Unit 3 Notes PDF

Unit 3 ====== Chapter 6 Body and Behavior --------------------------- ### Section 1 I. Nervous System (NS) -- controls your emotions, movements, thinking, and behavior a. Two Parts: i. Central Nervous System (CNS) -- brain and spinal cord ii. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) -- nerves branching out from the spinal cord (everything else) II. Neurons -- long, thing nerve cells which carry messages to and from the brain b. All or None Principle -- when a neuron fires it does so at full strength, if not stimulated past the threshold (minimum) level it does not fire at all File:Derived Neuron schema with no \...![File:Derived Neuron schema with no \...](media/image10.png) I. Neuron Parts a. Dendrites -- short, thin fibers, that stick out from the cell body, receive impulses and send them to cell body b. Cell Body -- contains nucleus, fuels neuron activity c. Axon -- long fiber, carries impulses from the cell body toward dendrites of the next neuron d. Myelin Sheath -- insulates and protects the axon (MS) e. Axon Terminals -- small fibers, branch out at the end of the axon f. Synapse -- gap between nerve cells II. Neurotransmitters -- chemical released by neurons, determine the rate at which other neurons fire, only flow in one direction g. Types: i. Norepinephrine -- memory and learning 1. Undersupply -- depression 2. Endorphin -- inhabits pain 3. Acetylcholine -- movement and memory a. Undersupply -- paralysis and Alzheimer's disease b. Dopamine -- learning, emotional arousal, and movement i. Undersupply -- Parkinson's disease ii. Oversupply -- Schizophrenia III. Afferent Neurons -- sensory neurons, relay messages from sense organs to the brain IV. Efferent Neurons -- motor neurons, send signals from brain to glands and muscles V. Somatic NS (SNS) -- part of PNS that controls voluntary activities VI. Autonomic NS (ANS) -- part of PNS that controls involuntary activities (those that occur automatically) h. Two Parts: ii. Sympathetic NS -- prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity, "fight or flight" response iii. Parasympathetic NS -- works to conserve energy and to enhance the body's ability to recover from strenuous activity (Rest and Digest) VII. Brain -- 3 parts i. Hindbrain -- located at the rear base of the skull, involved in the basic processes of life iv. Cerebellum -- behind spinal cord, helps control posture, balance, and voluntary movements v. Medulla -- controls breathing, heart rate, and a variety of reflexes vi. Pons -- bridge between spinal cord and brain, involved in producing chemicals the body needs for sleep j. Midbrain -- small part of brain above pons that puts together (integrates) sensory info and relays it upward k. Forebrain -- cover the brain's central core vii. Thalamus -- relay station from all info that travels to and from the cortex, receives all sensory info except smell viii. Hypothalamus -- controls hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior, also controls body's reaction to temperature change ix. Cerebral Cortex -- ability to learn and store complex and abstract info, and to project your thinking into the future (conscious thinking processes) x. Limbic System -- regulates our emotions and motivations l. Lobes of Brain xi. Corpus Callosum -- band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres xii. Lobes -- different regions which the cerebral cortex is divided 4. Occipital Lobe -- vision (back of brain) 5. Parietal Lobe -- body sensations (upper sides) 6. Temporal Lobe -- hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking (lower sides) 7. Frontal Lobe -- organization , planning, and creative thinking (front) m. Left and Right Hemispheres -- complement and help each other, corpus callosum carries messages back and forth between hemispheres enabling coordinated brain activity xiii. Left Side -- right side of body xiv. Right Side - left side of body VIII. How Psychologists Study the Brain n. Electroencephalograph (EEG) -- records electrical activity of large portions of the brain (monitors activity of neurons) xv. Electrical activity rises and falls rhythmically and depends on whether a person is awake, drowsy, or asleep o. Stimulation -- electrodes used to stimulate the brain p. Lesions -- cutting or destroying part of the brain q. Accidents -- draw connections from the damaged part of the brain and behavior xvi. Phineas Gage Accident r. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) -- imaging technique used to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration s. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks t. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- used to study brain structure and activity xvii. Combines features of both CAT and PET scans u. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -- provides high resolution reports of neural activity based on signals that are determined by blood oxygen level xviii. Does not use radio frequencies IX. Endocrine System -- chemical communication system which uses hormones to send messages through the blood stream v. Hormones -- chemical substances that carry messages thru the body in blood xix. Affect us physically, metabolically, sexually, and our moods and desires w. Pituitary Gland -- control center for the endocrine system that secretes large numbers of hormones, directed by the hypothalamus x. Thyroid Gland -- regulates metabolism xx. Hypothyroidism -- too little thyroxine (lazy and lethargic) xxi. Hyperthyroidism -- too much thyroxine (overactive, lose weight and sleep) y. Adrenal Glands -- become active when a person is angry or frightened, "fight or flight" xxii. Secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to help individuals deal w/difficult situations by generating extra energy z. Sex Glands xxiii. Testes -- produce sperm and testosterone 8. Testosterone -- helps decide the sex of the fetus, important for growth of muscles, bone, and male sex characteristics xxiv. Ovaries -- produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone 9. Estrogen and Progesterone -- female sex hormones, regulate development of female sex characteristics and the reproductive cycle 10. premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) -- caused due to variances in levels of progesterone and estrogen X. Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters a. Both effect the NS b. Some chemicals are used as both (norepinephrine) c. Neurotransmitters -- released by the cell to excite or inhibit d. Hormone -- released into blood, thus diffused throughout the body XI. Hereditary -- genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring XII. Nature vs. Nurture e. Nature -- characteristics a person inherits (biological make-up) f. Nurture -- environmental factors, family, culture, education, and individual experiences g. Twin Studies -- used to find out if a trait is inherited xxv. Identical Twins -- develop from on e fertilized egg, have the same genes 11. Genes -- basic building blocks of heredity xxvi. Fraternal twins -- develop from two fertilized eggs, genes are not more similar than those of brothers or sisters h. If identical twins who grow up together prove to be more alike on a specific trait than fraternal twins do, it probably means genes are important for that trait i. Identical twins separated at birth who grow up I different environments share many common behaviors Lectures: Unit Three (Chapter 6 & 7) ==================================== Audio file ---------- [Your Recording 22.wavTranscriptSpeaker 1Yeah.SpeakerYes. All right.Speaker 2So in Chapter 6 here on body behavior, we\'re going to talk about nervous system and then the endocrine system. So a little more like a anatomy Physiology, right in this chapter. Obviously, the city psychology, we\'re talking about mental processes. Maybe nervous system is very much involved in the processes. Nervous system is also very much involved in our behavior. Right. So our nervous system controls our emotions, movements. Thinking and behavior. In this essential right. Through the study of psychology. Alright, so the nervous system can be broken down into two subcategories. Right. We have the central nervous system. Which consists just of our brain and our spinal cord, right? So just this part. Brain spinal cord, which is extends all the way down. To our our waste. And then the peripheral nervous system, which is everything else and the nervous system. The perfume. Nervous system OK, consists of those nerves and start to branch out from the spinal cord. Bond throughout the rest of our body. Our nervous system consists of billions of neurons. Neurons are nerve cells. These are. I\'ve see very small like microscopic. Those nerves that are. Coming out of the spinal cord, right, those are the biggest neurons. As we get to our fingertips, OK, I\'ve seen those neurons are pretty small, but. This makes up our entire nervous system and neurons. Unlike skin cells, for example, when neurons die. They are replaced. OK, alright. So you only have so many neurons and that\'s all you. Give the rest of your life. So you. Take care of ourselves.SpeakerOh.Speaker 2OK, the way the neuron works. Is based on the all or none principle. That just means that the neuron has to be stimulated beyond threshold. In order for it to fire. As the neurons are like the old school light switches. Here. Right like. Either on or it\'s off. There\'s no fancy dimmer switch where you sort of have laid where you sort of don\'t have light. Right. It\'s either all or nothing. OK, in order for it to fire. Which would then signal to the next neuron. It\'s got to be stimulated beyond this threshold and it\'s not stimulating the hot beyond its threshold that neural impulse will die. And it\'s not continuous, not passed on. Alright, we\'re getting test your artistic skills here. We\'re going to draw there on right, if you\'re using computer. And you might just want to. People blocked off unblock it. But you\'ll want to find an image of a neuron because we\'re going to label these sparks, right? So however you want to make that work here. I will unlock. Actually, I don\'t even have your class. Alright, so you should be able to do it. Guess we\'re going to label these parts. So I actually have two neurons drawn up here. You don\'t necessarily have to have two vote. We will label this part in between and