Marine Biotechnology Introduction PDF

MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY Unit 1 Part 1 Introduction to Marine biotechnology Mayuri Vaidya MSc Marine biology/Marine sciences in India Top Marine Biology Institutes in India Some of the reputed institutes that provide bachelor’s degree in Marine Biology are Department of Coastal Disaster Management, Pondicherry University Veer Narmada South Gujrat University, Surat, Gujrat Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala Pondicherry University, Pondicherry Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), ICAR National Bureau of Fishery Genetics Research (NBFGR), Kochi 2 3 4 Jobs wrt Marine biology in India There are many career options that a marine biologist can branch into. Some of the examples are Marine biotechnologist Biological oceanographer Physical oceanographer Chemical oceanographer Geological oceanographer Aquarist Hydrologist Environmental scientist Ichthyologist Marine mammalogist Fishery biologist Professor 5 Career opportunities in Marine biology in India Career opportunities for marine biologists can vary, but some of the general responsibilities are as follows. Reviewing research on oceanic environments Collecting samples from the field for analysis Research on organisms and their behavior Analysis of the health of the ocean environment Tracking and measuring organisms in the ocean Monitoring pollution in the ocean Managing coast guard units Drafting scientific papers Educator/ Teacher 6 Jobs wrt Marine biology in India There are many career options that a marine biologist can branch into. Some of the examples are Marine biotechnologist Biological oceanographer Physical oceanographer Chemical oceanographer Geological oceanographer Aquarist Hydrologist Environmental scientist Ichthyologist Marine mammalogist Fishery biologist Professor 7 Jobs wrt Marine biology in India 8 Definition Marine ecosystems Deep sea ecosystems Microbial Bioprospecting Biotechnologically important microbes Potential of marine microbes Mayuri Vaidya 6/24 9 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Marine microbes make upto 70% of the total marine biomass. Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. More than 40,000 species of diﬀerent organism are present in marine environment. Biotechnology is the most powerful tool to cover many secrets of marine organisms and their compounds ﬁeld of research toward gaining greater value from the use of marine organisms. To understand the applications of marine life forms in diﬀerent ﬁelds it is important to understand basic mechanisms and physiological characteristics of marine organisms. Marine Microbiology 10 DEFINITION The application of scientiﬁc engineering principles to the processing of materials by marine biological agents to provide goods and services is called as marine biotechnology. Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 11 Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 12 MARINE BIOTECH. TOOLS Several biological tools are being developed for cost eﬀective products that can be used for medical , industrial and environmental application. Marine biotechnology is more often considered in terms of molecular and genomic biological application for obtaining desired product. Marine biotechnology explores and breakthrough areas of aquaculture, microbiology, metagenomics, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, biomaterials , biomineralization, biofouling and bioenergy. Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 13 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 14 MARINE SOURCES AND RESEARCH AREAS OVERVIEW Important marine sources in the research are microorganisms, sponges and algae Various biotechnological products have been commercialized from novel drugs, chemicals and enzymes to bioenergy. 1. Marine aquaculture 2. Marine natural products for medicine- numerous marine compounds are isolated from marine animals, bacteria, fungi,with anticoagulant, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antibacterial activities. 3. Marine nutraceuticals- ﬁsh oil, protein supplements, chitin, enzymes, chondroitin from shark cartilages Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 15 MARINE SOURCES AND RESEARCH AREAS OVERVIEW 4. Marine bioremediation - marine microorganism have ability to degrade variety of pollutants and organic compounds 5. Marine biomaterials – Seaweeds are abundant sources of polysaccharides such as agar, alginate etc. 6. Marine bioenergy- Biofuels derived from marine algae(microalgae diesel and biogas) Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 16 Some products derived from marine organism Ulva( sea lettuce) Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 17 CHRACTERISATION AND STRATIFICATION OF OCEAN An ocean is a body of saline water that composes much of a planets hydrosphere. Salinity is a main defining component of the ocean, and it is the amount of dissolved