W4-L4 (DSA 458) Identifying Research Topics & Questions (Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ) PDF

Research Methodology (DSA 4580) Step 1: Identifying a Study Question Selecting a Research Topic and Formulating The Research Question Academic Year: 2023-2024 Fifth Year DSA 4580 WEEK 4 LECTURE 4 Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem, BDS, MSc, DClinDent Pediatric Dentistry Assistant Professor in Pediatric Dent...

Research Methodology (DSA 4580) Step 1: Identifying a Study Question Selecting a Research Topic and Formulating The Research Question Academic Year: 2023-2024 Fifth Year DSA 4580 WEEK 4 LECTURE 4 Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem, BDS, MSc, DClinDent Pediatric Dentistry Assistant Professor in Pediatric Dentistry [email protected] Monday, 11 September 2023 Copyright © 2023 by PSAU, Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem Disclaimer DISCLAIMER The information presented in this lecture is offered for educational and informational purposes and should not be construed as medical, dental, or research advice. While the amount of information in this handout is vast, and I make every effort to be as current and thorough as possible, the information cannot be taken as a reference manual or textbook. Please note that you should read the required textbooks as specified in the course curriculum and lecture references. 2 Notice WARNING Materials used in connection with this course or lecture may be subject to copyright protection. This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University. Materials may include, but are not limited to: documents, slides, images, audio, and video. Materials in this course are only for the use of students enrolled in this course, for purposes associated with this course, and may not be retained for longer than the class term. Unauthorized retention, duplication, distribution, or modification of copyrighted materials may be the subject of copyright protection by law. For more information, visit the Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property. Do not remove this notice 3 Outline § The research process. § How to select a research topic and frame a research question. § Research topic. § Mentorship and authorship. § Research problem. § How to frame a research question. § Research aim and objectives. 4 Lecture Objectives By the end of this session, you should be able to: § List the steps for choosing a research topic and framing a research question. § Choose a research area and brainstorm for research topics. § Enumerate the various resources for choosing a research area or topic. § Describe the general principles of mentorship, authorship, and scientific community. § Describe the principles underlying whether a research topic situation is researchable. § List the criteria for selecting a research topic. § Identify and select a research topic (health problem) based on specific criteria. § Decide on a research topic and establish a rationale. § Recognize the importance of the research problem while selecting a research topic. § List the essential features of a well-defined research question. § Frame a research question into a structured format and link appropriate types of evidence to the question. § Describe the need for the development of research aim and objectives. § Differentiate between research aim and objectives. § Formulate general aims and specific objectives. § Explain and differentiate between research topic, problem, question, aim, and objectives. 5 Research Process/Steps Research: answering questions in logical and systematic ways Question Answer Research methodology: how to get from Question to Answer 6 Research Process/Steps Research: answering questions in logical and systematic ways Question Answer Research methodology: how to get from Question to Answer Identify study question Select study approach Design study and collect data 7 Analyse data Report findings Research Process/Steps Research: answering questions in logical and systematic ways Identify study question 1 Choose a research area and brainstorm for research topics Design study and collect data Select study approach 2 Find a mentor Analyse data 3 4 Evaluate the topic for FINER criteria Formulate a research question according to PICOT framework 8 Report findings 5 Perform a literature review 6 Refine the research question into testable/answerable / hypothesis The Research Topic § The research topic usually comes from interest, knowledge and desire to obtain an appropriate answer regarding the problem identified. § Asking specific questions about the areas of interest will be very helpful in defining the research topic. § Many research topics/questions in the health sciences come from observations made during practice or arise due to curiosity regarding the relationship between different factors. § A good first step toward selecting a research topic is to think about the various questions about health that have arisen from personal experiences, coursework, clinical or public health practice, and formal and informal reading about subjects of interest. 9 Key Steps in Identifying a Research Topic § How can you select you research topic? § Maybe easy for skilled and experienced researchers!!! What about new researchers? 