which. Is why I just have to there. So again, this is your notes or you. Do whatever makes sense. OK, so starting with the extremities here, right, the neuron? These branch like structures here. Alright, these are called dendrites. Can\'t read my writing. DND RITES. If you imported a neuron. Odds are we probably won\'t legal everything. Maybe that image that you imported does so. These are the parts that I will expect. You to do. Right. So moving inward from the dendrites here, would you get are all these branch like structures here? Alright, if we go to the center part. So if you imagine it like this is like. The palm of your hand here. And the dendrite speed your fingers. OK, now we\'re talking about the palm of our hands here. This is called the cell body. OK, this dark spot right here. This is the brain of the cell. What\'s the brain of the cell called?SpeakerNew.Speaker 2And you SCL. US. OK. Moving again. Left. Right here. OK, this narrow shaft, this is called the Axon. XO. OK, there\'s still like structures on the top to bottom there of the Axon. That is the violin sheet. YELINSHE.SpeakerHey.Speaker 2Alright. And the last part. Of this actual neuron, right? This branch like structure here at the end. This is the Axon terminal. Alright then the last thing I want you to know with neurons here is this gap. That gap between nerve cells. Called snaps. So your nerve cells are not. Actually connected. And then we\'ll touch one another. Right now, that\'s synapse is like, I mean, we\'re going to need like. An incredibly powerful microscope you to be able to. See it alright. But these nerve cells don\'t touch. OK, they\'re all impulse is going to enter through the dendrites and flow out through the Axon. Terminal. Right. So you\'ll want to. Put an arrow, do something to indicate which direction. Neural impulses flow because these are not two way streets. OK, neural impulses only flow One Direction, and that\'s entering through the dendrites. Traveling through the cell body through the Axon to the Axon terminal. And if this neuron is stimulated beyond its threshold, that neural impulse then crosses the synapse and there\'s the dendrites of the next neuron. Any questions on the parts of? The neuron or? The which direction the neural impulse moves. Hi Ricky with this. Got let\'s talk about these parts in a little more detail. So the dendrites. Alright, again, the branch like structures extending out. From the cell body. These are short, thin fibers. And they\'re going to receive the impulse. From the previous neuron and direct that impulse to the salon. Can you sell body then right again the the palm of your hand. If that\'s a visual that helps, you can take your nucleus again. That\'s the brain of the cell that\'s going to fuel the neurons activity. Alright, so the neural impulse will get new from the cell body to the Axon. The Axon is that long fiber. Where the impulse will be carried towards. The next year on. OK, the Exxon is insulated. But I might have might have sheet. Council, please. With those you know like structures on the top side and the bottom side of the neuron. We\'re up in the Axon. Specifically. And just like insulation in our home and you know. This morning it was kind of cold out alright, so the installation in our house keeps the cold air out and warm. They\'re in by, by. You will find out that the air conditioner on. Alright, so then we keep the hot air out. Right in the warm air. Air, right? So in the case of neural impulse, we\'re talking about violin sheet. Making sure that that neural impulse does not leak out and like hot air or cold air leaking out. Of your house. So that Ms. inferences that you know medically. Ms. stands for medical condition.SpeakerSomething to do with?Speaker 2Yes. Yep. Jen, what was sclerosis? Right. It is a condition in which people have deteriorated vitamin C, OK. Which means the neural impulses legal, which means they don\'t end up where they were supposed to get to. And so people with MS. often end up in wheelchairs, right? They lose their ability to have coordinated movement right because they\'re the mileage. Cheese is romance deteriorating. OK, it\'s not functioning as it should. So that\'s how this connects to that particular medical condition. Alright, accident terminal day. This is where the neural impulse will exit the cell. And again, it\'s the the neuron has been stimulated beyond its threshold. Right. That neural impulse will exit the Axon terminal and will cross the synapse. And attach itself to the dendrites and the next. Obviously that all happens really fast in our body. Thank goodness. I mean, imagine if you put your hand on a hot burner and it. Takes him forever to send. That signal to the brain. And unfortunately this happens instantaneously, right? Allowing for us to pull our hand away. Alright everybody. Good day, got the parts of the neurons down. Yeah. So I I use the generic term neural impulse. That serves our purpose here in psychology. You get into Physiology and you get down to the microscopic. Level was actually happening with snaps in the neurons. They\'re going to dig into neurotransmitters. I these are chemicals. Released by the neurons. And they\'re going to determine whether or not the next neuron fires. Yeah, we\'ll just talk about a couple that are connected to. Things that are related to psychology. Alright again. Remember that your neurons are one way streets and neural impulses only flow One Direction. That is, entering through the dendrites and exiting through the Axon terminal. They\'re all impulses, cannot travel back the other direction.SpeakerOK. Don\'t.Speaker 2Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter. It is. Associated with our ability to learn and store things in memory. And govern important. One for school. An undersupply of norepinephrine is connected to depression. As we don\'t have enough. Of it could indicate that. You are more vulnerable to depression. Or maybe that you. Are experiencing depression, right? So if I\'m a biological psychologist and I believe everything is. Connected to the way the chemicals. Her body, right in order to secure depression and. What\'s one thing I would look to do?SpeakerThat\'s.Speaker 2Yeah, I want to boost or epinephrine levels. Alright, OK. And some of your antidepressants that are prescribed to people with depression. Their primary function is to boost norepinephrine levels back up to normal normal levels to try to eradicate the depression. Alright, endorphins. These are our bodies. Natural painkilling mechanism. He\'s helped us feel good. Alright. And as a result of helping us to feel good. We don\'t notice the pain. And then maybe it bothers us. Otherwise, endorphins help to create a natural high. Yeah, maybe some of you\'ve heard of a runner side report.SpeakerPersonal.Speaker 2You heard a runner side before. Got a couple of you. For those that enjoy running.SpeakerOh.Speaker 2They often experience this or advice reached a point which they feel like they can run forever. Right. I mean, you could be on mile 3 of maybe a 10 mile route. You plan on running, right? And because you\'ve hit this runners high point, the endorphins are being secreted throughout your body. Right. You\'re breathing is not labored, alright? Your muscles don\'t. Her body doesn\'t ache, right? Yeah. I mean, you literally feel like you could run forever, alright? Because you feel so good and that that\'s the natural high created by endorphins. Right. If you\'ve never experienced that as a runner, I guess you gotta run more. Some of this stuff don\'t particularly enjoy that. To try to figure out what a rubber high feels like. Alright, thanks. This is Pauline. OK, this is. Connected to move it in memory. Right. So you see a couple here connected to memory and more epinephrine seal choline. An undersupply of acetylcholine is connected to paralysis. And Alzheimer\'s disease.SpeakerRight.Speaker 2That makes sense. Yeah. You look at what it\'s associated with movement. And if I don\'t have enough acetylcholine, I could experience paralysis when is paralysis. Can\'t move and ability to move. We\'ll use that specific part of your body, OK. The other part of central cooling associated with memory. And was the primary symptom of Alzheimer\'s. Memories gone. OK. We have no cure for Alzheimer\'s disease. I mean we\'ve we\'ve got some experimental drugs and things we tried to help manage it. You know, some of that medications designed to try to boost the seal coating levels to help. Deal with some of. The memory issues can come with Alzheimer\'s disease. OK, don\'t for me. Dopamine also connected with learning. Motional arousal and movement dopamine helps us feel good. So you like endorphins? They kind of creates a natural high. All right, all sorts of research has found that.SpeakerYour.Speaker 2Cellular phone. Your smart device. OK. It releases dopamine in teens, and This is why you guys are. Addicted to fall? Alright, OK, it triggers dopamine. That dopamine secreted you feel good about yourself. Alright, you will create more and you get it your screen time right? So it\'s one of our biggest battles with with young people and nations. Screen time is. Our body is aiding that addiction, yeah. Now dopamine is also secreted for other addictions that people made that will deal with, right? But this is the feel good hormone. OK. I mean, this really makes us feel good about ourselves. Right. And also connected to movement. So the movement side of that and under supply. Dopamine is connected with Parkinson\'s disease. So what\'s the number one symptom of Parkinson\'s disease? Hard time doing. Yeah, coordinated movement. OK, often is. Experienced tremendous amounts of shaking. If you\'ve seen Michael J. Fox and you guess right this with actor. When I grew up back to the future, basically back to the future. Yes, Parkinson\'s. And if you see him do interviews today, I mean, yes. It\'s still right. It\'s because. Brett Farve just came out.SpeakerYes.Speaker 2He has stages of Parkinson Mohammed Ali, you know, we saw in the videos of him.SpeakerParking.Speaker 2Particularly lighting the Olympic torch at the Atlanta Olympics. Shaky. Or really bad, right? As he\'s doing that because apartments it\'s. So to try to help people with Parkinson\'s. We try to boost dopamine levels to. Mitigate some of that that shaky. Right order