Unit 3 Life Processes, Microscope & Cell Structure and Function NOTES PDF

Life Processes, Microscope & Cell Structure and Function Unit 3 Topic: Life Processes Aim: How can we differentiate between living and nonliving things? 1. How can we deﬁne “life”? Biology: the study of life and living things All living things must maintain homeostasis 1. How can we deﬁne “life”? Homeostasis / Dynamic Equilibrium: the maintenance of a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment To maintain homeostasis, all organisms must carry out 8 basic life functions 1. How can we deﬁne “life”? Characteristics of Life / Life Functions: Nutrition Regulation Transport Synthesis Respiration (Cellular) Growth Excretion Reproduction 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 1. Nutrition: the process of obtaining and processing food Autotrophic nutrition: when the organism makes their own food Heterotrophic nutrition: when the organism cannot make their own food 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? Nutrition involves 3 parts: Ingestion: taking food in from the environment Digestion: breaking food down into nutrients for absorption Egestion: elimination of undigested food (feces) 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 2. Transport: process of absorbing and circulating materials throughout an organism 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? Absorption: the process by which the nutrients and other dissolved materials are taken into the cells and bloodstream Circulation: the movement of materials to and from the cells, within cells, and/or throughout an organism 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 3. Respiration (Cellular): a complex series of chemical reactions that release energy for life activities ✪ An organism’s energy is stored in food nutrients/organic molecules ✪ Respiration ≠ breathing! 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 4. Excretion: the removal of waste materials produced in the cells as a result of life activities (removal of metabolic wastes) Examples: Urine, sweat, CO2, H2O 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 5. Regulation: life activity responsible for the control and coordination of activities of an organism ✪ Allows organisms to respond to changes in the environment ○ Stimulus: A change in the internal or external environment of the organism Examples: ﬁnd food, avoid danger, respond to light etc. 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? ✪ Nervous and endocrine systems are responsible for regulation Example: Quick reactions or hormonal changes Quick Do Now: 1. Which life process involves the absorption and circulation of materials throughout the organism? 2. Which life process involves the getting rid of metabolic waste products? 3. Which life process involves the process of breaking down food into nutrients? 4. Which life process involves the control and coordination of life activities? 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 6. Synthesis: the process of producing complex substances from simpler substances Examples: Simpler food molecules produced during digestion are put together to make the complex materials needed by the organism 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 7. Growth: an increase in the size and/or number of cells of an organism 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? 8. Reproduction: the production (making) of new organisms ✪ Not necessary for the survival of the organism! However, it is necessary for the survival of the particular species 2. How can we describe the 8 life functions? Metabolism: the sum total of all the life processes taking place in an organism As a result of regulation, metabolic reactions of an organism are constantly adjusted to maintain homeostasis Amoeba Sisters: Characteristics of Life (8 min) Checkpoint Review Questions: Life Processes Topic: Scientist Discoveries and the Cell Theory Aim: How did the invention of the microscope inﬂuence the study of biology? 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the development of the cell theory? In late 1500s in Holland… Zacharias Janssen: created the ﬁrst compound microscope out of several glass lens 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the development of the cell theory? Around 1665 in England… Robert Hooke: used a compound microscope to look at a nonliving, thin slice of cork--plant material Under the microscope, cork seemed to be made of thousands of tiny empty :chambers: that he coined “cells” ✪ He was the ﬁrst to see “dead” cells 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the development of the cell theory? Around 1665, but back in Holland… Anton van Leeuwenhoek: used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water Under the microscope, he saw tiny living organisms that seemed to be everywhere Drawings by Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the development of the cell theory? It became clear that— Cells: basic unit of all living things Unicellular: one cell (bacteria; amoeba) Multicellular: many cells (animals; plants) 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the development of the cell theory? Later in the mid-1800s... Matthias Schleiden: concluded that all plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann: concluded that all animals are made up of cells Rudolf Virchow: published the idea that new cells can be produced only from the division