1 Choose a research area and brainstorm for research topics 2 Find a mentor 3 4 Evaluate the topic for FINER criteria Formulate a research question according to PICOT framework 10 5 Perform a literature review 6 Refine the research question into testable/answera ble/ hypothesis Key Steps in Identifying a Research Topic 11 The Research Topic § How can you select you research topic? § Maybe easy for skilled and experienced researchers!!! What about new researchers? § The research idea can come from various sources (Buelow 2006; Brian, 2006; Thabane, 2009; WHO, 2004): 1. Observations and curiosity during professional practice: -Thinking about the various questions about health that have arisen from personal experiences, coursework, clinical or public health practice, and formal and informal reading about subjects of interest -Being a good observer and imaginative This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 12 The Research Topic 1. Observations and curiosity during professional practice: - Inquiry: the process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences A personal inquiry project typically involves identifying a practice-related question, thinking about possible answers that align with one’s own experiences and observations, searching the Internet for information that might support or challenge these ideas, and then generating hypotheses about solutions Some inquiry projects reveal evidence gaps that are best addressed with more formal research processes 13 The Research Topic 2.Interaction with scientific community: -Brainstorming and concept mapping with colleagues, department chair, knowledgeable peers, and other researchers can generate ideas and research topic -Working with a mentor or research supervisor may also help to refine the research topic -Attending scientific conferences and meetings -Interacting and exchanging ideas with the scientific community can creates new topics for future research 14 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC The Research Topic Brainstorming is the process of generating long lists of spontaneous ideas about possible research topics/questions Concept mapping is a visual method for listing ideas and then grouping them to reveal relationships This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA –Begin by using brainstorming to generate a list of words or phrases –Use circles and arrows to group related topics and to visualize the connections between them This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 15 The Research Topic 16 The Research Topic 3. Identification of knowledge gap in literature: Reading the exciting literature with scepticism which outline gaps in research 4. Generation of new ideas and innovations: - Having a specific area of interest - Looking for areas that can be further explored within the scope of the topic - Generating theories and recognizing untested hypotheses/theories 4. Funding opportunities: - Becoming familiar with research funding organizations' interests 17 The Research Topic This step is VERY IMPORTANT for research beginners 18 Research Teams • Scientific research is rarely completed by one person working alone • Once an investigator has committed to doing a research project, it is helpful to assemble a team of collaborators early in the research process – For students, the first step is identifying at least one professor to serve as a mentor 19 Finding Research Mentors § Mentorship: a formal or informal relationship in which an experienced mentor offers professional development advice and guidance to a less experienced mentee New investigators seeking mentorship can identify potential advisors by: • Asking classmates, colleagues, professors, supervisors, and others about experienced researchers who might be helpful mentors • Searching the profiles of researchers at the new investigator’s home institution • Emailing the individuals identified as potential mentors to ask for professional development advice; an invitation to meet is not an agreement to serve as a mentor 20 The Mentor–Mentee Relationship A new investigator should not agree to enter into a mentor–mentee relationship before gaining an informed understanding of several key matters, including: § The potential mentor’s time availability § The mentor’s preferred frequency and style of communication § The roles and responsibilities the mentor agrees to take on § The resources the mentor agrees to provide § The expectations the mentor has of the mentee 21 The Mentor–Mentee Relationship Research supervisors appreciate when mentees: § Communicate often § Ask questions § Are honest about what they have done and what they plan to do § Complete assigned tasks satisfactorily and on time § Maintain meticulous research records § Are open to receiving constructive criticism § Respect the mentor and the mentor’s time 22 Professional Development • Professional development: the intentional process of establishing short- and long-term professional goals, identifying and completing activities that enable systematic progress toward achieving those goals, and routinely evaluating performance, competencies, and growth Examples of professional development activities related to research include: § Completing online or in-person coursework about research methods § Participating in journal clubs § Working as a research assistant § Becoming active in professional organizations § Attending and presenting at research conferences § Enrolling in training programs 23 Research Network § Several general and discipline-specific social networking platforms are available for researchers to use for networking, having online conversations about methodologies and tools, sharing resources, communicating about recent publications, and building a professional online presence 24 Responsible Conduct of Research § Responsible conduct of research (RCR): a concept that encompasses research ethics, professionalism, and best practices for collaboration and communication with other researchers § Being a supporting member of a research team provides a valuable opportunity to become familiar with disciplinary and professional