Unit 1: Lesson 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Unit 1: Lesson 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Rachel Perry, MN RN NURS 106 Unit 1: Learning Outcomes 1. Define the terms anatomy & physiology. 2. Identify the principal systems of the human body and the representative organs of each system. 3...

Unit 1: Lesson 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Rachel Perry, MN RN NURS 106 Unit 1: Learning Outcomes 1. Define the terms anatomy & physiology. 2. Identify the principal systems of the human body and the representative organs of each system. 3. Describe foundational concepts related to anatomical position, anatomical directions, body cavities, feedback systems, and homeostasis. 4. Using correct terminology, describe the levels of organization (chemical, cellular, tissue) of the human body, the significant components of each level of organization, and their significance to the human body as a whole. 5. Differentiate between the types of tissue found in the human body, including how tissues are classified, their functions, and where in the body specific tissue types are found. 6. Demonstrate an understanding of anatomy and physiology through the application of clinical examples. What is ANATOMY? The study of internal and external structures within the body A knowledge of human anatomy is important to nurses for a number of reasons, including: Landmarking and physical assessment Communication & documentation Foundation for understanding physiology, pathophysiology, and nursing interventions Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level Organ Level At the atomic and molecular level A group of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function Cellular Level The smallest living unit of the body Organ System Level A group of organs interacting to Tissue Level perform a particular function Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function Organism Level The living individual as a whole © 2018, Pearson Education Inc The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical Position Anatomical Directions Anatomical Regions Sectional Anatomy Body Cavities Anatomical Landmarks & Position The standard anatomical reference for the human body is referred to as anatomical position. Anatomical position: Standing upright, facing the observer Feet flat on the floor and together Arms at the sides, palms facing forward Anterior view (front) Posterior view (back) Body position Prone→ lying face down Supine→ lying face up © 2018, Pearson Education Inc Anatomical Directions Anterior= Front of the body Equivalent to “ventral” Posterior= Back of the body Equivalent to “dorsal” Superior vs Inferior Medial vs Lateral Proximal vs Distal Cranial/Cephalic vs Caudal Remember: the terms left and right refer to the left and right of the subject, not the observer. © 2018, Pearson Education Inc Anatomical Regions Used to describe a general area of interest The surface of the abdomen can be divided into four abdominopelvic quadrants formed by imaginary lines that intersect at the umbilicus Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ), Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) and Right Lower Quadrant (LLQ) What structures lie within the RUQ of the abdomen? © 2018, Pearson Education Anatomical Regions The abdomen and pelvis can also be divided into nine abdominopelvic regions. What structures lie within the epigastric region? Hypogastric region? © 2018, Pearson Education Sectional Anatomy Frontal (coronal) plane Divides anterior from posterior Sagittal plane Divides left from right In the middle = midsagittal Offset from middle = parasagittal Transverse plane Divides superior from inferior Cross-sectional view Also referred to as dissectional cuts or dissectional planes. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Anatomical-body-planes-Coronal-plane-is-referred-to-in-paper-as-Frontal- plane_fig1_300725789 Body Cavities True body cavities are closed, fluid-filled, and lined with serosa (a serous membrane) Functions of body cavities: To protect organs from shock/impact To permit changes in size or shape of internal organs © 2018, Pearson Education Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm) Right & Left Pleural Cavities Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior to the diaphragm) Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity © 2015, Pearson Education Inc Clinical Application - Diagnostic Imaging X-Rays Computed Tomography (CT) Scans Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ultrasound What is PHYSIOLOGY? The study of the functions of the human body Complex processes happening at the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and system level Nurses require a firm grasp of both the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the human body and its many parts. Homeostasis Refers to the ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions. Essential for survival Mechanisms of homeostasis: Autoregulation Extrinsic regulation Feedback Systems / Feedback Loops Where the response to a change “feeds back” to influence the receptor (input portion of the feedback pathway). Circular situation involving continuous monitoring Includes: Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Feed-forward Negative Feedback Systems Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation Counteracts change in order to promote stability Components of negative feedback system: A regulated variable A stressor or change A receptor (sensor) Control center An effector (components that bring about desired response) Example: Thermoregulation (won’t change the stimulus) See Figure 1-9 Positive Feedback System The response is to reinforce the initiating stimulus Amplifies the original change rather than opposing it If unchecked, positive feedback can lead to dangerous consequences Ex) uterine contractions & blood clotting © 2018, Pearson Education Remember: Any adjustments made in one physiological system will have direct or indirect effects on other systems.