Unit 2: Introduction to Ethics PDF

Unit 2: Introduction to Ethics 1.Scope and meaning of Ethics 2.Relation of Ethics with other Sciences 3.Morality and the Other Phases of Human Life 4.The by Ar JoiImportance C. Proctan of Ethics Instructor III BRAINSTORMING BLITZ Objectives: Activa...

Unit 2: Introduction to Ethics 1.Scope and meaning of Ethics 2.Relation of Ethics with other Sciences 3.Morality and the Other Phases of Human Life 4.The by Ar JoiImportance C. Proctan of Ethics Instructor III BRAINSTORMING BLITZ Objectives: Activate prior knowledge and make students excited about the new content 1.Introduce the Topic: Briefly mention the topic of the lesson. 2.Brainstorming: Divide students into small groups and give them a set time ( 5mins.) to brainstorm as many ideas, words or questions related to the topic as possible. 3.Share Ideas: Have each group share their ideas with the class. 4.Create a Mind Map: On the board, create a mind map with the students’ contributions to visualize AP connections and generate interest. 5.Transition: Explain how the brainstorming ties into the day’s lesson and what they will be discovering in more detail. ETHICS  Unit 2: Introduction to Ethics  The word “ethics” is derived from the Greek word “ethos” (character), and the Latin word “mores” (customs)  Derived from the Greek word “ethos” which means “way of living”, ethics is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct.  It consists a code of conduct of human beings living in a society.  Unit 2: Introduction to Ethics  Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with morality and the principles that guide right and wrong behavior. It explores AP questions about what is good and bad, right and wrong, and how we should live our lives. Definition and Scope of Ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with morality and the principles that guide right and wrong behavior. It explores questions about what is good and bad, right and wrong, and how we should live our lives. Metaethics 2 Branch of Moral Normati Applied Philosophy Ethics ve Ethics 4 Descriptive Ethics  Metaethics Ethics We may define meta-ethics as the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts. Deals with questions like “What is meant 2 by being right?” Deals with the definition of right and wrong. 4 Meta means about the thing itself. So. Meta-ethics (ethics about ethics)  Metaethics Ethics  Metaethics addresses second-order questions about the meaning and status of moral judgments, for example,  "What does it mean to say that something is good or bad, or right or wrong?",  "Are moral judgments statements that purport to be true or false?", and  "In what sense, if any, can moral judgments 2 be true or false (or correct or incorrect)?“  Metaethical questions have been discussed throughout the history of philosophy, but systematic work on metaethics began early in the twentieth century with the publication 4 of G. E. Moore's Principia Ethica (1993). 2 4 Normative Ethics (Prescriptive Ethics)  Normative ethics is concerned with establishing standards or norms for behavior.  It addresses the question of what individuals ought to do.  Often called philosophical ethics search for norms, not in the sense of what is average but in the sense of authoritative standards of what it “ought” to be.  Deals with what things are right or wrong.  They help people to understand what is right and moral and what is wrong and immoral.  They tell people what to do and what not to do. Example: “this is a good gun” is the gun morally good? Types of Normative Ethics Deontology Consequentiali sm Focuses on Judges actions duties, rules, based on their and outcomes or obligations. consequences Virtue Ethics Emphasizes 2 the role of character and virtue in moral 4 decision- making  Descriptive Ethics  It is the study of people’s views about moral beliefs.  It is the studies and describes how people behave and what moral beliefs they hold, without judging whether those beliefs are correct.  is a branch of ethics that focuses on describing and analyzing existing moral beliefs, behaviors, and practices.  It's concerned with understanding how people actually think, feel, and act morally, rather than prescribing what they ought to do.  It studies the history of evolution of ethics. It gives a record of certain taboos, customs or conventions.  Descriptive Ethics The idea that moral beliefs and Cultural practices vary across cultures and are Relativism not universal. The study of how moral beliefs and Moral behaviors change over time, Development particularly 2 in individuals The psychological processes involved Moral in moral decision-making and Psychology behavior. 4 The study of how moral beliefs and Evolutionary behaviors may have evolved through Ethics natural selection.  Applied Ethics  Also called practical ethics is the application of ethics to real-world problems.  Practical ethics attempts to answer the question of how people should act in specific situations.  For example, is it morally permissible 2 for a doctor to engage a patient begs to be put out of her misery?  It involves examining specific controversial issues, such as gun control, animal rights,4 environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war.  