standards, academic writing and publishing, and the habits of good coauthors 25 Coauthorship § Coauthorship: the process of two or more collaborators working together to write a research report § Most researchers serve as “middle authors” before becoming a lead (first) author for the first time 26 Authorship Criteria • ICMJE, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, has established criteria for authorship in the health sciences that most journals in the field have adopted – There should be no ghost authorship, the failure to include as a coauthor on a manuscript a contributor who has made a substantial intellectual contribution to a research project – There should be no gift authorship, which occurs when someone who has not earned authorship according to disciplinary standards is added to the list of authors of a manuscript 27 Authorship Criteria To earn coauthorship, all FOUR ICMJE criteria must be met: 1. Making substantial contributions to conception or design of the study and/or to data collection, analysis, or interpretation 2. Drafting the article and/or providing critical revisions of intellectual content 3. Approving the final version of the manuscript that is submitted to a publisher 4. Accepting responsibility for the integrity of the paper 28 Authorship Order § The first author (lead /corresponding author) usually takes responsibility for most of the writing § Other coauthors are listed in the middle authors are listed in order from greatest to least contribution or alphabetically by family name § The senior author (supervising author) often is listed last 29 Decisions About Authorship § Decisions about who will be listed as a coauthor on a report, poster, or paper, as well as the order in which those coauthors will be listed, should be made as early as possible in the research process 30 The Research Topic 31 Criteria For a Good Research Topic § The researcher should ensure research has the potential of improving scientific knowledge, contributing to clinical and health policy, or guiding future research. § The general aspects identifying of the research topic have been collectively called by the criteria of the finer formula (Hulley et al., 2007). § The investigator can test how good the proposed research question is by using these five criteria: (F) Feasible, (I) Interesting, (N) Novel, (E) Ethical, And (R) Relevant 32 Scale for Rating Research Topic (F) Feasibility (I) Interesting (N) Novelty Participants/subjects? Technical expertise? Time frame? Facilities and equipment? Team members? Financial support? § Is it interesting to the scientific and non-scientific community? § What has been done? § Does the question bring innovation? § Calculation of the sample size § Subject availability § Pilot study § Inclusion criteria vs exclusion criteria § Lengthen time frame for enrolling subjects § Consider conducting multicentre study § Less costly study designs § Additional sources of funding § Make sure the questions interests: You as a researcher Mentors, peers, and colleagues § Funding institutions § General community § Thoroughly review § Review and check the literature required research § Consult experts ethics guidelines about ongoing § Get research research ethics approval § Search internet prior to initiation databases for § Consult IRB current clinical representative in trials case of doubts § § Main § questions § to ask § § How to meet criteria Adapted from from Hully, (2007); Lopes, (2016) and Thabane, (2009). 33 (E) Ethical § Does the project meet the ethical standards of the research community? (R) Relevance § Does the research further and contribute to medical science? § Get guidance from a mentor § Discuss project with experts from the field Be up-todate with current literature on the theme Scale for Rating Research Topic (F) Feasibility Criteria for selecting research topic 1 not feasible considering available resources 2 feasible considering available resources (I) Interesting 3 Very feasible considering available resources (N) Novelty 1 2 3 Not Interesting Very interesting interesting 1 Sufficient information already available Proposed topic 1: Proposed topic 2: 34 2 Some information available but major issues not covered (E) Ethical 3 No sound information available (R) Relevance 1 2 3 1 2 3 Major Minor No Not Relevant Very ethical ethical ethical relevant problems problems problems relevant Student’s Total Score Break Out Session § Instructions: - Work in groups of 3-4 to brainstorm and select two research topics based on your observations, interests, personal experiences, coursework, clinical or public health practice, and formal and informal reading. -Rate the research topics based on the provided criteria. 35 Break Out Session Feedback 36 The Research Question 37 The Research Problem § A research problem is a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that the researcher aims to address in a research. § Researcher may choose to look for: - Practical problems aimed at contributing to change; - Theoretical problems aimed at expanding knowledge. § Some research will do both, but usually the research problem focuses on one or the other. § The research topic as discussed earlier, and the research type can help researchers to choose the type of research problem/ 38 Formulate The Research Question Research Problem Problem Statement Research Question The literature review and synthesis will often lead to modify the research question Research Aim Research Objectives Specific 39 Literature General Research Topic Why is The Research Problem Important? § The research problem is the first step towards knowing exactly what a researcher will do and why. § Having an interesting topic? Is it enough? § Without a well-defined research problem and question, researcher will likely end up with an unfocused and unmanageable research project. § E.g., repeating others work, or doing research without a clear purpose and justification. § Researcher needs a clear problem to do research that contributes new and relevant insights. 