Orientation to Health Research PDF

STUDY UNIT 1 Orientation to Health Research RHC 300 27 Feb 2024 Dr Zelda White MARIJUANA / CANNABIS / DAGGA / CANNABIDIOL (CBD) MARIJUANA / CANNABIS / DAGGA / CANNABIDIOL (CBD)  "I HEARD THAT SMOKING MEDI...

STUDY UNIT 1 Orientation to Health Research RHC 300 27 Feb 2024 Dr Zelda White MARIJUANA / CANNABIS / DAGGA / CANNABIDIOL (CBD) MARIJUANA / CANNABIS / DAGGA / CANNABIDIOL (CBD)  "I HEARD THAT SMOKING MEDICAL MARIJUANA CAN RELIEVE MY NAUSEA AND VOMITING," How Medical Marijuana Helps Speech Disorders They have reported that CBD alleviated many symptoms and conditions including chronic pain, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and overall brain function. Patients with epilepsy believe that it can be an alternative therapy for their seizures Are you wondering if cannabis can impact your hearing? ORIENTATION TO HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH “RESEARCH IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF HEALTHCARE PRACTISE, EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT” WHAT IS RESEARCH?  WHAT IS RESEARCH?  “Systematic investigation or inquiry aimed at contributing to knowledge of a theory, topic, etc., by careful consideration, observation, or study of a subject”  “Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of phenomena of interest”  “Diligent systematic enquiry to validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge” CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Increase in knowledge = quality care Question or a problem Search, discovery or enquiry Systematic and diligent Process Scientific process WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH? Ethics Clinical Other research Multidimensional Legislation Management Education WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH?  “Systematic process of inquiry designed to generate trustworthy evidence in the realms of practice, education, administration and informatics” WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH? Healthcare prof are committed to evidence-informed care that enhances the following: Effectiveness Ability of intervention to work for everyone who might need it Efficacy Intervention helps specific group of people in which it is tested Efficiency Intervention/ treatment is cost-effective Equity Healthcare is available to everyone Intervention/treatment is acceptable to the Acceptability people with emphasis on patient choice, patient- centred care, empowerment of the community Implementation Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of change  WAYS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE Tradition Authority Logical reasoning (inductive vs deductive)  INDUCTIVE VS DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH Inductive  Little to no existing literature on a topic  no theory to test  aims at developing a theory  when a researcher starts with a set of observations and then moves from particular experiences to a more general set of propositions about those experiences https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/inductive-deductive-reasoning/ https://scientificinquiryinsocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/6-3-inductive-and-deductive-reasoning/  INDUCTIVE VS DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH Deductive  Start with a theory (the result of inductive research)  Aims at testing an existing theory  Start with an existing theory  Formulate a hypothesis based on existing theory  Collect data to test the hypothesis  Analyse results: does the data reject or support the hypothesis?  when a researcher studies what others have done, reads existing theories of whatever phenomenon they are studying, and then tests hypotheses that emerge from those theories  WAYS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE Experience Trial and error Intuition Borrowing [context] SCIENTIFIC METHOD Table 1.1 Key features of the scientific method and other methods The scientific method Alternative methods Make little or no attempt to Uses control and objectivity (i.e. the investigator control variables uses checks and mechanisms to minimize the possibility of biases and confounding factors) Select evidence from Strives for the development of conceptual personal experiences or explanations or theories performances Strives for generalisability Often focus on isolated events May be highly metaphysical Tends not to deal with metaphysical or spiritual explanations that cannot be empirically tested Uses tested reasoning (verification and Are frequently based on rituals falsification) or justification  RESEARCH DOMAINS (TYPES; CATEGORIES; APPROACHES)  RESEARCH DOMAINS (TYPES; CATEGORIES; APPROACHES)  RESEARCH APPROACHES (DOMAINS) Distinguishing features Quantitative  Qualitative Qualitative Focuses on a relatively Attempts to understand the Logical small number of concepts phenomenon in its entirety, rather Symbolic than focusing on specific positivism (concise and narrow) interactionism / concepts (complex and broad) Focus Begins on with preconceived Hasphenomenology: few preconceived ideas, and measureable ideas about how the concepts are interrelated meaning, stresses the importance of people's interpretations of events aspects of andexperiences & than circumstances, rather the researcher's interpretation human Uses structured procedures understanding behaviour and formal instruments to collect information Collects information without formal structured instruments  RESEARCH APPROACHES (DOMAINS) Distinguishing features  Quantitative