supplies associated with schizophrenia. Hey, we have no idea what. Causes schizophrenia for sure. One of our hunches, though, is that these people have higher. Levels of dopamine. So. Antipsychotic meds, which are prescribed to help schizophrenics, are designed to reduce. Dopamine levels, OK. One of our greatest challenges with. Medications dealing with mental illnesses. Finding the right dose. OK. One of our our problems with them, the antipsychotic beds that we over prescribe them. They would give too much of it. OK, that causes schizophrenics then to have this slow. Zombie like us. On normal or abnormal can sort of movement and that\'s because we\'ve got 2 far right. You have the. Direction and you see that again, an undersupply of this is associated with. Losing our building. As this stuff right here and this is biological. Psychologist. Maybe they are fascinated right to some psychiatrists get much more into this as they can prescribe medications from Med school. That sort of stuff. Yes. So mention your neurons are one way streets, as that means we gotta have two sets of neurons, right? We have to have neurons that run 2 our brain and we have to have neurons that run. Away. From our brain and the average neurons are the ones that run to our brain. And these are called sensory neurons. They\'re taking information from our senses. And related to our right. So what I see what I hear. What I smell, what I taste, what I feel is all traveling via afferent neurons. To our brain. So most of these run uphill. I mean, our brains upgrade appear. And most of these things got to go uphill. Right, to get some brain, right? So there are one. Way one way streets that are. Run into the brain. Alright, well after the break process is that information? Alright. It\'s then going to send messages to the specific parts of the body that need to respond to it via effort neurons. These are Our Calling hill neurons. These are our motor neurons and these are the neurons that will then execute. The response right messages being sent via the app right neurons. So yeah, put your hand on that hopper. Get that message is very good with sending out via. Neurons to our brain, our brain processes that very rapidly. Since the signal via the efferent neurons to our hand pull your dark hand off burn.SpeakerA lot of times wanting something as. Severe as that. Your spinal cord can. And it will be like, oh, we should probably.Speaker 2So \*\*\*\*\*\* step that help keep us safe. So these are blood vessels and arteries. But ultimately, imagine if the blue ones were for example. Your afferent neurons and then your red ones would be your efferent neurons. Have the circulatory system has. Doesn\'t run both ways. OK, it runs via yard. Reason the bays and our nervous system operates a similar content. Alright, so the nervous system itself, we broke into two large subgroups and we got central nervous system. Which is brain. Spinal cord. Then we got the perfil nervous. System, which is everything else OK. Obviously that\'s a lot of stuff, so we\'re going to break the peripheral nervous system down into other sub components. One is the somatic nervous system. That\'s OP and. S that is peripheral nervous system. Alright, this controls our voluntary activities. As we just talked about semantic memory. They noticed this is somatic nervous system and people those words are messed up. So, so Mac and charge of voluntary activities made things unconsciously aware of. Alright, so things that I am telling my body to do. Right, like type or write OK or tap your pencil or tap your foot. OK, whatever. You\'re you\'re consciously telling your body to do it being controlled by the somatic nervous system. So got pictures there of muscles. OK. The vast majority of our muscles are responsible for voluntary movements that controlled by the somatic. Nervous. Yeah, anomic nervous system. And this is not automatic. Right. Again, this is another place. A lot of people get supplement. Just mixed up is autonomic, but it does perform automatic behaviors. And things we don\'t have to think about things in our body just takes care of involuntary activities. So what would be some things that the? Autonomic nervous system controls. Your heartbeat, yes.SpeakerBreathing.Speaker 2Read it next.SpeakerQuestion.Speaker 2Yeah. Digested. Imagine you have to. Consciously think about those things, right? We wouldn\'t live. Very well, if we. Had to tell our heart to be. We had to tell our stomach to digest food. We had to tell our lungs to breathe in air. Are they goodness? Our body automatically takes care of this. Stuff for us the the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system. We can divide into two subgroups. We\'ve got the sympathetic nervous system. This is our bodies fight or flight response. This is that extra jolt of energy we need sometimes need. OK. When we\'re. Exposed to emergency or strenuous type scenarios. This fits in that adrenaline, which is actually something from the endocrine system. Which, but the sympathetic nervous system is what gives us that extra boost of energy when it\'s going to shut down non essential bodily functions. And so, for example, say. Here\'s the state track meet. Right, you\'re running the the finals of the 100 meter dash. Did you get up there to the starting line? Right. And man, you\'re sympathetic. Nervous system state. OK, your hearts probably racing. Alright, breathing is increased. OK, what\'s your body\'s trying to do is increase the blood flow to the vital components of your body to help you run as pop as fast as you possibly can. OK, you need extra oxygen to your legs, for example. OK, by increasing your heart rate and increasing your breathing. Your body is trying to capture extra oxygen and divert that to your leg muscles so that you can run as fast as you gotta run before. Alright, so any sort of scenario where our body interprets it as a stressor or an emergency. Which sometimes this is not good. Our is going to kick this into play, OK? Again, it\'s not always good for me to have a high resting heart rate. So not always good for me to be breathing in a heart rate or a high rate. It\'s not always good for. Me to have adrenaline, please.](https://centrallyoncsd-my.sharepoint.com/personal/wvanderzee_centrallyon_org/Documents/Transcribed%20Files/Your%20Recording%2022.wav) Audio file ---------- [Your Recording 23.wavTranscriptSpeaker 1Kayla.SpeakerOne for. Isn\'t. Happy. No. We have. Great. Claire. I got it down somewhere. That\'s wrong. Let\'s see. Yeah. Face. The. She\'s got. Sure. Hold. Yes. These two are. Sarah last one.Speaker 2It\'s assuming that that last month.SpeakerI hope.Speaker 2Hey, somebody want to change anything we got there? Alright, so just correct now goes to the two large subgroups. We can break the nervous system into our central nervous system. Which is simply the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system. Is everything else alright? We can break the peripheral nervous system into the autonomic and the somatic nervous system. Somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements and the autonomic nervous system responsible for involuntary activities. To which we then have two smaller subgroups, the sympathetic nervous system. Which is fight or flight, and then the parasympathetic system? Which is Resident Digest so. That\'s a quick, easy graphic organizer there to hopefully help you understand how we can divide it into.SpeakerIt suffers.Speaker 2Alright. Today, we\'re going to focus on the brain key part of the nervous system. Uh, we\'re going to identify some parts of the brain and label them here on this brain diagram I\'m giving you. You will be responsible for knowing these parts of the brain if you looked ahead of the daily activity. Schedule the next three days. Have possible brain quiz down. So I\'m referring to these parts right here. One of these next three days we\'ll have a quiz over this.SpeakerWould be a text box.Speaker 2Hi the human brain, OK is broken down into three major parts. The first of these three parts is hind brain. Behind Brain is located at the rear base. Of the skull. And this is involved in the basic processes. Of life, you know, so you\'re hybrids really kind of important. Right, like breathing heart beating.SpeakerRight.Speaker 2Those sort of things are controlled too by the hydrate.SpeakerThank you.Speaker 2Any injury to the height? Life threatening. OK, so this is. What the brain looks like, pretty similar to the diagram you guys have. The the brain. Is, you know, weighs anywhere from 200 lbs. Yeah. So I mean it, it\'s not really massive. There are more neurons in your brain than there are people in the world, though. OK, that\'s good. Because again, neurons once they die and they\'re not replaced. Then we need. Our neurons, especially those in our brain. Our brain cells are kind of important to our brain functioning. So you should not do things that will intentionally kill your brain cells like drugs, right? Drugs will kill your brain cells, right? You\'ll need to get rid of those because they\'re. Kind of important, right? So don\'t do anything. They will intentionally destroy your brain cells, right? Because if you. Yeah. So the first part here, the hybrid is called the cerebellum. Bell is located behind the spinal cord.SpeakerYou just.Speaker 2And it\'s going to help control posture, balance, involuntary movements. So, since this controls voluntary movements, what part of the nervous system does the cerebellum control? Somatic. Matic. Cerebral will regulate our somatic nervous system. Alright, so comes back and forth here between your brain diagram and and the. Here. So if you don\'t. Have this all down. I\'m coming right back to it. So you\'re cerebellum. And your brain diagram. Cerebellum is that part of the brain right there? So we\'ll label this part here. Why we have this? This is your spinal cord. Cerebellum, located right behind the spinal cord, right this. Structure here. Server. So in this diagram. This would be the spinal cord. This red area down here and then this structure back here. Right. Is the cerebral. OK, next part of the hindbrain is the medula. To do like. Your breathing. Your heart rate. And a variety of reflexes. So which part of the nervous system is the medula can regulate the other line that you have those involuntary activities