40 How to Define a Research Problem? § After selecting a research topic, a researcher might look under-explored aspects or areas of concern, conflict, or controversy. § The goal is to find a gap that the research project can fill it. 41 How to Define a Research Problem? Practical research problems The researchers can identify a problem by reading reports, following up on previous research, or talking to people who work in the same/relevant field. They might look for: § Problems with treatment, performance or efficiency § Anything that could be improved or changed § Areas of concern among healthcare practitioners § Difficulties faced by specific groups of people Example: The quality of root canal treatment among dental students 42 How to Define a Research Problem? Theoretical research problems The researchers can identify a research problem by reading existing research, theory, and debates on the selected topic to find a gap in what is currently known. They might look for: § A phenomenon or context that has not been extensively studied § A contradiction between two or more perspectives § A situation or relationship that is not well understood § A troubling question that has yet to be resolved Example: the aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralisation is not well understood 43 How to Define a Research Problem? Next, the researcher should find what is already known about the problem and pinpoint the exact aspect that their research will address. Context and background § Who does the problem affect? § Is it a newly-discovered problem, or a well-established one? § What research has already been done? § What, if any, solutions have been proposed? § What are the current debates about the problem? What is missing from these debates? Specificity and relevance § What particular place, time, and/or group of people will you focus on? § What aspects will you not be able to tackle? § What will the consequences be if the problem is not resolved? 44 Problem Statement § A problem statement is a concise and concrete summary of the research problem that a researcher seek to address. It should: § Contextualize the problem. What do we already know? § Describe the exact issue that the research will address. What do we still need to know? § Show the relevance of the problem. Why do we need to know more about this? § Set the objectives of the research. What will you do to find out more? 45 When and How to Write a Problem Statement § There are various situations in which you might have to write a problem statement § The problem statement should frame your research problem, giving some background and addressing the relevance of the research. § In academic research, writing a problem statement can help you contextualize and understand the significance of your research problem. § It is often several long paragraphs and serves as the basis for the research proposal. § Alternatively, it can be condensed into just a few sentences in the introduction/background section. 46 The Research Question key questions: § What is the one well-defined research question that the study will answer? § What specific aims, objectives, or hypotheses will enable the key question to be answered? 47 The Research Question § A good research question (RQ) is identifying exactly what a researcher wants to to answer. § The RQ is the purpose of the study Purposiveness: the principle that research projects should be designed to answer one well-defined research question § It is the uncertainty the researcher want to answer § Begin with a general enquiry and then narrowed down to a researchable/ testable question § A good research question is testable Testability: the ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurements 48 The Research Question All research questions should be: § Focused on a single problem or issue § Researchable using primary or secondary research § Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints § Specific enough to answer thoroughly § Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis § Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly 49 The Research Question § Focused and Researchable Criteria Explanation Focused on a single topic The research question should work together with the research problem to keep work focused. If there are multiple questions, they should all clearly tie back to your central aim. Answerable using credible sources The research question must be answerable using quantitative and/or qualitative data, or by reading published scientific work on the topic. If such data is impossible to access, you likely need to refine/rethink the research question. Not based on value judgements Avoid subjective words like good, bad, better and worse. These do not give clear criteria for answering the question. Is X better than Y ? How effective are X and Y interventions in treating of Z? 50 The Research Question § Feasible and Specific Criteria Explanation Answerable within practical constraints having enough time and resources to do all research required to answer your question. If it seems impossible to gain access to the required data, consider narrowing down your question to be more specific. Uses specific, well-defined concepts All the terms used in the research question should have clear meanings. Avoid vague language, jargon, and too-broad ideas. What effect does social media have on people’s minds? What effect does daily use of Twitter have on the attention span of 16year-olds at your local high school? Research is informing, not instructing. Does not demand a conclusive solution, policy, or What should the government do about dental caries? What are the most effective dental caries management strategies for course of action decreasing dental caries among children aged 0-18? 