Quantitative  Qualitative Qualitative Collects information under conditions Does not attempt to control the context of controlLogical of the research, but rather tries to capture Symbolic context in its entirety that Emphasisespositivism objectivity in the collection and analysis of information interactionism Assumes / for that subjectivity is essential Focus on Analyses numeric information through phenomenology: the understanding of human experience measureable statistical procedures meaning, Analyses narrative information in an organised, but intuitive, fashion Investigatoraspects of does not participate events under investigation in the experiences & Involves sustained interaction with the human -is most likely to collect data from a understanding people being studied in their own real distance language, and on their own turf behaviour Incorporates logistic, deductive Inductive and dialectic reasoning are reasoning predominant  LIMITATIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD  “knowledge” is provisional and based on the best current research  Qualitative vs quantitative research  Disease vs living with the disease  Objectivity  MAIN TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (UNIT 3) Basic / Pure (increase knowledge) Applied research: find a solution to an immediate, practical problem Non- Experimental experimental True Descriptive Quasi Correlational  Non- Experimental experimental True Descriptive Quasi Correlational  REASONS FOR CONDUCTING HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH Establishing scientifically Earning and defending a Improving healthcare defensible reasons for professional status healthcare activities Providing other healthcare professionals with an Finding ways of enhancing Providing a basis for increasing repertoire of the cost-effectiveness of standard-setting and scientifically defensible healthcare activities quality assurance intervention options Providing evidence in Providing a basis for self- Providing evidence of support of demands for correction of weaknesses and strength resources in healthcare misinterpretations and in healthcare servies myths  ROLES OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN RESEARCH Participate in research – Member of research team – Undertake independent research project – Identify and evaluate research findings applicable to the field – Be a user of research findings – Act as a patient advocate, when a patient is involved  THE INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRACTICE AND RESEARCH Byham-Gray, 2005. Top Clin Nutr; 20(1):2-15 WORKING IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH How many patients do I see every day? What are some of the most common conditions prevalent among my patients? What are the causes of these conditions? Why do some people have a particular condition whereas others do not? What are the health needs of the community?  AS A PROFESSIONAL Which is the most effective intervention for a particular problem? What causes X or what are the effects of Y? What is the relationship between two phenomena? Which is the best way of finding out community attitudes towards an issue? Which is the best way to find out the effectiveness of a particular treatment?  THE INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRACTICE AND RESEARCH Byham-Gray, 2005. Top Clin Nutr; 20(1):2-15  RESEARCH: A WAY TO GATHER EVIDENCE FOR YOUR PRACTICE Evidence-based practice (EBP) “integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values” Brink et al. p11  EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP) EBP = refer to all other healthcare professions [EBHC] (vs EBM) Encourages professionals and other decision-makers to use evidence regarding the effectiveness of an intervention in conjunction with the characteristics and circumstance of a client and their own professional judgement to determine the appropriateness of an intervention when providing a service to a client  Research is one of the ways of collecting accurate, sound and reliable information about the effectiveness of your interventions, thereby providing you with evidence of its effectiveness.  As service providers and professionals, we use techniques and procedures developed by research methodologists to consolidate, improve, develop, refine and advance clinical aspects of our practice to serve our clients better. STEPS IN THE EB APPROACH  Original research paper Review: Meta-analysis Systematic review Scoping review Narrative review  SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Original research article: o Describes results of a research study o The purpose is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form An article is considered original research if... it is the report of a study written by the researchers who actually did the study. the researchers describe their hypothesis or research question and the purpose of the study. the researchers detail their research methods. the results of the research are reported. the researchers interpret their results and discuss possible implications. ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLES / STUDIES QUALITATIVE EXAMPLE  QUANTITATIVE: EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE  SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Review article: o Summary, review or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research o Summarises a number of different primary studies and may draw conclusions about the effectiveness of a particular intervention. A review may or may not be systematic