that are essential to maintaining life. Hey, you medula on your brain diagram.SpeakerSo.Speaker 2Alright. This is your medulla, this area. So you got spinal cord and then right above there is the beginning of the medula. OK, as it connects to what you guys would.SpeakerYou dragged the wrong one over there. Great.Speaker 2Ohh sorry. Yeah, that\'s not true.SpeakerI. Oh.Speaker 2OK, last part of the hind brain is the ponds.SpeakerYes.Speaker 2The ponds served as the bridge between our spinal cord and the brain. Our ponds are responsible for producing chemicals through the body needs for sleep. Particularly the hormone melatonin.SpeakerSo. Right, which is normal.Speaker 2So if you struggle sleeping at night. Of potential cause could be your pods or not function as they should. The doctor would. Have you participate in sleep? Study together for it. More information about what the specific cause would be the one possibly could be your body just simply is not making the necessary chemicals to allow you to. Get to a stage of sleep. Hey ponds. Hey, that\'s so when I was taught brain anatomy, I was taught that this is a sea horse that you guys kind of see that here. Right. So the belly here right of the seahorse. Alright. Are our ponds. And kind of the feeds area or the? Lower area of the sea horses be the doula, then. That helps you. Alright, so the hybrid, OK, the three major parts that you need to be aware of there. The ponds that we do and the cerebellum. The next major part of the brain is the midbrain. Of our three major parts, this one is by far the smallest. This part of our brain is just kind of our our processing center. Information that is taken in through the body our our different senses right is sent to the midbrain. All right. And then the midbrain quickly sorts through that stuff and sends it to the. Respective part of the brain that is going to be responsible for interpreting it and or responding to that that sensational. That\'s if you like. So it\'s a processing station and it\'s it\'s just simply relaying things and pass the things onward right to the part of the brain that\'s more specific to the information that\'s being brought in.SpeakerWe were you.Speaker 2Alright, our last major part of the brain then is the forebrain. Yeah. So our hind brain is this area down here. Again, spinal cord, we do. Cerebellum pods, our midbrain. I\'ll show you a different diagram here. I haven\'t labeled, but it\'s just this tiny little area right here. And then everything else as part of the forebrain. So before brain is the largest. Of the three parts of the brain. And so we are going to break the forebrain down into its smaller sub components. Help them to label yet. The first part of the form. Range is called the thalamus. And this is the lead base station. For all the information that travels. To and from the cortex. Except for sensory information. So sorry, except for smell of so thou miss is going to process everything. From what we see to what we hear right to what we taste and what we feel alright it with the smell. It\'s going to go somewhere else. Alright, so you\'ve done this on your brain diagram. This is the head of the seahorse. So this area right here. Dallas. Diagram right here. OK, next part is the hypothalamus. This does a lot. Hunger. As so as. We\'re approaching lunchtime here. If you are like body is actually hungry. Alright, your hypothalamus would be creating that hunger sensation. And then your hypothalamus will also tell you when to stop. Of course not regularly. First, also created by the hypothalamus sexual behavior. Or watch thermostat is hypothalamus. So when we start sweating, it\'s because the hypothalamus thalamus says we\'re too hot. And when we start shivering, it\'s because the hypothalamus. Says were too cold. OK. A lot of those weight loss drugs that are really. Popular right now. They they evolve most of them they have. Found ways to. Regulate the hypothalamus. And so they\'re mirroring the chemical chemicals and things the hypothalamus monitors so that we can control appetite from a biological standpoint. Can help to. Reduce weight. OK. Yeah, I pull down this thing. Is the nose. Of the seahorse. As the head is the valueless and the nose area is your headphones. Good. Next, we got cerebral cortex. This houses our ability to learn and store complex and abstract information. So. Being a good student.SpeakerOK.Speaker 2Is very much dependent upon your. Cerebral cortex and how well that functions. Projecting your. Thinking into the future, so just simply making good life choices. Also very much part of your circle cortex. So our conscious thinking processes or housed here. Now what they would talk, we talk about sociology. If you take that is. Adolescence that time period of life, that\'s. Struggle and stress and turmoil. One of the. Possible explanations for the difficulties in this time period is that your cerebral cortex is not fully developed. This is the last part of the brain to fully develop. And brain. Development. Is lead to not need to order be twice. So it\'s like one of the last things in our body to fully develop, OK. Employees make convenient or that really convenient. That is the part of our brain that helps us see into the future. Sociology, as we talk about adolescence, we talked about suicide. One of the biological challenges to being an adolescent is that man. It is tough to see beyond what\'s right in front of you. OK. And some of that is that your brain is. Not fully developed. OK, you can\'t see the consequences of your choices, which then contributes to a sense of invulnerability. And which leads to bad choices with drugs. Driving sex OK and and contributes to suicide. So. Don\'t try. You know, if a police officer pulls you over for driving too fast. Say old miserable portex wasn\'t fully developed. You know, I couldn\'t see into the future on what the implications of my choices would be. They don\'t buy that and your parents won\'t buy it either, right? But it does. Contribute to some of our issues in adolescence. Did this part that helps us see past was right in front of us? Isn\'t fully developed. Alright, so your cerbral cortex is. This outer Larry layer of the brain. Has so this. All the way around here. This is your circle cortex. OK. The last part of the forebrain is the limbic system. Our lending system is associated with our emotions and motivations. We have enough time. Alright, we\'ll get to a motion and motivation. Yes. So the limbic system is really small. We\'re we\'re not labeling that on your brain. No. Location. Alright, so your brain is divided into hemispheres. And then globes. We gotta look for the votes here first. We\'ll talk about the hemispheres. The part of the brain that allows for. Right brain and left brain communication are right hemisphere and left hemisphere communication is.SpeakerDisclosed.Speaker 2Right. Just banned 5 next two hemispheres. This is the only place to which our brain is connected and can communicate across hemispheres. Otherwise, your brain is really like your two fists and your two fists balled together, right? Those are your two hemispheres, right hemisphere, left hemisphere. And they\'re not connected, right? They\'re just resting against one another. There\'s nothing that connects them. They don\'t talk back and forth right and then right below your two fists then would be the corpus callosum. OK. Which is the connective point, right? That\'s where communication takes place between the two hemispheres, and this allows for coordinated brain activity. So that is the last part of your brain you got label. Corpus callosum is this, see. Mercy to decide right radio that is the only place they were your two hemispheres of your brain communicate.SpeakerAll right.Speaker 2Just right here. So again, everything above there again, it\'s just like you\'re too busy bumped up together below the corpus callosum. Now these things are all connected. All right. I mean, this is all one. Piece that this is just cut in half. But otherwise the two hemispheres of the brain, the only place that they connect to talk back and forth to one another is. This virus. Right. The different lobes of the brain as we define the brain and take hemispheres. Right and left. And then we\'re the best divided into 4 different flows. These are different regions which the cerebral cortex can be divided into. We have the occipital lobe. That\'s at the very back of the cerebral cortex. And it\'s responsible for vision. The brain as we, as I said before, is the. One who worked in the body that we know the least about. I mean, we\'ve only scratched the surface. The way we learn a lot from the brain or about the brain is based on injury. OK, if someone takes a blow to the back of their head and now they can\'t see what we put two and two together. And that\'s how we\'ve come to know. Yes, it is responsible for vision because it\'s injured. People\'s vision. Gets messed up. OK. The parietal lobe is the upper side of the circle cortex. And it is responsible for body sensations. Alright, so touch sensitive touch very much. Involved in the private loan. OK. It\'s temporal lobe, which is your lower sides. Is responsible for our hearing. Memory. Emotion and speaking. Alright, another thing we\'ve learned about the brain is. That the more? Complex the skill. Alright, the larger the chunk of the brain that\'s responsible for that activity. So, like me, raising my right hands, that\'s not a very complicated skill. Very little. My brain has to work to do that. OK. But speaking it is a very complex. Skill. There\'s a lot that has to. Go on in my brain. Nor for me to speak. And again, thinking about children. Right. I mean infants, they can play all. Around and move their arms. They can\'t talk. Right, that\'s because the brain isn\'t developed yet. OK. And that\'s why talking comes in the later stage of development. Because it requires more brain development to take place. So the more challenging the skill and the larger the part of the brain responsible brain and our. Last load is the frontal lobe. Frontal lobe is responsible organization planning. Creative thinking. That\'s really is in the front right on the triple cortex. Alright, so we got the frontal lobe. Right. Which is this area, right this right here. Right would be our parietal lobe right below. That would be