucial to developing a social identity som ** The individual becomes a reflection and representation for the primary group ** The Looking-Glass self We see ourselves as in a mirror where we perceive ourselves to a large extent the way others perceive us · You will have high self-esteem and confidence in who you are IF your opinion of yourself matches the opinions and perceptions of others Social Norms : The means by which society is maintained and the needs of others are fulfilled · George Herbert Mead Claimed that depending on the circumstances, the individual assumes a variety of different social roles and learns early on what "mask" to wear "I" "ME" ME = part of self that is a creation of those around you "I" like ice cream I = part of self that is subjective and determined by you alone My parents don't like "me" Conformity Asch Experiment : Series of studies directed Solomon Asch on if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group Showed that 1/3 of subjects would conform to the groups mistakes Reinforced the idea that when a group sees something one way, we individually will be less likely to stand up and disagree Milgrim shock The participant acted as a teacher and would quiz a person on the other side of a wall. If the person got the question wrong, the participant would use the shock. The participant would often give the highest shock value despite the recipient complaining of heart pains because it was required of the authority figure Showed that we conform the power of authority figures most of time, even if it sometimes challenges our conscience Subway Experiment A breaching experiment done by Dr. Stanley Milgram. Him and his students boarded a New York subway and asked people to give up their seats. Purpose was to test the unwritten rules/norms on the subway. Result showed that 68% of riders gave their seats willingly. -> The participants felt as if they had done something wrong -> One made cards for the people he took seats from to explain the experiment to make it more bearable The experiment was attempted again in 2004 (30 years later) -> Showed that New Yorkers were less resistant to breaking social norms * An experiment that examines reactions to violations of social norms * Phobia: A form of anxiety that involves an intense, irrational fear of certain objects or situations These fears are usually out of proportion to the dangers involved Cliques Usually formed based on the need to have close relationships in life Strong sense of solidarity/exclusively Gangs Members have more anonymity because they do not bond emotionally with each other Acts as a source of belonging and protection Reputation matters more than clique because it determines your status Anti-social behaviour is expected Leaders can become like parental figures 1. Individuals who have struggled with their home life 2. Those who have been isolated or alienated from their families, cultures, schools, community 3. Lack of employment opportunities