Unit 1 Study Sheet Test PDF

2.7 to 2.13 are mainly focused on the unit test Particle Theory 2.1 - Everything is made up of particles. Classifying Matter 2.2 - Pure substances: have 1 type of atom - Compounds: 2 or more atoms that are different from each other and are chemically bonded. - Mol...

2.7 to 2.13 are mainly focused on the unit test Particle Theory 2.1 - Everything is made up of particles. Classifying Matter 2.2 - Pure substances: have 1 type of atom - Compounds: 2 or more atoms that are different from each other and are chemically bonded. - Molecule: 2 or more atoms from elements or compounds. - Mixture:Two or more different pure substances that are NOT chemically combined. - Homogeneous: Not seeable (one phase) - Heterogeneous: Seeable (two or more phases) Physical and Chemical Properties 2.3 - Physical Properties: Without changing one substance and turning it into another. Most physical properties can be identified from our senses. - Qualitative: Using 5 senses and no numerical value. - Quantitative:Involving numbers for measurement. - Chemical Properties: The ability of a substance to react to another substance to create a new substance. - Chemical reactions must take place to see a chemical property. Density 2.4 - Equations: - DxV=M - M/V=D - M/D=V - (Make sure when you get the volume(ex.10 by 3 by 6) make sure to multiply and for the end add a 3 because it’s cubed.) Physical and Chemical Changes 2.5 - Physical Change: No new substances, different form, and most likely reversible. - Chemical Change: Two substances react to create a new substance with new properties and most likely is irreversible. History of the Atom 2.6 - Democritus - Aristotle - John Dalton  - J.J Thomson - Ernest Rutherford - made the foil - James Chadwick - Niels Bohr - made the model of the atom Structure of the Atom/Periodic Table 2.7 - Atoms are made up of 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Atoms are neutral due to the equal amount of protons and electrons. Drawing Atoms 2.8 - (Already know how to do this) Periodic Table Patterns 2.9 - Groups are down and up - Periods are across - Period = the amount of shells - Groups = the amount of valence electrons - Group 18 = will always have an equal amount of valence electrons. Counting Atoms 2.10 - H,O,F,Br,I,N,Cl are the diatomic elements. - If there is a comma in the chemical equation, that means it’s a mixture. If there is no comma, that means it’s a compound that is chemically bonded. - (ex. C2, HO) - C = 2 atoms - H = 1 atom Molecules? = 1 molecule - O = 1 atom Isotopes 2.11 - Isotope - An element atom with the same number of protons but different amounts of neutrons. - The elements that you see on the periodic table are the common version of that element. - The more neutrons, the heavier the isotope will be. - Isotopes of an element will have different weights, but the same chemical properties. - Can be identified by the element name and the new mass number or through standard atomic notation.  - Carbon-14 is made from nitrogen and is converted to carbon-14 by using cosmic rays from the sun. - To turn back into its original element, it takes 5730 years. - It can break-down over time because of how radioactive it is. - We can see how old a thing is based on how much carbon-14 is in that thing. Ions 2.12 - A chemical reaction is from 2 substances that transfer electrons to create a new substance. - Most atoms are unstable, but are still neutral. - Ions are overly charged particles - The less electrons the elements need to lose or gain, means it’s going to be more reactive. - Group 18 will always remain unreactive because of its full valence shells of electrons. Climate Change 2.13 - Weather is day to day - Climate is long-term using patterns over years. - Greenhouse effect: When greenhouse gasses trap heat from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere. - Ice cores were used to see how much carbon dioxide was in the past. - We can see that ice cores showed us that the amount of CO2 has increased over the past 70 years. - How to know CO2 is human caused: Carbon reservoirs have different percentages for each of the 3 carbon isotopes. (isotopic fingerprint) - The things we burn are C12, not C14. - C14 does not come from fossil fuels. - Suess Effect: The amount of CO2 is increasing, but the ratio of carbon-14 is decreasing. The carbon that is increasing is C-12, which is the type of isotope that comes from burning fossil fuels.