51 The Research Question § Complex and Arguable Criteria Explanation Cannot be answered with yes or no Closed-ended, yes/no questions are too simple to work as good research questions—they don’t provide enough depth for robust investigation and discussion. Has there been an increase in dental caries in the KSA in the past ten years? What is the burden of dental caries in the KSA over the past ten years? Cannot be answered with easily-found facts If the research question can be answered through a single Google search, book, or article, it is probably not complex enough. A good research question requires original data, synthesis of multiple sources, and original interpretation and argumentation prior to providing an answer. 52 The Research Question § Relevant and Original Criteria Explanation Addresses a relevant problem The research question should be developed based on initial reading around the research topic. It should focus on addressing a problem or gap in the existing knowledge in a field or discipline. Contributes to a timely social or academic debate The research question should aim to contribute to an existing and current debate in your field or in society at large. It should produce knowledge that future researchers or practitioners can later build on. Has not already been answered You don’t have to ask something that nobody has ever thought of before, but your question should have some aspect of originality. For example, you can focus on a specific location, or explore a new angle 53 The Research Question § Originality: the aspects of a new research project that are novel and will allow it to make a unique contribution to the health science literature § Gaps in the literature: missing pieces of information in the scientific body of knowledge that a new study could fill § For a research project to be considered original, it needs to have only one substantive difference from previous work: a new exposure, or a new disease/outcome, a new population, or a new perspective 54 How to write a Research Question § The way to frame a research question depends on the research aims and objectives. § The following steps can help to develop a strong research question: 1. Choose research topic and state research problem 2. Read about the published work on the same topic 3. Narrow down options for potential topic 4. Identify the research question 5. Refine the research question into testable/answerable/ hypothesis 55 Elements of Well-defined Research Question • While the FINER criteria suggest general aspects of the research problem, the PICOT format proposes a specific framework. • Originally introduced in 1995 as PICO, it was later broadened to the current PICOT format, which is now widely used by the scientific community (some references add another (T) as well). • According to the acronym, a structured research question should well define its (P) population, (I) intervention, (C) comparator, (O) outcome, (T) time frame and (T) type of study design. PICOTT Description Example P: Patient/Participant/ Population or Problem Patient or the problem to be addressed Consider age, sex, socioeconomic status, etc. Adult with sleep bruxism I: Intervention Exposure to be consideredtreatment/test Occlusal splint C: Comparison/Comparator/Control Control or comparison intervention/placebo/standard of care. comparison not always present No treatment O: Outcome(s) The deserved outcome should be measurable Pain T: Time frame T: Type of study time for data collection e.g., 1 YEAR 56 RCT Types of Clinical Research Questions § § § § A clinical question needs to be directly relevant to the patient or problem PICO or PICOTT format: Facilitate the search for an answer. Help to formulate the search strategy Types of Questions Purpose Suggested Best Type of Study Therapy how to select treatment to offer better treatment to patients than harm and that are worth the efforts and costs of using them. RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial) Diagnosis how to select and interpret diagnostic tests to confirm or exclude a diagnosis, based on considering their specificity, sensitivity, likelihood ratios, expense, safety, etc. prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard Prognosis how to estimate the patient's likely clinical course over time and anticipate likely complications of disease. cohort study > case control > case series Aetiology/Harm how to identify causes for disease. RCT> cohort > case control > case series Prevention how to reduce the chance of disease by identifying and modifying risk factors and how to diagnose early by screening. RCT > cohort study > case control 57 How to phare research question 58 Epidemiological The Research Question Exposure, Disease, Population (EDP) Many topics in health research can be expressed with the formula: “Is [exposure] related to [disease / outcome] in [population]?” § Exposure: a personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition § Outcome: an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study § Population: a group of individuals, communities, or organizations 59 The Research Question § Exposure: a personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition 60 The Research Question § Outcome: an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study 61 The Research Question § Population: a group