the temporal lobe, right? Then it\'s very back part here. Just guess that go low again, this is just the cerebral cortex. So it\'s just this part of. The. Brain. OK, we\'re talking about here. Just divided this like valleys. OK, that you see run through here those. Are called fishers. Alright, so on my diagram here, I\'ve labeled the three main parts. Four brain. It\'s the pink area and a little bit of this year. Thomas and hypothalamus. Midbrain is just again, this tiny processing area. Here the hind brain is something blue and then when we break the brain into our hemispheres right from the low. So this is brain is actually the opposite directions of the one. I showed you. Frontal lobe to portal lobe, right lobe. Alright, segment 2 hemispheres so. We have two. Parts of the brain or two hemispheres of the brain for a reason. I mean we we were. Created this way so that both the right and the left could complement each other. We work together. Which is why we have the corpus callosum, which allows for that cross hemisphere communication. And this allows for us to have coordinated brain activity. Right now you guys find it familiar with are your right brain. Or your left brain cables. Just one dominant. I mean, there\'s a whole bunch of things out there to help you. Figure out which. Part of your brain is potentially more dominant. That not a lot of substance is given to that in the actual research world, yes. We need both hemispheres. Right to be in our peak, but it is possible to function without your hemispheres communicating. So let\'s talk about epilepsy real quick, sorry. What does that policy?SpeakerIs. We don\'t see lights in the past.Speaker 2The number one symptom of epilepsy is seizures. OK, there are two types of seizure, but actually there\'s many. Different types of seizures, stuff that put this really simply. That you\'ve got grand Mal seizures and you\'ve got headed seizures.SpeakerSeizures. No. Yes.Speaker 2The fetal like you could be. I\'ve been doing right now and none of us in this room would even know. It\'s really the equivalent of daydreaming, just spacing out. Had a real quick you regain your focus, your. Back up. Grand Mal seizures are the ones that we would all know you\'re having. And that\'s where. You have the compulsions. You know you would fall on your desk and convulsions on the ground. All right. And it\'s shocking. It\'s horrifying. It\'s not fun to watch. But that would indicate a grand Mal seizure. Alright, So what does seizure is? Is it\'s an electrical firestorm in your brain? Right, all of the neurons start to fire at once.SpeakerWritten.Speaker 2OK, which is what creates the convulsions. Right. So it will start and say my right hemisphere and it will quickly expand throughout all my right hemisphere. The crossover repeated corpus closing my left hemisphere right and I get the seizure. OK, so naturally if I have epilepsy and I have these. Grand Mal seizures and they are completely unpredictable. It creates a lot of challenges with your life. OK, So what challenges could would I experience?SpeakerYou have a lot of.Speaker 2Yeah. I mean, there\'s going to be interruptions. Almost everything I\'m doing right, potentially. OK, So what would be like really concerning try and so people that have severe cases of epilepsy, right, so. Sometimes can drive. Alright, because the last thing you want is to be behind the old car. Driving with you. Grand Mall seizure, right? I mean, imagine just how challenging being a student would be, OK. If you know a seizure could hit you at anytime day after you have the seizure. You\'re exhausted and you\'re going to need time for your body to recover. So you\'re missing more class time, alright. And if this is a recurring thing, you know students going to. Be really tough. Having a job is going to be tough and simply walking up stairs if you have a grand. Mal seizure OK. Look at the consequences that that could happen, right? So people with severe case of epilepsy, may life is really hard. All right for that, OK. And there are medications out there. OK. Our first step is if you are epileptic, is we\'re going to try to get you on medications to regulate your seizures. And for a lot of people, the medications work and we can limit and reduce the seizures. Alright, you just got to make sure you take your medication and then you\'re fine. Some people, they don\'t work OK, and so you\'re left with these uncontrollable. Unpredictable grand Mal seizures alright and the fear of them coming at this point in your life where you. Know people could get hurt. So this is where now the the idea that our our our hemispheres are connected becomes problematic because. Electrical storm starts in one hemisphere, carries over to the other. So what if I isolated the electrical storm? How would I do that? How could I isolate? That seizure to one side of the brain. Cut the cut the corpus close. OK, so people with severe cases of epilepsy, this is where we\'re at. Is called psychosurgery and we are going to destroy the corpus callosum. Alright, we\'re going. To isolate that seizure into one hemisphere of the brain. Because we do that, the the seizure is less severe. OK, we\'ve also found that there are also less common. All right, so having a separate corpus callosum. Is an idea that\'s out there. OK, for people to suffer from securities epilepsy. Alright, so we\'re gonna dig into this in your book. Page 160. Nine open up to that. Yes. So let\'s take a look here at one person 2 grades. About an individual, there was severe. The introduction that we read that this paragraph course please Zach.SpeakerTry.Speaker 1Intense epileptic seizures since she was six years old. Doctor\'s Place Victoria on medication and prevention. Seizures for a period of time. However, after many years the seizures returned was bigger.SpeakerIntensity.Speaker 1Very in discussion from living her life.SpeakerAnd. Victoria. New.Speaker 2All right, so. Victoria is exhausted. The medications they work for for now, the body is not responded. So again, she\'s. Facing a reality of living this life with uncontrollable and unpredictable seizures. Which again is going. To come with all sorts of risk. So next paragraph review please. Sure.SpeakerDoctor. Click. An innovator. Patient. This.Speaker 3Oh, the patient\'s goal on separating the two brain. Like having the corpus. The brain operations disrupt the major. Major pathway between the brain hemispheres but leave each hemisphere functioning almost completely. The that\'s the spread of seizure. Hemisphere. This reduces the chance of having a insurance.Speaker 2Yeah. So that is the. Explanation for why. Now, This is why this is a last resort, because once I cut the corpus callosum. Can I fix it? No, I mean, we are permanently destroying the brain. OK. When we do this. So again, that\'s why you want to check. All the other options off 1st right? This is the last resort. All right, they\'re going to go in and they\'re going to cut Victoria\'s. So naturally, we\'re curious to. Whether the side effects of? One I see doesn\'t help the seizures, right? But two what? What sort of side effects come with this? What sort of challenges are people going to have because they don\'t have coordinated brain? So next paragraph, your efforts please.SpeakerCorrect.Speaker 1And.Speaker 3Brain operate there\'s.SpeakerYeah.Speaker 3Conducted independent ministers.Speaker 2Alright, hypothesis for you please.Speaker 3Sure, research and wanted to explore the degree to which the two halves.Speaker 2Of the brain could communicate and function.SpeakerOn their own. After the operation. Alright.Speaker 2Carter.SpeakerYour dad.Speaker 4The letters he and our information from each side of the black dot will be interpreted by the offset here and. Victoria\'s split Brain Victoria\'s right hemisphere. We\'ll see he and her left. We\'ll see. Oh.Speaker 2Oh, so real quick here. Pray that the brain is set up right. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. The left hemisphere controls the right side of body, so for me to raise my right hand. My left hemispheres telling me to do that, and so I have a stroke on the left side of my brain. Alright, typically you would notice the physical symptoms on the right side of the body. Because of bringing that. So now as we\'re looking at this visual, this test of her site, OK. We we\'ve got the word heart broken into two chunks. OK, so she\'s looking at the HE part with her left side is she\'s looking at ART with her right eye. OK, the way that your optic nerve is set up, OK? The left eyes optic nerve crosses to your right hemisphere. Crosses what\'s called the optic chiasm. And this X alright. And then your right optic nerve crosses to your left hemisphere, yeah. So that\'s why you see in the picture there that he is going to write him sphere and the arts is going to the left hemisphere. So that\'s simply because of brain anatomy, right helpings are wider. OK. Alright, next paragraph. We reinforce, please.Speaker 3Reported to have seen the word, the word art was projected to her left hemisphere. Which contains the ability for speech. Have the right hemisphere. Could that be Victoria\'s? Say which? With her left hand, though, Victoria could point to a picture of a man. Or he is indicated that her right hemisphere could understand the meeting.Speaker 2Alright, So what they found is they. With the word parts. OK, go into her left hemisphere, which is largely responsible for the speech. She could say what she sees. OK. The word he. OK. Which is going to her right hemisphere? Which is the nonverbal side. She cannot say that. Becomes red. Can\'t create anymore, but she can point to a male. Alright, with her left hand, which again is controlled by her right hemisphere. Right indicating that. She sees the working. And so how many times in life are you going to be set up in these scenarios where this is going to be an issue? I mean voice that right? Both my eyes are open, right? OK. And so the what I see is one single image instead of a split image. OK, into which you would never know, right? But if you\'re doing weird stuff like this, then yeah, OK. You\'re going to see the the side effects of not having the corpus callosum. Last photograph here includes for us.Speaker 3Four months after Victoria\'s split brain operation, she was alert and can easily remembered speak