Overview of MMSU and Environmental Laws

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Questions and Answers

What do Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) represent in the context of the Paris Agreement?

  • Renewable energy projects implemented globally.
  • Financial aid provided to developing countries.
  • Reports on global temperature trends.
  • Individual country commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (correct)

Why is it essential to limit global warming to 1.5°C according to the Paris Agreement?

  • To phase out non-renewable energy within 10 years.
  • To completely eliminate greenhouse gas emissions.
  • To significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change on ecosystems and human populations. (correct)
  • To halt all industrial activity by 2050.

What is one of the challenges faced by the Philippines in relation to climate change?

  • Insufficient technical support from developed nations.
  • High vulnerability to climate impacts such as typhoons and sea-level rise. (correct)
  • Lack of renewable energy resources.
  • Low reliance on international climate finance.

What commitment did the Philippines make in its first NDC submitted in 2021?

<p>A 75% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, conditional on international support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the aim of climate finance under the Paris Agreement?

<p>To provide financial and technical support to developing countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the Montreal Protocol?

<p>Protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the Montreal Protocol adopted?

<p>1987 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many countries have ratified the Kigali Amendment as of now?

<p>Over 150 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) currently being phased out in the Philippines?

<p>Ozone-depleting substances only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant achievement is attributed to the Montreal Protocol?

<p>Phased out over 99% of ozone-depleting substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of non-compliance with the Montreal Protocol?

<p>Enforcement of domestic laws by member countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kigali Amendment address specifically?

<p>Addressing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected recovery timeline for the ozone layer as a result of the Montreal Protocol?

<p>By 2040–2060 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IPCC stand for?

<p>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of IPCC report?

<p>Synthesis Reports (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective of the Paris Agreement?

<p>To hold the increase in global average temperature to below 2 °C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the latest IPCC findings, what is the global warming increase attributed to human activity?

<p>1.1 degrees C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) findings?

<p>Some climate impacts cannot be adapted to, leading to losses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What probability does the IPCC suggest for global GHG emissions to peak before 2025 to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C?

<p>More than 50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which working group addresses climate impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability?

<p>Working Group II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often are Assessment Reports (ARs) published by the IPCC?

<p>Every 6-7 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Montreal Protocol

An international treaty designed to phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS) to protect the ozone layer and human health.

Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is a region of Earth's stratosphere absorbing most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment is an addition to the Montreal Protocol that addresses hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), powerful greenhouse gases that replaced some ODS but contribute to climate change.

IPCC

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a UN body that assesses the scientific evidence on climate change.

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Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement is an international treaty adopted in 2015 to combat climate change by limiting global temperature rise.

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Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)

ODS are chemicals that deplete the ozone layer, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

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Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases that replaced some ODS but contribute significantly to global warming.

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Compliance with Montreal Protocol

Countries that have ratified the Montreal Protocol must submit regular reports on their ODS usage and progress in phasing out these substances.

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Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are individual country commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, outlined in the Paris Agreement.

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Transparency Framework

The Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement requires countries to report on the progress of their climate goals and actions, ensuring accountability and transparency.

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Climate Finance

Climate Finance refers to the financial resources provided by developed nations to developing countries to help them mitigate and adapt to climate change.

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Philippines' Commitment to the Paris Agreement

The Philippines pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 75% by 2030, dependent on international support, as stated in its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted in 2021. It faces challenges due to its vulnerability to climate impacts like typhoons and sea-level rise.

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What is the IPCC?

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an international body that evaluates scientific information about climate change. It was established in 1988 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

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What are the IPCC's working groups?

The IPCC has three working groups: Working Group I (Physical Science Basis), Working Group II (Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability), and Working Group III (Mitigation of Climate Change). Each group focuses on a different aspect of climate change.

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What are special IPCC reports?

Besides its assessment reports, the IPCC also produces special reports focusing on specific issues, like 1.5°C global warming or the state of the ocean and cryosphere.

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What are some key findings of the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report?

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) released by the IPCC in 2021-2023, concludes that human activity has unequivocally caused global warming, leading to changes unprecedented in human history.

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What is the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement is a global treaty signed in 2015 that aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and preferably to 1.5°C.

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What are the goals of the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to climate change by promoting sustainable development, poverty eradication, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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What are Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)?

The Paris Agreement requires countries to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that outline their plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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What are the implications of the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report?

The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report highlights the urgent need to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit warming to 1.5°C. It emphasizes the critical need for action to prevent further climate change impacts.

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Study Notes

Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) Overview

  • MMSU has a 3-star QS rating.
  • Ranked 601-800 globally and 3rd among Philippine State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in 2023.
  • Ranked 101st-200th in the 2024 WURI (World Universities with Real Impact).
  • Holds the 2nd rank in the Philippines in the ASEAN 2024 public university ranking.

Preventive Measures and Alternative Solutions

  • The presentation outlines preventive measures and alternative solutions—including International Laws, Major Environmental Laws of the Philippines, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Alternative Solutions—for unspecified issues.

International Laws

  • Key international laws mentioned are the Montreal Protocol, Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), and the Paris Agreement.

Montreal Protocol

  • An international treaty adopted on September 16, 1987.
  • Aims to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
  • Signed by 197 countries, with differing dates of ratification mentioned for various nations.
  • Objectives: Phase out ODS use, protect human health and ecosystems from harmful UV radiation.
  • Regular amendments address hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), greenhouse gases replacing some ODS.
  • Achievements: Phased out over 99% of ozone-depleting substances; prevented millions of skin cancer and cataract cases.
  • Compliance: Parties submit regular reports on their ODS use, progress on phasing out these substances, dealing with exceeding allowed levels, and failure to report data.
  • Penalties for non-compliance do not involve monetary fines. Domestic laws enforce the Montreal Protocol's provisions.
  • Key questions include the protocol's main goal, its adoption year, and the number of countries that have ratified the Kigali Amendment.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

  • United Nations body evaluating climate-related science.
  • Created in 1988 by UNEP and WMO.
  • Has 195 member countries.
  • Key functions: Assessing scientific information related to climate change, evaluating environmental and socio-economic impacts, and developing adaptation and mitigation strategies.
  • IPCC Structure: Plenary, Bureau, Executive Committee, Working Groups I (Physical Science Basis), II (Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability), III (Mitigation of Climate Change), Task Force, and Secretariat.
  • The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6): Found human-induced global warming causing climate change issues; urgent need to reduce emissions to limit warming.
  • Types of reports: Assessment Reports (summarizing climate science, approximately every 6-7 years), Special Reports (focus on particular issues, e.g., 1.5°C Global Warming), and Methodology Reports (guide countries in calculating greenhouse gas emissions).

Paris Agreement

  • Adopted in December 2015.
  • Aims to strengthen the global response to climate change, fostering sustainable development and poverty eradication.
  • Key points: Limiting global warming to well below 2°C (preferably 1.5°C) above pre-industrial levels; increasing capacity to adapt to climate change; fostering climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining food production.
  • Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country specifies its own climate goals (updated every five years).
  • Transparency Framework: Countries report their progress on meeting their commitments.
  • Climate Finance: Developed nations support developing countries financially and technically.
  • Philippines' Commitment: Pledging a 75% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, conditional on international support; submitted its first NDC in 2021.
  • Challenges: High vulnerability to climate impacts (e.g., typhoons, sea-level rise); reliance on international climate finance and capacity-building initiatives.

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