Unit 2 Review Terms PDF

Chapter 5 – Religious Wars France: - Centralized: The French monarchy consolidated power, leading to conflicts over religion and authority. - Huguenots: French Protestants who faced persecution and fought for religious rights. - St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: A 1572 massacre of Huguenots in Paris...

Chapter 5 – Religious Wars France: - Centralized: The French monarchy consolidated power, leading to conflicts over religion and authority. - Huguenots: French Protestants who faced persecution and fought for religious rights. - St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: A 1572 massacre of Huguenots in Paris that heightened religious tensions. - Civil War: Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, notably the French Wars of Religion. - Edict of Nantes: Issued by Henry IV in 1598, granting religious tolerance to Huguenots, helping to stabilize France. - Witchcraft (women): Persecution of women as witches was rampant during this period, often fueled by social tensions. Spain: - Catholic: Spain remained staunchly Catholic under the monarchy, leading to conflicts with Protestant nations. - Philip II: Spanish king known for his imperial wealth and efforts to enforce Catholicism. - Golden Century: A period of cultural flourishing in Spain, marked by art and literature. - Netherlands Revolt: Rebellion against Spanish rule due to resentment over taxation and religious persecution. - Duke of Alba: Appointed by Philip II to suppress the Dutch revolt with force. - United Provinces (1609): The northern provinces that gained independence from Spanish rule, forming a new republic. - Peace of Westphalia: Ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized the sovereignty of states, altering the political landscape in Europe. England: - Henry VIII: Broke from the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England, challenging papal authority. - Elizabeth I: Queen who solidified Protestantism in England and navigated complex religious conflicts. - Church of England: Established as a Protestant church, central to English identity. - Puritans: A group seeking to purify the Church of England from Catholic practices, contributing to future conflicts. - War with Spain (Armada/Holland): The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marked the decline of Spanish power and the rise of England. - Thirty Years’ War: A devastating conflict in Germany that involved many European powers, leading to significant religious and political changes. - Bohemia Protest: The Bohemian Revolt against Hapsburg rule sparked the Thirty Years’ War. - Ferdinand (Hapsburgs): The Holy Roman Emperor whose policies intensified religious conflicts. - Gustavus Adolphus: King of Sweden whose military innovations changed the course of the Thirty Years' War. - Westphalia Treaty: A pivotal treaty that concluded the Thirty Years' War and set the stage for modern state sovereignty. - Results: New states emerged, and a religious divide was established in Europe, leading to the decline of the Holy Roman Empire. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 6 – Scientific Revolution and Absolutism Islamic Empires: Byzantines: Eastern Roman Empire that preserved and contributed to knowledge, particularly in science and philosophy. Umayyads: Early Islamic dynasty known for its expansion and cultural achievements; promoted Arabic as a unifying language. Shia/Sunni: The two main branches of Islam, differing primarily in beliefs about leadership succession. Abbasids: Islamic dynasty known for the Golden Age of Islam, emphasizing science, culture, and trade. Baghdad Bayt al-Hikma: "House of Wisdom," a major intellectual center that included libraries and scholars. Hospitals: Developed in the Islamic world, showcasing advanced medical knowledge. Cordoba: A cultural center in Spain under Muslim rule, known for its tolerance and advancements in learning. Dhimmi: Non-Muslims (especially Christians and Jews) living under Islamic rule with protected status. Seljuks: Turkic dynasty that played a significant role in the politics and culture of the Islamic world. Mongols: Conquerors whose invasions impacted the Islamic empires, leading to significant cultural exchanges. Crusades: Religious wars initiated by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land, affecting Muslim-Christian relations. Ottomans: A powerful Islamic empire known for its cultural achievements and administrative innovations. ○ Suleiman the Magnificent: The Ottoman sultan known for legal reforms and cultural patronage. ○ Medical School: Institutions established in the Islamic world for medical education.  ○ Millet System: A system allowing various religious communities to govern themselves under their own laws. Scientific Revolution: Observatory (Greenwich): A site for astronomical observations that played a key role in navigation and science. Europe (Printing Press): Technology that facilitated the spread of scientific ideas and literature. Royal Society: An organization in England promoting scientific research and collaboration. Scientific Revolution: Period marked by significant advancements in scientific thought and methodology. ○ Heliocentric Universe (Copernicus): The model proposing that the sun is at the center of the universe, challenging geocentrism. ○ Kepler: Known for his laws of planetary motion, supporting the heliocentric theory. ○ Galileo (Inquisition): His support of heliocentrism led to conflict with the Catholic Church, resulting in his trial. ○ Newton (Gravity): Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the foundation for classical physics. ○ Deism: Philosophical belief in a rational creator who does not intervene in the universe. ○ Bacon (Empiricism): Advocated for the scientific method based on observation and experimentation. ○ Descartes (Rationalism): Emphasized reason as the primary source of knowledge ("I think, therefore I am"). Absolutism: Absolutism: Political doctrine where a single ruler holds absolute power. ○ Louis XIV (France): The epitome of absolute monarchy, known for his centralization of power and the construction of Versailles. ○ Colbert (Mercantilism): Financial minister who promoted state-controlled economy and trade. ○ Versailles: The grand palace symbolizing the power and control of Louis XIV. Huguenots: French Protestants who faced persecution under Louis XIV’s reign. War of Spanish Succession: Conflict over the succession to the Spanish throne, involving many European powers. England: ○ Constitutional Monarchy: System where the monarchy's powers are limited by law and governed by a constitution. ○ Parliament/Charles I: Conflict between the king and Parliament led to the English Civil War. ○ Civil War: A conflict between royalists and parliamentarians in England.  ○ Restoration: The return of Charles II to the throne after the Commonwealth period. ○ Glorious Revolution (Bill of Rights): The overthrow of James II and the establishment of William and Mary, leading to constitutional changes. Hobbes (Leviathan): Philosopher who argued for strong central authority to avoid chaos. Locke (Natural Rights): Proposed that individuals have inherent rights to life, liberty, and property. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 7 – Americas (Imperial Rivalries) Before Europeans: Tribute States (Americas): Indigenous societies that paid tribute to powerful leaders, often in the form of goods or labor. Trade Networks: Complex systems of trade among Indigenous peoples before European contact, facilitating the exchange of goods and culture. Spain: New Spain + Peru: Spanish colonies established in the Americas, rich in resources and wealth. Encomienda: A system granting Spanish settlers the right to extract labor from Indigenous people, often leading to exploitation. Successor States: New political entities that emerged following the fall of the Aztec and Inca empires. Christianity (Conversion): The effort to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity, often led by missionaries. Franciscans/Jesuits: Religious orders involved in missionary work, education, and cultural exchanges. Missions: Religious outposts established to convert and educate Indigenous populations. Courts (Justice): Legal systems established by colonial authorities to maintain order and control over the Indigenous population. Silver: A major resource extracted from the Americas, particularly from mines in Mexico and Peru, fueling Spanish wealth. Pueblo Revolt: A 1680 uprising by Pueblo people against Spanish colonization in New Mexico, leading to temporary independence from Spanish rule. Caste System: A hierarchical system in colonial Latin America based on race and ethnicity, affecting social status and rights. France:  Champlain: French explorer known for founding Quebec and establishing relations with Indigenous tribes. Jesuits: French Catholic missionaries active in Canada, who sought to convert Indigenous peoples and document their cultures. Iroquois/Huron: Indigenous groups involved in trade and conflict with European powers, notably in the fur trade. Voyageurs: French fur traders who transported goods and established trade routes in North America. Hudson’s Bay Company: A British trading company established to exploit fur resources in Canada, leading to competition with French interests. England: Virginia (13 Colonies): One of the earliest English colonies in North America, pivotal for the development of British America. Nova Scotia: An early British settlement in Canada, part of the struggle for control over North America. Southern Colonies (Slavery/Plantations): Regions where plantation economies developed, relying heavily on enslaved labor. Resources/Manufactured Goods: The export of raw materials to England and the import of manufactured goods contributed to the colonial economy. Women’s Rights: Early discussions about women's roles in society, particularly in relation to property and family. Religious Minorities (Puritans): Groups like the Puritans sought religious freedom and established colonies in New England. Imperialism: Economics: The economic motivations driving European powers to explore and establish colonies in the Americas. Mercantilism: An economic theory promoting that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country, emphasizing trade and resource extraction. Self-Sufficiency: The idea that colonies should produce their own goods to reduce dependence on European powers. Banks: Financial institutions that facilitated trade and investment in colonial ventures. Joint Ventures (British East India Co.): Business enterprises that pooled resources for trade, notably in Asia, reflecting imperial interests. Rivalries (Wars): Conflicts between European powers in the Americas, often over territory, trade routes, and resources. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 8 - Ancient and Classical Periods: War Captives: Slavery often originated from warfare, with captives being taken as slaves, such as in ancient Rome and Greece. Greeks considered non-Greeks as "barbarians," and Romans used war prisoners as slaves, some becoming gladiators like Spartacus. Ottoman Empire: The Ottomans used captives for domestic service or military roles. Islamic World: The term “slave” is derived from "Slav," referring to the Slavic people often taken as slaves. Africans were also targeted, leading to events like the Zanj Revolt, a significant uprising of African slaves in the Middle East. Mamluks: These were slave soldiers in Islamic societies, who sometimes rose to high status, even forming an aristocratic class. Mongols (Battle of Ain Jalut): Slavery and forced labor were parts of Mongol conquests and their interactions with other regions. Medieval and Renaissance Europe: Renaissance Italy: As a cosmopolitan society, Italy had connections with various regions, engaging in the slave trade. Kaffa: In the city of Kaffa (Crimea), the Tartars captured and sold slaves. Wealth and Trade: Venice, an Italian city-state, amassed wealth through trade, including in slaves. Vikings and Rus: In Northern Europe, Vikings raided Slavic regions for slaves, trading them to Islamic markets. This trade linked Scandinavia, the Rus (Vikings), and the Islamic world. Khazars: The Khazars, a Turkic people, were involved in the slave trade between Europe and the Middle East. Africa: Trans-Saharan Trade: African kingdoms like Ghana and Mali engaged in the slave trade, exporting slaves across the Sahara. Mansa Musa: Under his rule, Mali became a center of wealth and trade, including gold and slaves. Timbuktu: A hub for trade and learning, where slaves and gold were part of the commerce. Banditry: Local conflicts and banditry often supplied captives for the slave trade. The New World and Transatlantic Slave Trade: Spain and Portugal: These were the first European powers to exploit Indigenous labor under systems like the encomienda, which led to a decline in the native population due to disease and overwork.  African Slaves: As Indigenous populations declined, Africans became the main labor source in the New World. Transatlantic Slave Trade: This trade connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas, bringing enslaved Africans across the Middle Passage to plantations. Triangular Trade: European goods were exchanged for African slaves, who were then shipped to the Americas, where their labor produced raw materials that were sent back to Europe. Resistance and Abolition: Slave Resistance: Enslaved people resisted through revolts, escapes, and preserving cultural practices (e.g., Voodoo). Abolitionists: Figures like William Wilberforce and groups like the Quakers advocated against slavery. Abolition Movement: Efforts to end the transatlantic slave trade gradually extended to broader efforts to end slavery in European empires. Underground Railroad: In the U.S., this network helped escaped slaves reach freedom in the North. End of Slavery: Slavery in the Americas officially ended with events like the U.S. Civil War and the abolition of slavery in Cuba. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------