It is used in some aspects of determining public policy, as GAME KA NA BA? Relations of Ethics with Other Sciences Ethics is not a standalone discipline but rather a field that intersects with numerous other sciences. This interconnectedness enriches our understanding of ethics and provides valuable insights into the application of moral principles in various domains. Here's how ethics interacts with other fields: Sociology Psychology Logic Economics Ethics draws Logic is the study of Economics focuses on the Ethics benefits insights from reasoning and production, distribution, and from psychology's sociology, which argumentation. It provides consumption of goods and understanding of studies social the tools for constructing services. Ethical considerations human behavior, structures, coherent, valid arguments in economics involve questions motivation, and institutions, and and for evaluating the of fairness, equity, and the cognitive group behaviors. It soundness of ethical moral implications of economic processes. It examines how social reasoning. In ethics, logic policies. Ethics informs debates explores the norms, power is crucial for analyzing on issues such as income psychological dynamics, and moral arguments, inequality, corporate factors that cultural values identifying fallacies, and responsibility, and the ethical underpin moral influence moral ensuring that ethical use of resources, helping to reasoning, judgments and conclusions are derived in shape economic practices that decision-making, ethical practices. a rational, consistent promote social welfare and  Morality -to the principles or rules of right and wrong behavior that Ethics are accepted by an individual -is the systematic study of morality. or a social group. -It involves the analysis and evaluation of moral principles and -It involves the beliefs and the development of theories to guide values that people hold about moral behavior. what is good or bad, right or -Ethics provides a framework for wrong. making decisions about what is right and wrong in complex situations. -it is often shaped by cultural, religious, and societal -often more formalized than morality and is studied in philosophy, law, influences. medicine, and other fields. -It reflects the collective values -it involves critical thinking and the of a community or society, application of ethical theories to real- which are passed down life situations. through generations. Examples: Professional Code of Ethics for Teachers (RA 7836) Examples: Common moral Anti-Cybercrime Law (Republic principles include honesty, Act No. 10175), fairness, respect for others, Data and kindness. For instance, Privacy Act (Republic Act No. most cultures consider it 10173) morally wrong to lie or steal.  Morality and Other Phases of Human Life Morality permeates every phase of human life, shaping our choices, relationships, and the impact we have on the world. Ethics guides us in navigating the complexities of these different life stages, helping us make decisions that align with our values and contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful life. Morality and Education Role of Education: Education plays a critical role in the formation of moral values. Through education, individuals learn about the ethical dimensions of life, develop a sense of justice, fairness, and responsibility, and are encouraged to think critically about moral issues. Moral Development: Educational institutions often include moral education as part of their curriculum, teaching students about virtues like honesty, respect, and empathy. This can be through formal classes or more subtle means, like the school culture and the behavior of teachers as role models. Critical Thinking: Education also promotes the development of critical thinking, which is essential for ethical reasoning. It enables individuals to evaluate moral dilemmas, consider different perspectives, and make informed decisions.  Morality and Other Phases of Human Life Morality and Law Foundation of Law: Laws are often based on the moral values of a society. They provide a formal structure for maintaining order, protecting rights, and ensuring justice. Legal systems reflect the collective morality of the community, defining what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Moral vs. Legal: While laws are grounded in morality, not everything that is legal is necessarily moral, and vice versa. For example, historical laws supporting slavery were legal but are now considered profoundly immoral. Ethical Dilemmas: In legal practice, moral questions frequently arise, such as in cases involving human rights, capital punishment, or bioethics. Lawyers, judges, and lawmakers must navigate these dilemmas, often relying on ethical theories to guide their  Morality and Other Phases of Human Life Morality and Art Expression of Values: Art is a powerful medium for expressing and challenging moral values. Through literature, film, visual arts, and other forms, artists explore ethical issues, provoke thought, and inspire change. Moral Critique: Art can be a vehicle for moral critique, questioning societal norms, exposing injustice, and promoting empathy. For instance, works of art that depict the suffering caused by war or inequality often challenge viewers to reconsider their own moral stances. Controversy: Art can also spark moral controversy, especially when it challenges deeply held beliefs or depicts taboo subjects. The moral debate surrounding such art often reflects broader societal tensions about freedom of expression and the boundaries of  Morality and Other Phases of Human Life Morality and Religion Source of Morality: Religion has historically been a major source of moral guidance for individuals and societies. Many religions provide a moral code or set of commandments that followers are expected to adhere to, shaping their understanding of right and wrong. Moral Absolutes vs. Relativism: Religious morality often involves absolute principles, which are believed to be universal and unchanging. In contrast, secular moral systems may adopt a more relativistic approach, where moral values can vary depending on cultural, historical, or individual circumstances. Interfaith Dialogue: In a pluralistic society, different religious moralities can sometimes come into conflict. Interfaith dialogue and the promotion of mutual respect are important for navigating these differences and finding common moral ground.  