of existing cells 1. Who were the scientists that contributed to the development of the cell theory? ✪ These discoveries are summarized in the cell theory The Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things All cells come from pre-existing cells 2. What are the exceptions to the cell theory? Exceptions to the Cell Theory: Viruses—They cannot reproduce on their own and require a host cell 2. What are the exceptions to the cell theory? Exceptions to the Cell Theory: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts—Types of organelles that have their own DNA and have the ability to reproduce on their own—but, they are not considered to be cells 2. What are the exceptions to the cell theory? Exceptions to the Cell Theory: The First Cell—If all cells come from pre-existing cells, where did the ﬁrst cell come from? Ted Ed: The Wacky History of the Cell Theory Ted Ed: How We Think Complex Cells Evolved Checkpoint Review Questions: Scientist Discoveries and the Cell Theory Cell Theory Activity Build Frankenstein Literacy Lab Classic Candy Topic: Microscope Aim: How do scientists use a microscope to view organisms? 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part The part you look 1 Eyepiece / through which usually Ocular has a magniﬁcation of 10x 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Holds the eyepiece 2 Body Tube above the objective lens 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Used to focus under low power. CANNOT be Coarse 3 used under high power Adjustment because the objective Knob can break the slide 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Fine Adjustment Knob 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Produces a small Fine 4 amount of focus under Adjustment high power for added Knob detail of the specimen 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Holds the objectives Nosepiece 5 and can be rotated 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Lens that provides the High Power 6 Objective most magniﬁcation to help observe ﬁne details 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Lens that helps examine large Low Power 7 Objective specimens and survey many smaller specimens 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective Stage 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Stage Where the slide is 8 placed 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective Stage clips Stage 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Stage Clips Holds the slide in 9 place 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective Stage clips Stage Diaphragm 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Diaphragm Controls the amount 10 of light used 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective Stage clips Stage Diaphragm Light Source 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Provides the light Light necessary to view 11 Source specimens under a compound light microscope 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective Stage clips Stage Diaphragm Light Source Base 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Base Provides bottom 12 support for the microscope 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Eyepiece / Ocular Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Nosepiece Fine Adjustment Knob High Power Objective Low Power Objective Arm Stage clips Stage Diaphragm Light Source Base 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? Number on Diagram Name of Part Function of Part Arm Supports body tube 13 and connects to base 1. What are the parts of the compound light microscope? The compound light microscope should always be carried with two hands, one hand on the arm and one hand on the base How to Use a Microscope STEM (Eastﬁeld College) 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? 1. Magniﬁes the image: makes the image larger Organism Under a Microscope Cell Division Seen Under a Microscope 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Microscope Magniﬁcation: To determine the total magniﬁcation of a microscope, multiply the eyepiece magniﬁcation with the objective lens magniﬁcation that is being used or asked for. 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Example: What is the total magniﬁcation of this microscope under low power? The image will Eyepiece: 10x look 100x bigger Low Power Objective: 10x 10x 10x = 100x 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Example: What is the total magniﬁcation of this microscope under high power? The image will Eyepiece: 10x look 430x bigger High Power Objective: 43x 10x 43x = 430x 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Measuring with a Microscope: Since microscopes make an image larger, the size of organisms under a microscope may be less than 1 millimeter ○ 1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers (µm) 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Example: What is the approximate diameter, in micrometers, of the cell in the diagram below? 1mm = 1000µm 1000µm ÷ 2 = 500 µm 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? 2. Changes the Field of View: changes the amount of the image you can see 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? 2. Changes the Field of View: 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Low Power Objective High Power Objective Larger ﬁeld of view: Smaller ﬁeld of view: you can see a larger area you can see a smaller area 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? 