APES Unit 4 Standards and Essential Knowledge PDF

EIN-1.C.1: Birth rates, infant mortality rates, and overall death rates, access to family planning, access to good nutrition, access to education, and postponement of marriage all affect whether a human population is growing or declining. EIN-1.C.2: F...

EIN-1.C.1: Birth rates, infant mortality rates, and overall death rates, access to family planning, access to good nutrition, access to education, and postponement of marriage all affect whether a human population is growing or declining. EIN-1.C.2: Factors limiting global human population include the Earth’s carrying capacity and the basic factors that limit human population growth as set forth by Malthusian theory. EIN-1.C.3: Population growth can be affected by both density-independent factors, such as major storms, fires, heat waves, or droughts, and density-dependent factors, such as access to clean water and air, food availability, disease transmission, or territory size. EIN-1.C.4: The rule of 70 states that dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate approximates the populations doubling time. EIN-1.D: Define the demographic transition. EIN-1.D.1: The demographic transition refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This transition typically demonstrated through a four-stage demographic transition model (DTM). EIN-1.D.2: Characteristics of developing countries include higher infant mortality rates and more children in the workforce than developed countries. Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources ERT-4: Earth systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time. ERT-4.A: Describe the geological changes and events that occur at convergent, divergent, and transform plant boundaries. ERT-4.A.1: Convergent boundaries can result in the creation of mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes. ERT-4.A.2: Divergent boundaries can result in seafloor spreading, rift valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes. ERT-4.A.3: Transform boundaries can result in earthquakes. ERT-4.A.4: Maps that sow the global distribution of plate boundaries can be used to determine the location of volcanoes, island arcs, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults. ERT-4.A.5: An earthquake occurs when stress overcomes a locked fault, releasing stored energy. ERT-4.B: Describe the characteristics and formation of soil. ERT-4.B.1: soils are formed when parent material is weathers, transported, and deposited.  ERT-4.B.2: Soils are generally categorized by horizons based on their composition and organic material. ERT-4.B.3: Soils can be eroded by winds or water. Protecting soils can protect water quality as soils effectively filter and clean water that moves through them. ERT-4.C: Describe similarities and differences between properties of different soil types. ERT-4.C.1: Water holding capacity—the total amount of water soil can hold—varies with different soil types. Water retention contributes to land productivity and fertility of soils. ERT-4.C.2: The particle size and composition of each soil horizon can affect the porosity, permeability, and fertility of the soil. ERT-4.C.3: There are a variety of methods to test the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil that can aid in a variety of decisions, such as irrigation and fertilizer requirements. ERT-4.C.4: A soil texture triangle is a diagram that allows for the identification and comparison or soil types based on their percentage of clay, silt, and sand. ERT-4.D: Describe the structure and composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. ERT-4.D.1: The atmosphere is made up of major gases, each with its own relative abundance. ERT-4.D.2: The layers of the atmosphere are based on temperature gradients and include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. ERT-4. E: Explain how environmental factors can result in atmospheric circulation. ERT-4.E.1: Global wind patterns primarily result from the most intense solar radiation arriving at the equator, resulting in density differences and Coriolis effect. ERT-4.F: Describe the characteristics of a watershed. ERT-4.F.1: Characteristics of a given watershed include its area, length, slope, soil, vegetation types, and divides with adjoining watersheds. ENG-2: Most of the Earth’s atmospheric processes are driven by input of energy from the sun. ENG-2.A: Explain how the sun’s energy affects the Earth’s surface. ENG-2.A.1: Incoming solar radiation (insolation) is the Earth’s main source of energy and is dependent on season and latitude. ENG-2.A.2: The angle of the sun’s rays determines the intensity of the solar radiation. Due to the shape of the Earth, the latitude that is directly horizontal to the solar radiation receives the most intensity. ENG-2.A.3: The highest solar radiation per unit area is received at the equator and decreases toward the poles.  ENG-2.A.4: The solar radiation received at a location on the Earth’s surface caries seasonally, with the most radiation received during the location’s longest summer day and the least on the shortest winter day. ENG-2.A.5: The tilt of Earth’s axis of ration causes the Earth’s seasons and the number of hours of daylight in a particular location on the Earth’s surface. ENG-2.B: Describe how the Earth’s geography affects weather and climate. ENG-2.B.1: Weather and climate are affects not only by the sun’s energy but by geologic and geographic factors, such as mountains and ocean temperature. ENG-2.B.2: A rain shadow is a region of land that has become drier because a higher elevation area blocks precipitation from reaching the land. ENG-2.C: Describe the environmental changes and effects that result from El Nino or La Nina events (El Nino— Southern Oscillation). ENG-2.C.1: El Nino and La Nina are phenomena associated with changing ocean surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. These phenomena can cause global changes to rainfall, wind, and ocean circulation patterns. ENG-2.C.2: El Nino and La Nina are influences by geological and geographic factors and can affect different locations in different ways. Unit 5: Land and Water Use EIN-2: When humans use natural resources, they alter natural systems. EIN-2.A: Explain the concept of the tragedy of the commons. EIN-2.A.1: The tragedy of the commons suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self-interest rather than in keeping with the common good, thereby depleting the resources. EIN-2.B: Describe the effect of clearcutting on forests. EIN-2.B.1: Clearcutting can be economically advantageous but leads to soil erosion, increased soil and stream temperatures, and flooding. EIN-2.B.2: Forests contain trees that absorb pollutants and store carbon dioxide. The cutting and burning of trees releases carbon dioxide and contributes to climate change. EIN-2.C: Describe changes in agricultural practices. EIN-2.C.1: The Green Revolution started a shift to new agricultural strategies and practices in order to increase food production, with both positive and negative results. Some of these strategies and methods are mechanization, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), fertilization, irrigation, and the use of pesticides.