to passive present events.SpeakerIn her life.Speaker 5Her reading, writing, and reasoning abilities were all intact. She can easily carry out everyday functions such as dressing. Eating and walking. Although the effects of her operation became apparent under special special testing. They were not impaired. Apparent in everyday life, Victoria, now free of her, once feared seizures. Could live her life seizure free. Split Braid but unchanged.Speaker 2OK, so for Victoria and this was. Saving grace for her. Right. This allowed her to live a relatively normal height seizure free.](https://centrallyoncsd-my.sharepoint.com/personal/wvanderzee_centrallyon_org/Documents/Transcribed%20Files/Your%20Recording%2023.wav) Audio file ---------- [Your Recording 24.wavTranscriptSpeaker 1Ready.Speaker 2Body you know very little about. With improvements in technology, we\'re constantly learning more. So we\'ll talk about some of modern technology. And some of the old fashioned ways. To learn about Brain, so First off we got the electroencephalograph. EG. For short. This all monitors are electrical activity in our brain, so neurons typically fire in unison.SpeakerOK.Speaker 2And so she is able to pick up on active neurons. EG before. So if you do have epilepsy. Or if you\'re having seizures, they would do to try to determine whether or you were epileptic. If you go over a sleep study. So they will do maybe.SpeakerLet\'s.Speaker 2Yeah, so This is why EEG looks like. It\'s kind of slow cap on you. Those different electrodes that are monitoring brain activity. Ohh. Again, neurons fire in unison or neurons. Tend to move an arrhythmic fashion in the EG can. Pick up on that. Reads that could help solve. Awake, I can tell. So it\'s drowsy, I can tell someone to sleep. When we. Talked about the different stages of sleep. We will use the EEG readings to show you how we move through the different stages of sleep and you can see that based on the readings. So eggs are pretty common. Taken when when you\'re having issues with sleep. Or seizures. Right, this is really. Option \#1. Another way we\'ve learned about the brain. Is through stimulation. We have found that. If we can.SpeakerRight.Speaker 2Use electrode to stimulate certain parts of the brain.SpeakerGreat.Speaker 2We\'re able to. Dump some pain and that\'s mainly the way we experimented with stimulation is trying to dump pain.SpeakerMaybe.Speaker 2Or people that have terminal. Cancer. OK. Well, we\'re. Only focused on pain management. They found some success in by trying to narrow down the part of the rate specific to that pain. And then if you detection electric to it stimulate it. It can help numb the pain and help that person without their last, you know. Whatever time they have in comfort, so that that was not used to telling. OK, another way we\'ve learned about the brain is through lesions. Alright, lesions involve the cutting or destroying part of the brain from the brain. Lobotomies before, right, but that\'s also a lesion, uh. In the past, we actually experimented a lot with this. There was all sorts of abuses with lobotomy specifically, but the thought or the rationale behind this was again. If I could just pinpoint the part of the brain that maybe cause someone to be too aggressive. I could then take a violent criminal. For example, I could destroy that violent part of the brain. And now I could have someone they could then function in society. And that that was the logic behind this. Again. Really tough to be certain that you have the part of the brain responsible for that behavior. You want to eliminate. And again when? Do things like cutting or destroying the brain. They\'re permanent. There is no one doing this. Right. But we we have dabbled right in that area. Get access. That\'s this is probably the way to which we\'ve been learning about and bring the longest. Right. Someone sustained some sort of head injury. Right now, the modern technology helps because because we can see specifically what part of the brain has been damaged.Speaker 3Alright then.Speaker 2We then look for corresponding changes in behavior. Alright, we can match those things off kind of. So again, we don\'t wish accidents on anybody, but they do happen. And when they do happen, they do provide us with learning opportunity. One of the most famous ones, that\'s. Been cited for us learning about the brain is the Phineas Gage accident. Get a lot of. Open up your full of two page. 166 please.SpeakerSure. So 160.Speaker 2Six. Let\'s finish gauge accident. So underneath accidents there at the bottom of the page. We\'re going to start with. 46 There starts one such case involved in the usual accident or sentence and uppers paragraph we read there for us. Please, Liam.Speaker 1One such case involved in an unusual accident in 1848. Phineas Gage was at with a respected railroad performan who demonstrated. Restraint. Good judgment and the ability to work well with other men. His crew of men was able to explode some dynamite to clear a path for the railroad rails. As Gage filed a narrow hole with dynamite and tamped it out. Taped. Tamped it down, it suddenly exploded. The tamping iron had caused a spark that ignited the dynamite. The temp and iron which way it over 13 lbs was over three feet in length. Shot into the air. It entered gauges head right below the left eye and exited through the top of the school.Speaker 2It\'s a top page 167. There you see the the recreation of the century. And so, I mean, this is 1848, this is a railroad iron being. Shoved through this guy\'s face as you see in that picture. Do you think that maybe this this guy\'s not gonna make it? Surprisingly, he survives that. So they\'re able to remove the railroad iron, right? He will survive, but now? Clearly, there\'s going to be brain injury here, so we\'re going to look for changes. In India\'s behavior, so we go from this very. I gauge here pretty much the perfect format, the perfect guy to be in charge. Like mild mannered. Not overly emotional, like very measured with everything he does. Very careful. And the the the person you. Would probably want to be your boss. OK, next paragraph there, see every changes. Zach.Speaker 3OK. Survived the accident, but his personality change training. Became short tempered. It\'s difficult to be around and often. Said inappropriate things. Gauge the for several years after the. Accident. Thank the floors and colleges hand out. Blasio examined. Get this call using the newest methods available, therefore that tamping iron that caused damage to the front porch of the mental cortex. Thanks. Draw that damage. To the frontal lobes prevents some sense.Speaker 2Yeah.Speaker 1So.Speaker 2So it impact his personality became a totally different person. Right. Who is no longer mild mannered, right he was. Obnoxious. It was very emotional, very erratic, very angry. So completely different person here. So we can did connect the injury to the brain right to that particular change in behavior through accidents. OK, modern technology. That\'s Dan. You ever wonder what cats? Therefore, it\'s computerized axial tomography.SpeakerComputer.Speaker 2This is an imaging technique used to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration. You\'ve had cascade moving.SpeakerReport. For your.Speaker 2I had it. So if you think you might have a concussion. Generally, any sort of hand injury, this is kind of like step one, right? We just want to make sure there\'s nothing serious going on. You can use CAT scans for other things, but. Primarily used with head injuries. So this is what a cascade looks like. Alright, you laid down here. You\'ve got this big ring. Alright, so we\'re just going to pass. Waves radio waves through your skull. OK, they went to inject you with a fluid. OK. And then those waves will interact with that fluid, and then it\'s going to produce images like you see there. For a doctor or medical. Professional. So take a look at. OK. Next one is PET scan. Yeah. So we use. PET scans primarily for researching the brain to see which parts of the brain are responsible for certain behaviors. Deep Headscan allows me to see active neurons. Alright, we\'re neurons are active. Your pet scan, but they make a lot of bright colors. I see this with the image that this produces. I\'ve seen it\'s a little limited as far as what I can have people do. Because you\'re essentially laying in a machine. But but we can pick up on some things that that are going on with the PET scan here. We had a pet scan before. Do you want to open up your? Book 2, page 167 and in there. Hey Bob, this space there, this is what you would see with the PET scan? Alright so. Brain. And then you get these different colors brighter the color. The more active the brain is, alright. So when someone is speaking to you and you\'re really focused in on your listing. All right. That\'s the part of the brain is active there. They would be hearing words. So right there, that\'s temporal lobe. Seeing words? OK. So vision right again, that\'s your central lobe. You see that the back reading words. OK, that\'s up there in your bridal lobe, right? And then generating verbs. That\'s in the frontal lobe. So these are all things that you can be asked to do while having the pesky. Done. Right. It\'s as we see with those neurons are active, associated with those skills. Most of our brain is actually taking a break. I very rarely is a lot of the bank brain active at one time. So this image right here is the PET scan. This shows a brain that\'s incredibly active and this is not normal. OK. One thing that really can activate a good chunk of your brain is the music.SpeakerOK.Speaker 2So that\'s why some people say, you know you you\'re studying. Listen to music. Because it has the capability to. Activate the brain. That\'s what that image is. Showing but this is what pets game looks like. But that music gonna work.SpeakerIt also.Speaker 3That\'s.Speaker 2But but we\'re to try it. So PET scans again. Probably the least likely right of of these things. We\'re gonna talk about for you to have hat. But they do let us see the activities of the. The different parts of the brain. Alright. Next, we got the MRI. The magnetic resonance imaging. System. So in Mris are used for a lot of different things.SpeakerUh.Speaker 2Obviously. Workbooks. And how it helps us to learn about the