Importance of Ethics Ethics is essential in shaping individual behavior, guiding decision-making, and maintaining social order. It serves as the foundation for a just and functional society, influencing various aspects of life from personal conduct to professional practices and public policies. Here’s a closer look at the importance of ethics: Maintaining Social Order Guiding Personal Behavior Ethics acts as a moral compass, Ethics promotes social harmony by helping individuals distinguish establishing shared values and between right and wrong. It provides norms that guide behavior within a principles that guide actions, community. When people adhere to decisions, and relationships, ensuring ethical principles, it reduces conflicts that people act with integrity and and fosters cooperation, leading to a respect for others. more peaceful and cohesive society. Guiding Professional Conduct Influencing Public Policy Ethics is critical in maintaining the integrityEthics plays a vital role in shaping of various professions, such as medicine, public policies that affect the well- law, business, and journalism. Professional being of society. Policymakers rely on codes of ethics provide guidelines for ethical principles to evaluate the responsible conduct, helping practitioners potential impacts of laws and uphold standards of honesty, regulations, ensuring that they accountability, and respect for others. promote justice, equality, and the Enhancing Personal and Collective common good. Well-being Ethical behavior contributes to a sense of moral fulfillment and self- respect. Acting in accordance with one’s ethical beliefs leads to inner peace, satisfaction, and a clear conscience. Ethics and Technology The rapid advancements in technology have introduced new ethical considerations that demand careful attention. As we navigate the digital age, ethics plays a crucial role in ensuring that technology is used responsibly and ethically. Privacy Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology has raised concerns about privacy, The development and deployment of AI systems as vast amounts of personal data are collected raise significant ethical questions. We need to and analyzed. Ethical principles of privacy and ensure that AI is used fairly, transparently, and data security are essential to protect without bias, respecting human values and individuals' rights and ensure responsible data promoting well-being. handling. Cybersecurity Social Media Protecting digital infrastructure and preventing Social media platforms have become powerful cyberattacks is crucial for maintaining trust and tools for communication and connection, but ensuring ethical technology use. Strong they also raise ethical concerns about cybersecurity measures are essential for misinformation, cyberbullying, and online safeguarding sensitive information and privacy. Ethical use of social media is essential preventing harm. for fostering a positive and respectful online environment.  Conclusion and Takeaways Ethics is not a rigid set of rules but rather a dynamic and evolving framework for navigating the complexities of human existence. It provides a compass for making responsible choices, building meaningful relationships, and contributing to a more just and equitable world. By understanding the principles of ethics, engaging in moral reasoning, and acting with integrity, we can strive to live a life that aligns with our values and makes a positive impact on ourselves and society. Activity 1: Ethical Career Charades Timeframe: 30-45 minutes Skills Required/Ethical Principles Involved: Communication, Collaboration, Trust, Integrity Supplies: None Description: This activity allows students to explore how ethical principles play out in different careers and professions. Process: Split the class into groups of two to four students and assign each group a profession (e.g., doctor, lawyer, salesperson, teacher, veterinarian, server, etc.). Give each group about five minutes to prepare a short skit demonstrating either an ethical or unethical activity within their given career. Remind students that they should consider the Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative principles (i.e., integrity, trust, accountability, transparency, fairness, respect, rule of law, viability) when they’re preparing their skit. Allow each group to present their skit to the class (for an extra challenge, have groups present in true charades-style with no talking allowed), and then have the class guess the career or profession, the activity, and whether it was ethical or unethical behavior. Have the class identify which ethical principles could be applied to the situation. If it was an unethical situation, ask the class to identify how to make it ethical. Allow each group to present their skit to the class and encourage discussion. Wrap-Up: Encourage the class to discuss the importance of ethical behavior in all professions and careers. Source: MBA Research and Curriculum Center