Unit-3 International Laws PDF

Preventive Measures and Alternative Solutions a. International Laws’ b. Major Environmental Laws in the Philippines c. Disaster Risk Reduction d. Alternative Solutions International Laws’ a. Montreal Protocol b. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change c. Paris Agreement Montreal Protoco...

Preventive Measures and Alternative Solutions a. International Laws’ b. Major Environmental Laws in the Philippines c. Disaster Risk Reduction d. Alternative Solutions International Laws’ a. Montreal Protocol b. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change c. Paris Agreement Montreal Protocol Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty adopted on September 16, 1987, designed to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). This treaty is signed by 197 countries. Montreal Protocol Objectives: Gradually eliminate the use of ODS to allow the ozone layer to recover. Protect human health and ecosystems from harmful UV radiation. Montreal Protocol Regular Amendments: Includes updates like the Kigali Amendment (2016) to address hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases that replaced some ODS but contribute to climate change. Achievements: Phased out over 99% of ozone-depleting substances. Prevented millions of cases of skin cancer and cataracts. Expected recovery of the ozone layer by 2040–2060. Montreal Protocol Compliance: Parties must submit regular reports on their ODS usage and progress toward phasing out these substances. Non-compliance: 1. Exceeds Allowed Levels of ODS Use or Production 2. Fails to Report Data 3. Fails to Implement Domestic Policies Penalties for Violations: While the Montreal Protocol itself does not impose monetary fines, member countries enforce domestic laws to comply with its provisions. Montreal Protocol 1. What is the main goal of the Montreal Protocol? a. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions b. Protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances c. Limit global warming to 2°C d. Promote renewable energy sources 2. In which year was the Montreal Protocol adopted? a. 1985 b. 1987 c. 1992 d. 1997 Montreal Protocol 3. How many countries have ratified the Kigali Amendment as of now? a. Less than 50 b. Between 50 and 100 c. Over 100 d. Over 150 4. Currently, the Philippines is focused on phasing out the last group of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)—hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). What is the timeline for this phaseout? a) 2010 to 2030 b) 2013 to 2040 c) 2000 to 2027 d) 2020 to 2045 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. Created by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988, the IPCC has 195 Member countries. Key Functions: Assessment of scientific information related to climate change. Evaluation of environmental and socio-economic impacts. Development of strategies for adaptation and mitigation. Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change Structure of IPCC Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change Types of Reports Assessment Reports (ARs): -Published approximately every 6-7 years; summarize the latest climate science. -Most recent: Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) (2021–2023). Special Reports: -Focus on specific issues (e.g., 1.5°C Global Warming, Ocean and Cryosphere). Methodology Reports: -Guide countries in calculating greenhouse gas emissions. Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change Some Findings in Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Human-induced global warming of 1.1 degrees C has spurred changes to the Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in recent human history Some climate impacts are already so severe that they cannot be adapted to, leading to losses and damages Urgent need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit warming to 1.5°C Global GHG emissions peak before 2025 in 1.5 degrees has a more that 50% chance Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change 1. What does IPCC stand for? a. International Panel on Climate Change b. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change c. International Program for Climate Control d. Intergovernmental Program for Climate Control 2. Which of these is NOT one of the IPCC’s Working Groups? a. Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability b. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories c. Physical Science Basis d. Mitigation of Climate Change Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement is a historic international treaty adopted on December 12, 2015, during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Objective: It aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate- resilient development. Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Each country sets its own climate goals, reviewed and updated every five years. Transparency Framework Countries must report progress on their commitments. Climate Finance Developed nations pledge financial and technical support to developing countries Paris Agreement Philippines' Commitment: Submitted its first NDC in 2021, pledging a 75% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, conditional on international support. Challenges: High vulnerability to climate impacts (typhoons, sea-level rise). Reliance on international climate finance and capacity-building initiatives Paris Agreement What are Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the context of the Paris Agreement? a. Financial aid provided to developing countries. b. Individual country commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. c. Reports on global temperature trends. d. Renewable energy projects implemented globally. Why is limiting global warming to 1.5°C critical according to the Paris Agreement? a. To completely eliminate greenhouse gas emissions b. To significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change on ecosystems and human populations. c. To halt all industrial activity by 2050 d. To phase out non-renewable energy within 10 years Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph