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Questions and Answers
What does the rule of 70 help to estimate?
What does the rule of 70 help to estimate?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the demographic transition?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the demographic transition?
Which factor is considered independent of population density?
Which factor is considered independent of population density?
What is a result of convergent plate boundaries?
What is a result of convergent plate boundaries?
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Which of the following best describes the overall impact of human population limiting factors?
Which of the following best describes the overall impact of human population limiting factors?
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What occurs when stress overcomes a locked fault in geological terms?
What occurs when stress overcomes a locked fault in geological terms?
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Which is not a result of divergent boundaries?
Which is not a result of divergent boundaries?
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Which of the following contributes to the decline of birth rates in developed countries?
Which of the following contributes to the decline of birth rates in developed countries?
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What is primarily responsible for the formation of soils?
What is primarily responsible for the formation of soils?
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How is water retention in soils related to land productivity?
How is water retention in soils related to land productivity?
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Which factor is NOT a characteristic of a watershed?
Which factor is NOT a characteristic of a watershed?
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What does the soil texture triangle help to identify?
What does the soil texture triangle help to identify?
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What phenomenon primarily causes global wind patterns?
What phenomenon primarily causes global wind patterns?
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Which horizon composition factor affects soil porosity and permeability?
Which horizon composition factor affects soil porosity and permeability?
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What is the primary source of energy that drives Earth's atmospheric processes?
What is the primary source of energy that drives Earth's atmospheric processes?
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Which layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth's surface?
Which layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth's surface?
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Where on Earth is solar radiation received the most intensely?
Where on Earth is solar radiation received the most intensely?
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How does the tilt of the Earth's axis affect seasonal changes?
How does the tilt of the Earth's axis affect seasonal changes?
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What effect does clearcutting have on forest ecosystems?
What effect does clearcutting have on forest ecosystems?
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What is a primary characteristic of a rain shadow region?
What is a primary characteristic of a rain shadow region?
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What environmental changes can result from El Niño events?
What environmental changes can result from El Niño events?
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What does the tragedy of the commons illustrate about resource use?
What does the tragedy of the commons illustrate about resource use?
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How are El Niño and La Niña phenomena influenced by geographical factors?
How are El Niño and La Niña phenomena influenced by geographical factors?
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What does clearcutting indirectly contribute to in ecosystems?
What does clearcutting indirectly contribute to in ecosystems?
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Study Notes
Population Growth
- Birth rates, infant mortality, death rates, family planning, nutrition, and education all impact population growth or decline.
- Earth's carrying capacity and Malthusian theory limit global population growth.
- Both density-dependent (clean water, food, disease, territory) and density-independent (storms, fires, droughts) factors affect population growth.
- The rule of 70 (dividing 70 by the percentage growth rate) approximates population doubling time.
- Demographic transition describes the shift from high to low birth and death rates in a developing nation moving to an industrialized economy, typically demonstrated by a four-stage model.
- Characteristics of developing countries often include higher infant mortality rates and a higher proportion of children in the workforce compared to developed countries.
Earth Systems and Resources
- Earth systems interact creating a state of balance over time.
- Convergent boundaries: create mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
- Divergent boundaries: create seafloor spreading, rift valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
- Transform boundaries: create earthquakes.
- Plate boundaries maps show the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults.
- Earthquakes occur when stress breaks a locked fault, releasing stored energy.
Soil Characteristics and Formation
- Soils are categorized by horizons based on composition and organic material.
- Soils filter and clean water, protecting water quality.
- Soils erode from wind or water.
- Soil properties (water holding capacity, permeability, fertility) vary with particle size and composition.
- A soil texture triangle helps identify and compare soil types based on sand, silt, and clay percentages.
Earth's Atmosphere
- The atmosphere consists of gases with varying abundances (e.g., major gases).
- Atmospheric layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere) are defined by temperature gradients.
- Environmental factors drive atmospheric circulation, mainly from unequal solar radiation at the equator and the Coriolis effect.
Watersheds
- Watershed characteristics include size, length, slope, soil type, vegetation, and surrounding watersheds.
Solar Energy Impact
- Incoming solar radiation (insolation) is the Earth's primary energy source and depends on the time of year and latitude.
- The angle of the sun's rays determines the intensity of solar radiation, with the most intense radiation at the equator.
- Solar radiation varies seasonally for any given location.
- Geographic features and elevation influence weather and climate.
- Rain shadows occur where higher elevations block precipitation.
- El Niño and La Niña are Pacific Ocean phenomena with global impacts to rainfall, wind, and ocean circulation patterns.
Land and Water Use
- Human land use alters natural systems.
- The tragedy of the commons occurs when shared resources are depleted due to individual self-interest rather than common good.
- Clearcutting forests impacts soil erosion, temperatures, and flooding.
- Forests absorb pollutants and store carbon dioxide; clearing them releases carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change.
- Agricultural practices (e.g., Green Revolution) use strategies like mechanization, GMOs, fertilization, irrigation, and pesticides to increase food production with both positive and negative outcomes.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of population growth, including factors like birth rates, death rates, and the impact of various systems on demographics. Discover the concepts of carrying capacity and demographic transition model as you delve into the relationship of human population and Earth systems.