3. Changes the orientation: the image is a ﬂipped upside down and backwards Example: If you looked at the letter “e” under a microscope, what would it look like? Normal View of Slide Microscope View of Slide e 2. How does a compound light microscope change an image? Because you are looking at a mirror image through the microscope, when you move the slide when looking through the microscope, you will “see” the image move in the opposite direction Example: If you wanted to You would move the center the paramecium in the slide up and to the right, to see the ﬁeld of view, in which directions specimen move should you move the slide? down and to the left 3. How do you view organisms using a compound light microscope? Wet Mount Slide: a specimen is placed on a slide with a drop of water The coverslip is carefully lowered at a 45° angle to prevent any bubbles from forming 3. How do you view organisms using a compound light microscope? Staining: stains are applied to slides to allow for a more detailed view of the specimen 3. How do you view organisms using a compound light microscope? Staining Procedure: 1. Place a dropper with stain on one side of the coverslip and gently adding stain 2. Place a paper towel on the opposite side of the cover slip to draw the stain through so it reaches the specimen Amoeba Sisters: Microscopes and How to Use a Light Microscope Checkpoint Review Questions: Microscope Lab: Observing the letter “e” under the microscope Aim: How does the letter “e” change when we view it under the microscope? Topic: Cell Structure and Function Aim: How do cell organelles perform life functions? 1. How are living things organized? In multicellular organisms, cells are grouped together into units or levels 1. How are living things organized? From the smallest to largest biological organization Organelle: specialized structures that perform 8 life functions of the cell 1. How are living things organized? Cell: basic unit of structure and function for all life Example: Stomach cell 1. How are living things organized? Tissue: Group of similar cells Example: Stomach lining tissues that secrete acid 1. How are living things organized? Organ: a group of specialized tissues performing one main function Example: Stomach 1. How are living things organized? Organ System: a group of organs that carry on a body function Example: Digestive System 1. How are living things organized? Organism: living thing composed of organ systems working together Example: Human Levels of Organization 2. Why are there two types of cells? There are two categories of cells which are based on if they contain a nucleus or not: Prokaryotic: DO NOT contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles Example: Bacteria 2. Why are there two types of cells? Eukaryotic: contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Example: Plant cells, animal cells 2. Why are there two types of cells? Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm Cytoplasm: the watery ﬂuid that contains the cell organelles; located between the cell membrane and the nucleus 3. What are cells made up of? Organelles: specialized part of a cell that has its own function 3. What are cells made up of? Nucleus: directs the activities of the cell; contains the genetic information (DNA) ○ Nucleolus: structure inside the nucleus that is the site of ribosome synthesis ○ Nuclear membrane: surround the nucleus; contains pores that allows some materials into and out of the nucleus 3. What are cells made up of? Vacuole: ﬂuid ﬁlled sacs in the cytoplasm that contains stored materials such as water, food or wastes (Animal—many small, Plant—few large) 3. What are cells made up of? Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): membrane lined, interconnecting channels through the cytoplasm associated with synthesis, storage, and transport of materials within a cell ○ Rough ER: lined with ribosomes ○ Smooth ER: no ribosomes 3. What are cells made up of? Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis; may be free in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER 3. What are cells made up of? Golgi bodies / Golgi apparatus: stack of membrane-bound channels and vacuoles involved in synthesis, packing, and shipping cell products How the ribosomes, ER and golgi bodies work together to make proteins 3. What are cells made up of? Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration (produced energy); “powerhouse” of the cell 3. What are cells made up of? Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane: surrounds the cell; controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell; “semi permeable” 3. What are cells made up of? **Cell Wall: supportive structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells; mostly composed of cellulose (plants only) 3. What are cells made up of? **Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll (plants only) 3. What are cells made up of? **Lysosome: sac that contains digestive enzymes; destroy damaged or old cell parts (animals only) 3. What are cells made up of? **Centrioles: cylindrical structures involved in cell division (animals only) 4. What are the similarities and differences between an animal cell and a plant cell? Similarities: Both cells are eukaryotic Both contain most of the same organelles Differences: Plants: contain cell walls and chloroplasts Animals: contain lysosomes and centrioles Amoeba Sisters: Introduction to Cells Checkpoint Review Questions: Cell Structure and Function Lab: Observing Plant and Animal Cells Onion and Cheek Cells Topic: Cell Membrane and Cell Transport Aim: What affects the movement of molecules across the cell membrane? 