brain. But MRI\'s, I\'m guessing a few of you there, about MRI\'s, MRI\'s. I wish. 30. So yeah, so there\'s two parts of the body that are not the head. But any sort of muscle ligament damage. You know anything that we\'re not seeing that in X-ray and X-rays thing. They\'re gonna let me see bones. And the issues there. But if I can\'t see anything there, the next would be to have the I done which is going to allow me to see the muscles. The ligaments, the tendons and see interest to those. So. For the brain though, right? What\'s your MRI does? Does it actually combines the features of both the cat and the PET scan? And the past not harmful radio frequencies through the brain. I the MRI of the computer that runs, they just going to pick up on the brain cells and it\'s it\'s going to create a detailed image and then again doctors are going to be able to look at and examine. So this way MRI looks like. If you\'re claustrophobic, MRI\'s are not your friend. For your April today. At the time like that. So now if you got a head injury, you\'re going in the tunnel like this. OK. Do you have anything in the abdomen core area, right for your knee? Did you talk to? So yeah, these are, I mean you got to be there for like 45 minutes to an hour. Alright, you\'re stuck there. Really loud. You don\'t have less. Space. So it\'s not a great experience. Sometimes they inject you with fluids that will help with the image that\'s produced. But right there you see, right. We should have a label. Those parts, right? At the cross section of the bridge. No, you can\'t live. Yes, yes we can. Right spinal cord. Right. Like if you pause right here. Here\'s the spinal cord. You do will be right above that.SpeakerSo.Speaker 2This is what your name looks like right in an MRI. So if you\'ve had knee, shoulder, whatever. OK, this is the sort of ambition. So not only Cassie bones, OK, but now I can see ligaments, tendons, muscles. Right. I can see the injuries right to those the soft tissue stuff.SpeakerOK.Speaker 2Well, our newest pieces of technology is the F MRI. And the functional magnetic resonance energy machine. This provides high resolution reports of neural activity based on signals that are determined by blood oxygen level. This does not use radio frequencies like the traditional MRI. And that\'s why the score makes it different. But it\'s still does and provide us with very detailed images. So we can get a good idea. Structure grid. Good. That\'s it for the nervous system. Yeah. The second part of Chapter 6 focuses on the endocrine system. These two systems are similar. Right, in a lot of ways, but I\'ve seen there\'s some differences. That\'s why we paired this together here in Chapter 6. But the endocrine system is our chemical communication system, right? Uses hormones. To send messages through blood.Speaker 3That\'s.Speaker 2For good throughout. Body and so. We\'ve got a picture here that circulatory system. Right. The endocrine system relies on the circulatory system, right? Get hormones throughout the body. Nervous system has its own. Roads, its own pathways, and they\'re course. The nervous system works a lot faster than the new criticism. OK.SpeakerAnd they\'re all.Speaker 2Poles can travel about 250. Miles an hour, right? That\'s kind of where we we guess the speed of the nervous system is because we\'re getting imagine put your hand on a hot burner, OK. Thank goodness that those those messages travel quickly because hormones are secreted into our blood. Blood does not move very fast, OK? Think about your heart beating every time your heart beats. It pumps the blood that is so if your blood was moving rapidly throughout your body. That means your heartbeat. Would be beating out of your chest. And generally, we don\'t want our hearts to. Be working that hard. Only last so long. So we\'re talking about. One foot per second. OK, is about as fast or sorry. Yeah, full per second or.7 mph, right is help ask blood moves in the body. Has a one month of chemicals. There\'s secreted into the bloodstream. Alright, they are secreted throughout the entire body, but the hormones only stop. Where they\'re needed. OK, they they go to their their proper. Location and then they go to stop and they\'re picked up there and absorbed into the blood. Alright and do their job. Where they\'re not needed, they just passed right on by. It\'s our hormones. Hormones are going to affect us physically, metabolically, sectionally. Influences our roots and desires. Andrew, Endocrine System really active right for for teenagers, adolescents. All sorts of hormones. So gross hurts. OK. Biological changes with with human development. Metabolically, what we talk about metabolically metabolism is that.Speaker 1How fast we digest food?Speaker 2How fast that turned my food into energy? That\'s all influenced by hormones in the bloodstream. OK, so the chief gland in charge of the endocrine system is the pituitary gland. To Terry Gland is. Going to secrete large numbers of hormones directed. Hide the valves. Yes. Hypothalamus is monitoring a lot of these hormone levels. And when it detects that there\'s a low level, and then to Terry Gland. We begin to work. It gets your glance to work here, right? We need to get the hormone levels up. That was supposed to be. Good. Next part of the endocrine system is the pathway gland.SpeakerBut.Speaker 2This is in charge of our bodies metabolism. Get help fast. We breakdown our food and turn it into energy. If you want to look in the book real quick. Pitch 172. It\'s got the diagram of the endocrine system. Alright, so sort of two Terry Gland, which is kind of like. Giving Control Center. For digital printing system located right there, smack dab in the middle that your head right, it\'s your land. Your thyroid glands are in your throat. Have a strange spot, but that\'s where we regulate our bodies.SpeakerThat.Speaker 2Metabolism and that\'s where the thyroid is located. The thyroid secrets a hormone called thyroxine.Speaker 3And just like.Speaker 2If you go to that vehicle represents. Uh. So the thyroid gland secrets thyroxine. Right. If we have too little thyroxine in our bloodstream.SpeakerRight.Speaker 2We may develop a condition called hypothyroidism.SpeakerRight.Speaker 2Because again, this is connected to metabolism, right? How fast we take our food and turn it into energy, right? Well, I have too little thyroxine in my blood, and that means my metabolism is going to be really slow. And which means that I\'m going to be really slow at taking that food and turning it into energy. Which means I will be leasing lethargic. OK. And for people with hypothyroidism? Is that just a conscious choice? Like like I just literally choosing to be lazy like it is because their body is not functioning.SpeakerAs it should.Speaker 2OK. So we would want to boost their thyroxine levels, right to get them back to to where they should be. OK, to give them the energy they need to complete these tasks. And the opposite of that is hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism, you have too much thyroxine in your. Blood. So with this, you\'re like burning food as fast as you put it into your body. It\'s very difficult for you to sleep. You\'re overactive. Lose a lot of weight. So medication, we would try to rock and. Roll. My dad actually had hyperthyroidism and we lost a ton of weight. Couldn\'t sleep. And they actually had to remove part of his thyroid. Right. So to get it to work. OK, next we\'ve got the adrenal glands. Her adrenal glands want to reference that diagram in the book that said. Right on top of our kidneys. These are responsible for secreting adrenaline.SpeakerRight.Speaker 2This obviously is going to help us in fight. Or flight. So here you see the how the endocrine system, the nervous system got work together. And so parasympathetic nervous system. Kicks the fight or flight response into gear, and part of that is also getting the adrenal glands active right because it is the adrenal glands that actually. Put the horn. Put the adrenaline into our bloodstream, right? To help you with that extra, pick me up right that we need for those situations. Adrenal gland is actually secrete 2.SpeakerHormones.Speaker 2Happened. Now Fred and norepinephrine. Other names for those who are adrenaline and noradrenaline and noradrenaline is the same as.SpeakerOur journal.Speaker 2Norepinephrine adrenaline is the same as epinephrine, and those are the same thing. Of. So noradrenaline or norepinephrine is secreted versus a precursor to adrenaline raphine. And it\'s followed up by those and again, this helps give us gives us that extra. Boost of energy. In our body interprets the situation is dangerous. Alright, I feel great. Stress. It is it.SpeakerPuts this to work.Speaker 2OK, next thing, I\'m a sex glands.SpeakerI will pick up.](https://centrallyoncsd-my.sharepoint.com/personal/wvanderzee_centrallyon_org/Documents/Transcribed%20Files/Your%20Recording%2024.wav) Audio file ---------- [Your Recording 25.wavTranscriptSpeaker 1Alright, so wrap up chapter 6. Today, we\'re gonna need to talk about the last part of the endocrine system. We\'ll talk about feature versus nurture. So sex glands. For males, sex millions on the testes. These are responsible for. Producing spur and testosterone. So testosterone is the male sex hormone. It determines the sex of the fetus. If the fetus has high levels of testosterone, you get male has low levels of testosterone with your female. So both men and women do have testosterone, and they just have it at higher levels. Which is why it\'s more possible for them to have to be stronger that we\'ve also. Or because they have higher levels of? Of the hormone, people build muscle very much. Ohh so support for muscle growth bone growth. Development of the male sex characteristics. Good for females 6,000,000 to the ovary.SpeakerNo worries.Speaker 1These produce eggs. And estrogen and progesterone. So males have low levels of estrogen or progesterone, right? Women have much higher. Levels of dose. Women have it a little more difficult than men talk about hormones and trying to keep things going. Balance and body like state of balance for men we sketched. Keep the testosterone level. Right. Women got about two, right and so. It\'s a little more work. So progesterone and estrogen? They are responsible for female sex characteristics. They