Unit 1 Science Study Guide PDF

Vocab Sheets: On Practice Tests For Test on 9/12 Word: Meaning: Example: Diagram: Notes: Carbon the chemical element of atomic number 6, a nonmetal which has two main forms...

Vocab Sheets: On Practice Tests For Test on 9/12 Word: Meaning: Example: Diagram: Notes: Carbon the chemical element of atomic number 6, a nonmetal which has two main forms (diamond and graphite) and which also occurs in impure form in charcoal, soot, and coal. Hydrogen a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1. Oxygen a colorless, odorless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporti ng component of the air. Phosphorus the chemical element of atomic number  15, a poisonous, combustible nonmetal which exists in two common allotropic forms, white phosphorus, a yellowish waxy solid which ignites spontaneously in air and glows in the dark, and red phosphorus, a less reactive form used in making matches. Sulfur the chemical element of atomic number 16, a yellow combustible nonmetal. Carbohydrates Food consisting of a lot of sugars, starch, and cellulose Carboxyl Carbon bonded with two oxygens and one hydrogen Hydroxyl Bonded oxygen and hydrogen Monomers A molecule that can be bonded to others but haven’t yet Disaccharide Sugar formed by two monosaccharid es Polysaccharid Sugar formed e by many monosaccharid es Monosaccharid Any of the e classes of sugars that cannot be turned into a simpler sugar Dehydration The process synthesis of removing H2O to bond two or more molecule groups Hydrolysis Adding H2O to unbond two or more molecules Glycosidic Connection of sugar molecules or groups of atoms Saturated A fatty acid fatty acid that does not have a double bonded carbon Unsaturated A fatty acid fatty acid that does have a double bonded carbon Phosphate A chemical P group that (group) group made up connects off of a of the phosphorus glycerol atom and four oxygens Sulfhydryl Sulfur hydrogen bond Triglyceride Ester (carbohydrate s group) with three fatty acids and on glycerol Condensation Dehydration synthesis Hydrophobic Hates and avoids water Hydrophilic Loves water Plasma a microscopic membrane/cell membrane of membrane/phos lipids and pholipid proteins bilayer which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. Steroids Hormone that produces estrogen and testosterone LDL Bad Can cause cholesterol cholesterol heart disease Nitrogen the chemical element of atomic number 7, a colorless, odorless unreactive gas that forms about 78 percent of the earth's atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant. Amino acids Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups Dipeptide A peptide (proteins) that are two amino acids bonded together Polypeptide A peptide (proteins) that are many amino acids bonded together R-group in Variable molecular group on each structure of amino acid proteins Peptide a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH-. Primary Linear protein sequence of structure one strand of amino acids in a peptide Secondary Primary protein protein but structure now either coiled (alpha helix) or like little folded flaps (b pleated sheet) Tertiary protein structure Quaternary protein structure Ionic bond Positively charged ion bonding with  a negatively charged ion Hydrogen bond Attraction between two atoms that already have other bonds Alpha helix (Secondary protein structure) Rod like structure of amino acids in a tight coil Beta pleated A secondary sheet structure in proteins that’s made up of two or more beta strans, bonded by hydrogens Cysteine Sulfur containing amino acid Essential Amino acids amino acids our body cannot create Nucleic acid Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses Pentose sugar Monosaccharid e aka simple sugar with five carbon atoms Nucleotide Fundamental building block for DNA and RNA Adenine One of the In both DNA bases for the and RNA nucleotide bonds in RNA & DNA Thymine One of the In DNA and is bases for the replaced by nucleotide Uracil in RNA bonds in DNA Guanine One of the In both DNA bases for the and RNA nucleotide bonds in RNA & DNA Cytosine One of the In both DNA bases for the and RNA nucleotide bonds in RNA & DNA Uracil One of the Present only bases for the in RNA nucleotide bonds in RNA DNA Nucleic acid Double molecule that stranded, is present in long lasting most viruses and living organisms and has the genetic code for the organisms RNA Nucleic acid Single molecule that stranded is present in most viruses and living organisms Polymer Large molecule made up of a bunch of smaller ones called monomers Phosphodieste A chemical r bond bond that links the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide forming the backbone of DNA and RNA Eukaryotic Any cell or cells organism that has a nucleus that is surrounded by a nuclear membrane Pyrimidines The bases of cytosine, thymine and uracil present in DNA and RNA (uracil is ONLY for RNA) Purines The bases of adenine and guanine present in DNA Nucleus Powerhouse of the cell (you uncultured swine) Cytoplasm The cytoplasm  is the fluid present in the cell enclosed within the cell membrane that comprises water and enzymes, salts, and various organelles. 1. Avoiding Bias a. Identifying information, you can tell a study lacks bias if it has been peer reviewed, has a wide range of evidence, and the testing was done with controlled and variable tests, and if applicable with a wide range of subjects. b. Identifying biases: i. Measurement - systematic error in measurement of key ingredients ii. Selection - when the participants of a study do not fully represent the population iii. Confirmation - favoring information that supports their beliefs, and ignoring or downplaying what does not c. Peer review is important just in case for them to maybe catch bias you didn’t, and to make your hypothesis more reliable and perhaps turn it into a theory 2. Classifying Organisms a. Taxas in order of specificity to classify living organisms: Domain, Kingdom,Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species b. 3 Domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea c. 6 Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea, Animalia, Plantae, Protisia, Fungi d. How to use dichotomous key: If it applies go to the section that is stated 3. Chemistry of Life: a. Properties of water: b. Basic parts of an atom: c. Differences between atoms, compounds, and mixtures:  d. Covalent bonds vs ionic bonds: e. Identifying functional groups in molecules: 4. Macromolecules: a. Functions of each molecule: b. Sources (foods) of each macromolecule: c. Naming Different molecules and the functional/structural differences: (on slides) i. Monosaccharide: ii. Disaccharide: iii. Polysaccharide: iv. Triglyceride: v. Phospholipids: vi. Saturated fatty acid: vii. Unsaturated fatty acid: viii. Dipeptide: ix. Tripeptide: x. Polypeptide: xi. DNA: xii. RNA: d. Categorize the macromolecules: e. What chemical elements are in macromolecules: i. Lipids: CHO ii. Proteins: CHON iii. Carbohydrates: CHO iv. Nucleic acids: PHONC f. Do dehydration synthesis g. Do hydrolysis reactions