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? All molecules must move through the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell The cell membrane maintains homeostasis and allows for cellular communication 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it only lets certain materials into and out of the cell 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? ○ Small substances easily ﬁt through the pores (holes) of the cell membrane Examples: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? ○ Large substances cannot ﬁt through the pores Examples: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates (polymers) 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? The cell membrane is primarily made up of lipids and proteins ○ The lipids are speciﬁcally known as phospholipids 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? The model of the cell membrane is known as the ﬂuid mosaic model Mosaic: contains proteins that are randomly scattered throughout a lipid Fluid: proteins can move around the membrane Cross-Section of the Cell Membrane 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? The proteins in the cell membrane serve different purposes: Transport proteins: channels that help move or pump molecule through the membrane 1. How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? Receptor proteins: molecules on the membrane that transmit and receive chemical messages Ted Ed: Cell Membranes 2. How do molecules move in the environment? ✪ Molecules are always in motion! However, molecules move about differently depending on the state of matter that they are in: 2. How do molecules move in the environment? As a solid: molecules are conﬁned to ﬁxed position, but they vibrate 2. How do molecules move in the environment? As a liquid: molecules move around in a container, but stay toward the bottom 2. How do molecules move in the environment? As a gas: molecules move freely 2. How do molecules move in the environment? As gas and liquid molecules move, they collide which causes the molecules to spread apart from one another ✪ Gas and liquid molecules tend to move from an area of high to low concentration 2. How do molecules move in the environment? Concentration: the amount of a particular substance in a given space Do Now (11/2/20) 1. What are the two main components of the cell membrane? 2. Is there a relationship between the size of a molecule and its ability to pass through the membrane? If so, what is it? 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? There are two main modes of transport across the cell membrane Passive Transport Active Transport 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? Passive Transport: movement of molecules without energy (ATP) 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? 1. Diffusion: movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy 2. Osmosis: the diffusion of water through a membrane 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? 3. Facilitated Diffusion: the diffusion of larger molecules with the help of proteins 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? Active Transport: movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration WITH the use of energy (ATP) 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? Example of Active Transport: Phagocytosis: the process of surrounding solid particles, such as food and pulling them into the cell Phagocytosis: Amoeba eating a paramecium 3. How do substances move into and out of the cell? Amoeba Sisters: Cell Transport Do Now (11/3/20): 1. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? 2. What are the differences between passive transport and active transport? 4. How do environmental conditions affect how osmosis occurs in our body cells? Our body cells are typically composed of 70% water Depending on what you eat or expose yourself to, you may change the environment surrounding your cells which can cause discomfort and possible harm 4. How do environmental conditions affect how osmosis occurs in our body cells? There are 3 ways that we can describe the effect of osmosis on our cells based on environmental solutions: 4. How do environmental conditions affect how osmosis occurs in our body cells? Isotonic: When there is an equal concentration of water inside and outside of the cell Isotonic Net movement of water None Change in cell size None Beaker Set Up Cell Picture 4. How do environmental conditions affect how osmosis occurs in our body cells? Hypotonic: When there is a greater concentration of water outside of the cell Hypotonic Net movement of water Into cell Change in cell size Swell / burst Beaker Set Up Cell Picture 4. How do environmental conditions affect how osmosis occurs in our body cells? Hypertonic: When there is a greater concentration of water inside of the cell Hypertonic Net movement of water Out of cell Change in cell size Shrink / shrivel Beaker Set Up Cell Picture Difference between the effect of osmosis in plant and animal cells Checkpoint Review Questions: Cell Membrane and Cell Transport

Unit 3 Life Processes, Microscope & Cell Structure and Function NOTES PDF

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