of individuals, communities, or organizations 62 Research Goal/Purpose, Aim and Objectives The research goal/purpose: the main question that a research project seeks to answer the goal here should not be to find a conclusive solution, but rather to propose more effective approaches to tackling or understanding it. The research aim is the overall purpose of the research. The research objectives are the concrete steps that will be taken to achieve the aim. A research aim typically refers to a broad statement indicating the general purpose of the research project. It is generally written in the infinitive form: Research objectives are more specific than research aim and indicate the particular focus and approach of your project. § The aim of this study is to determine… § This project aims to explore… § This research aims to investigate… It should appear at the end of your problem statement, before your research objectives § Qualitative methods will be used to identify… § This work will use survey to collect… § Using statistical analysis, the research will measure… Mainly most of study only have one research aim and several research objectives. They generally written in finitive form: A distinction is often made between research objectives and research aims 63 The aims and objectives should lead directly to the research question. Research Goal/Purpose The research goal/purpose: the main question that a research project seeks to answer the goal here should not be to find a conclusive solution, but rather to propose more effective approaches to tackling or understanding it. 64 How to write a good aim and objectives: § There are two common ways to approach writing aims and objectives for research in the health sciences: § sequential and independent 1. Sequential: the objectives are a chronological list of actions that will achieve the main aim 2. Independent objectives, the objectives are related but are independent of one another so that one objective that is not able to be achieved will not prevent successfully completion of the other objectives 65 How to write a good aim and objectives: The characteristics of a good specific aim and objectives can be summarized using the acronym SMART: • Specific: specific and narrow, not vague, should be clearly defined • Measurable: quantifiable to track progress and success • Attainable (or Achievable): reasonable and can be accomplished with the available resources • Relevant (or Realistic): within reach, realistic, and relevant to the project • Timely (or Time-bound): a clearly defined timeline, including a starting date and a target date. The purpose is to create urgency. 66 Putting all this together 67 Key Steps in Identifying a Research Topic 1 Choose a research area and brainstorm for research topics 2 Find a mentor 3 4 Evaluate the topic for FINER criteria Formulate a research question according to PICOT framework 68 5 Perform a literature review 6 Refine the research question into testable/answera ble/ hypothesis Research Process: Step 1: Asking a Research Question Research Problem Problem Statement Research Question The literature review and synthesis will often lead to modify the research question Research Aim Research Objectives Specific 69 Literature General Research Topic Break Out Session § Instructions: - Based on the previous exercise on research topic - Work in groups of 3-4 to state a research problem - Formulate the research question - State the research aim and objectives 70 Homework § Instructions: - Brainstorm and select two research topics based on your observations, interests, personal experiences, coursework, clinical or public health practice, and formal and informal reading. - Rate the research topics based on the provided criteria and choose one topic. - State a research problem - Formulate the research question - State the research aim and objectives Should be submitted on 28 September 2023 71 References Required: Neale, J., 2020. Research methods for health and social care. Bloomsbury Publishing. Jacobsen, K.H., 2020. Introduction to health research methods: A practical guide. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Additional: Bowling, A., 2014. Research methods in health: Investigating health and health services. Maidenhead, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2018. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2001. Health research methodology : a guide for training in research methods. 2nd ed.. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/206929 World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. (2004). A practical guide for health researchers. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/119703 References Cited references: Buelow J. M. (2006). Identifying a researchable problem. Clinical nurse specialist CNS, 20(4), 175–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002800-200607000-00004 Brian Haynes R. (2006). Forming research questions. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 59(9), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.006 Hulley, S. B., Cummings, S. R., Browner, W. S., Grady, D., & Newman, T. B. (2007). Designing clinical research. Philadelphia Lopes, F. O. D. A., Hurtado-Puerto, A. M., Moreno, H., Fregni, F., Falcão, D. P., & Amorim, R. F. B. D. (2016). Creating a research idea: Steps and challenges. Geriatrics, Gerontology and Aging, 10(3), 118-125 Thabane, L., Thomas, T., Ye, C., & Paul, J. (2009). Posing the research question: not so simple. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 56(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-008-9007-4 Next Lecture: Literature Review and How to Search The Literature Thank you! Any questions [email protected]