regulate the menstrual cycle. So PMS. Remains real syndrome. That has caused by varying levels of. Two female sex hormones. And so you have. This work guys give it easy.SpeakerSo.Speaker 1Don\'t have to go through this. But as you go through the reproductive cycle menstrual cycle. OK. And these hormones are trying to get themselves back to. Where they like to be. Sometimes can create your ability pets.SpeakerOK.Speaker 1Alright, to wrap up the endocrine system compared to the nervous system here. Alright, so endocrine system, we use hormones right to communicate through bloodstream. Neurotransmitters are we are the nervous system. We use neurotransmitters. Then we show our. Pass through neurons. Both of these affect the nervous system. Some chemicals are used by both systems. They would talk about more epinephrine. Nor epinephrine is a neurotransmitter that you were adequate. Also, some hormone secreted by. The adrenal glands. OK difference key difference between the two systems. Your neurotransmitters, your neural impulses. They are released by the cell and the neuron, and they either excite or give it to the next neuron, right? They determine whether or not that external fires, whether that neural impulse continues. So neural impulses are much more isolated. OK. Hormones are secreted into the blood, therefore they\'re going to travel throughout the entire body. Again, they just simply build their stopping points. They know the parts of the body where they\'re supposed to stop. Otherwise they just keep on going. Keep on traveling. Alright, last part of Chapter 6, Section 4 years, nature versus nurture. So in the nature versus nurture debate. The nature stuff is our genetic makeup are hereditary. Things are hereditary. Things are passed on to us. From our parents. What are some things you\'re aware of that are hereditary?SpeakerEarlobes.Speaker 1Earlobe. Really.SpeakerYeah. Yeah, attach different.Speaker 1They they attach differently.SpeakerYeah. Attached for free like.Speaker 2If you like, mine is unattached to my dad\'s attached.SpeakerOhh.Speaker 1I never had to make so many Punnett squares about earlobes.Speaker 2It\'s crazy.Speaker 1Alright. Hey, I\'m going to. Tell me what you guys are running. Widowspeak. Yeah, I would guess that would be. Genetic. What else? Eye color, yeah. That\'s usually what I get right away about earlobes. Hair color.SpeakerRight.Speaker 1And those are usually Chicago ones, right? So anyway, these things you can blame your. Parents for. OK, these are things that are hereditary.Speaker 2Actually, did you know that? It.Speaker 1Empathy is.SpeakerThat\'s fine. That\'s.Speaker 2Crazy.Speaker 1OK, so in the nature versus nurture? Debate. Nature, it\'s again those things that are passed on to us by our parents. Those things that are genetic, those things that we don\'t. Have any control over? Or biological makeup. OK, body build, hair color, eye color, earlobes. Social sciences for years have been fascinated by this debate on what has more impact over who we become. Is it our genetic makeup? OK. Our nature stuff, right? Or is it our environment? It was just the nurture side of this. So virtual, we\'re talking our environmental surroundings, OK? We\'re talking about our family, our culture, our community, our educational experiences and opportunity. Individual life experiences they were talking about. The role that. The the background to which. We are put in place in our life. Now for years came. In my social scientists, they would like. Do Duke it out over this, like nearly get to fisticuffs. Over which of these is more important? I mean, you had strong advocates backing up on both sides. Right. But ultimately, common sense tells you this. Right. Think of a. Flower seed. OK. That flower seed does not become a flower unless the house. What?SpeakerYou know.Speaker 1Water and sunlight and soil. Nutrients. Soil. OK, alright. So the seed represents what nature versus nurture.Speaker 2The.SpeakerNature.Speaker 1The seed is the genetic makeup, right? The sea right, like just, you know, I\'m taking that apple seed out of an apple.Speaker 2Ohh I\'d like.SpeakerThis time.Speaker 1Right. And that\'s the genetic stuff. Red, but in order. For that seat to meet its full potential. We got to nurture it. They\'ve got to put it in the ground. We\'ve got to provide it with the soil and the nutrients it needs. We\'ve got to use the water in the sunlight. OK, we have to give it that environment that\'s going to allow for that seat to develop. Right. That is becoming sense answer to nature versus nurture, right? We don\'t become who we are without both. Of those things. OK, both are important now. If you\'re going to give a slide edge to one over the other. Nurture probably gets the slight edge alright. Your environment probably does a little more for you than than your genetic makeup does. So social scientists that they\'ve, they\'ve been fascinated with nature versus nurture the best. Thanks for this study to learn about this or what. Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup. Alright, so looking at them. And studying them. Then we can start to learn some things about nature and nurture. So real quick lesson on twins they we\'ve got. Identical twins, which are also known as. Monozygotic twins.SpeakerYou don\'t know what?Speaker 1Once I go. Right. So. The clinical twins share the same egg. And so they\'re. Swimming around and bathing and all the same stuff. OK. Which is why then they come out looking exactly the same. They they do have different fingerprints zones. Otherwise it would say you can\'t tell apart. So jeans, I had to find that yet there, but I think you. Guys know what that is? Stuff that kind of stuff you wear, but at least. You guys do blood type or do you just do your lows? That\'s usually. The more common.Speaker 2If you haven\'t noticed, Claire likes to bring up the list.Speaker 1That\'s good.SpeakerYou asked me what was the. Military.Speaker 2That\'s the first thing I thought of.Speaker 1Now I know that like I learned something. Yeah, I can go. Home and I can say that. I didn\'t. I didn\'t know your your little.SpeakerYes.Speaker 2Where I\'m from you.Speaker 1Get out. Hey, the other type of twins fraternal twins. These are also known as dice. I got it. Twins maybe coming from 2 zygotes, two eggs. These type of. Twins are just like any other pair of siblings. They just have to be going about the same time, OK? Right. Two different eggs sharing moms belly. OK. But they\'re not living in the same home. I mean, they\'ve got their own little house. That is, they\'re they\'re developing. So they\'re no different than any other brother. Sister or brother? Brother or sister? Sister.SpeakerCombo.Speaker 1They don\'t look the same as results. Alright, so if we start the identical twins, that\'s. Grow up together so they\'re sharing the same environment and they obviously have the same genetic makeup. If they proved to. Be more like a specific trait. Than fraternal twins Dale. It probably means that yours are more important to your trade. OK, because twins are growing up in the same home. Whether you\'re identical or fraternal, and you ain\'t difference, then between the twins is that one is the exact same genetically. The other is not. OK. So where we see differences between twins? And we can attribute into the nature stuff genetic stuff. Where\'s social scientists really go crazy is when you have identical twins. That are separated at birth. In fact. So. So I just got so crazy about this that they even sometimes intentionally separated. Talk about. So identical twins that were separated the earth, right? So you\'ve got these these twins now with the exact same genetic makeup. Same hereditary character, the exact same nature components, but now they\'re growing up in different environments. So nothing, nurture just. And so now we can look at them. And see where they\'re like and where they\'re different to see what. Is nature and what is? Nurture. So let\'s. Look at an example of this in your book, page 1276 please. Alright, 176, take a look at the second or sorry. The third paragraph on that page. On the fraternal twins there, it starts apologists, the University of Minnesota. We start reading, of course please here.SpeakerPsychologist down at the university here. So they\'re have. Been deciding identical. Twins for security. Efforts and. Other researchers.Speaker 2Reports that despite very different social. Cultural and economic partner.SpeakerShares stocks.Speaker 2Have identical. Everything else. Had identical patterns and like. Drawing the parking.SpeakerSimilarities in.Speaker 2Other stuff.Speaker 1Contribute to behaviors that we normally. Associate with experience all. Right. So let\'s take a look at the two gyms here and all. Those traits where they were the same. So they both involve math. That we can probably understand that that might be some systematic and interest or capability to do all that. Portland\'s abilities again activity. App to both worked as deputy sheriffs. That is so both had state similar career interests. They which? Kind of. They were healthy. Vacation both in the same places, Laura and now. We\'re getting a little weird. And identical smoking and drinking. Uh, sorry I skipped the the weirdest part. Identical names to their children and pets. You guys really think that naming your children and pets is genetic? Like we\'re pre programmed, it\'s just bizarre. That. Right, that they ended up with the same names for their kids. Lives maybe had some voice in that, right?SpeakerI would just.Speaker 1So I mean that that\'s that\'s weird. That they might their fingernails. And you probably understand that it might be genetic component there. Drinking patterns, like the technical drawing and carpentry, so. Just. A lot of stuff that you probably never thought at the genetics based on this year indicates that genetics.SpeakerStudy.Speaker 1Does play a role? In a lot of our. Attitudes our interests or abilities, so that\'s the sort of stuff that social scientists look at. We look for.SpeakerTwins.Speaker 1All right, so we got the fire drill coming up here at. Yeah, sorry not fire.](https://centrallyoncsd-my.sharepoint.com/personal/wvanderzee_centrallyon_org/Documents/Transcribed%20Files/Your%20Recording%2025.wav)

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