solid material in the water. Stratification is the division of the water column into layers with different densities caused by differences in temperature or salinity or both. The ocean is stratified due to differences in density, with warmer, lighter, less salty water layering on top of heavier, colder, saltier water. Mixing between layers occurs as heat slowly seeps deeper into the ocean and by the action of current, winds, and tides Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 18 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ZONES OF MARINE HABITAT Vertical Division: 1. Photic zone 2. Aphotic zone The photic zone is divide in to further zones based on depth. Epipelagic zone – Extends from the shoreline down to 200m. Productivity is quite highh in the presence of nutrients due to availability of sunlight. Water is warm. Mesopelagic zone -Extends from 200-1000m. Little light is available. Water temperature is cold and oxygen poor Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 19 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ZONES OF MARINE HABITAT Aphotic zone : The aphotic zone is subdivided based on depth as: 1.Bathypelagic zone – Extends from 1000-4000m. There is no light excluding that from bioluminescent creatures and occasional lava flows. Biological productivity is low and water is cold. 2. Abyssopelagic zone- Extend from 4000 -6000m depth. No light and cold water. 3. Hadopelagic zone – Extends from 6000, to the deepest depths in the ocean. No light available and cold water. This area is covered with deep, narrow trenche. Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 20 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ZONES OF MARINE HABITAT Horizontal Divisions : The ocean is also divided horizontally by distance from the shore. lntertidal zone - Nearest to the shore lies the intertidal zone (also called the littoralzone), the region between the high and low tidal marks. The hallmark of theintertidal is change: water is in constant motion in the form of waves, tides, and currents. The land is sometimes under water and sometimes exposed. Neritic zone - The neritic zone is from low tide mark and slopes gradually downward to the edge of the seaward side of the continental shelf. Some sunlight penetrates to the seabed here. Oceanic zone - The oceanic zone is the entire rest of the ocean from the bottom edge of the neritic zone, where sunlight does not reach the bottom Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 21 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 22 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND HABITATS 1. Estuarine habitat 2. Salt marshes 3. Mangroves 4. Coral reefs 5. Deep sea ecosystems 6. Hydrothermal vents 7. Shallow and Deep pelagic Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 23 ESTUARINE HABITATS Estuaries habitat can be defined as coastal areas where sea water is measurably diluted by freshwater runoff Marine habitats include oceans and seas, which both have saltwater. Marine creatures also live in estuaries – where rivers and oceans meet and the water is still salty. Habitats range in size, and their characteristics are determined by a large number of variables. In the marine environment, these variables include light , temperature, substrate, wave action and oxygen availability Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 24 ESTUARINE HABITATS An estuary is a body of water formed where freshwater from rivers and streams flows into the ocean, mixing with the seawater. Estuaries and the lands surrounding them are places of transition from land to sea, and from freshwater to saltwater. An estuarine habitat occurs where salty water from the ocean mixes with freshwater from the land. The water is generally partially enclosed or cut off from the ocean, and may consist of channels, sloughs, and mud and sand flats. Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 25 INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES The intertidal zone between the highest high tide point on a shoreline and the lowest low tide point in Intertidal zone. Intertidal zones exists where the ocean meets the land. The Rocky Intertidal - The advantage of rocky intertidal habitats is that hard substrate is available for conjugation with light for photosynthesis. - This zone is rich in diversity and there is tremendous competition for space. - Tides maintain mixing of nutrients as well as high conc. of O 2 and CO2. Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 26 Marine Microbiology 27/5/2021 27 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 28 DIVISIONS OF INTERTIDAL 1. Spray/Splash zone- - Dampened by ocean spray and high waves, Submerged only during high tides organism present her should tolerate salt, heat, cold and extended dry periods. - Barnacles and Algae are well adapted and tolerant to dessication - Amphipods, periwinkles, isopods, Blue green algae and Lichens Amphipod periwinkles isopods Barnacles 27/5/2021 29 DIVISIONS OF INTERTIDAL 2. High Intertidal zone - Normally flooded during high tides , inhabited by organisms withstanding waves. - Barnacles, Black turban snails, Mussels, limpets, shore crabs, hermit , anemones - Anemones have tentacles which inject paralyzing neurotoxin to avoid predators. Black Turban Mussels Limpets Anemones snails 27/5/2021 30 DIVISIONS OF INTERTIDAL 3. Middle Intertidal zone - Inhabited by both plant and animal varieties - Red algae, sea stars, gooseneck barnacles, ochre sea star, anemones, sea palms etc. Red alage Ochre sea star Sea palms 27/5/2021 31 DIVISIONS OF INTERTIDAL 4. Low Intertidal zone - Always under water hence life more abundant , less harsh environment. Important zone for predation. - Sea slug, kelp crab, gumboot chiton, purple sea urchin, giant green sea anemone, coralline algae, Bull kelp co Sea slug Gumboot chiton Purple sea Coralline algae urchin 27/5/2021 32 INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES - Marine Creatures arrange themselves vertically depending on their abilities to compete for space, avoid predators from above to below and resist drying out. - Tidal habitats keep on changing so organism gets adapted to the conditions. - Organism close themselves in the shells to remain moist, they keep water inside the shells to maintain proper gas exchange as well. - Some of them have a protective mucous to prevent drying, some fit themselves into a specific rock to seal against water loss. Shells also protect them from the tidal pressure. - They have special anchorage capacity to adhere and resist waves. - Rocky intertidal communities have been studied more than other marine communities for its wide range of species and easy access.h 27/5/2021 34 SALT MARSHES AND MANGROVES - In coastal areas with some freshwater input vascular plants occupy the area between low and high tide. - Mangroves form dense habitat where the upper canopy of the tree provides habitat for terrestrial taxa including insects and birds and the lower trunk and roots reside in mud submerged in salt water. - Organism relatively feed directly on the living plant material whereas other organism utilize plant as a substrate. - Mangroves are the buffer zones between the land and the sea. 27/5/2021 35 SALT MARSHES AND MANGROVES 27/5/2021 36 SALT MARSHES AND MANGROVES - These mangroves are colonized by unique and important fungi and microbes that play a critical role in the decomposition of organic matter. - These plants are tolerant to salt. - The abundance of potential food resources and structural habitat offers hiding places from predators makes it an ideal environment. 27/5/2021 37 RED MANGROVES - Red mangroves grow along the edge of the shoreline where the conditions are harsh. - Red Mangrove(Rhizophora mangle) is easily distinguishable from other species. 27/5/2021 38 BLACK MANGROVES - Black Mangroves are characterized by long horizontal roots and projections known as pneumatophores and can tolerate very high salinity. 27/5/2021 39 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS Properties 1. Depth: >1000m 2. Pressure: high; may exceed 1000 atm 3. Temperature- Thermocline (zone of rapid temperature change) 4. Hydrothermal Temps= 400 Celsius 5. Chemosynthesis 6. Light amounts: dark- aphotic zone 7. Density: increases with depth 8. Rely on Hydrogen sulﬁde 27/5/2021 40 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS Types 1. Two types of Plumes of water stream from these waters, often rising 1,000 ft above the vent. i. Black smokers- emit the hottest, darkest plumes, which are high in sulfur content and form chimneys up to 55 meters (180 feet) ii. White smokers- lightly colored and rich in barium, calcium, and silicon. The temperature of the plume of white smokers is usually lower than that of black smokers 27/5/2021 41 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS 27/5/2021 42 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS - Water percolates into the crust is heated by magma, then recirculates back into seafloor, emerging under water hot springs. - Hot vent fluid mixes with cold seawater causing a series of chemical reactions to occur. - Example -sulfur in some vent fluid combines with the metals, forming sulfide minerals. When the mixing occurs as the fluid exits the seafloor, the minerals precipitate to form chimney-like structures that project (sometimes for several meters) into the surrounding ocean. - Heated water dissolves minerals from basalt. Inorganic sulfides precipitate out water as it cools forming Black smokers. 27/5/2021 43 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 44 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS - Symbiosis observed between large invertebrates and bacteria that live within their tissues. - Here large tubeworms and clams occur in densities. - These tube worms do not have digestive tract but harbor large colonies of chemosynthetic bacteria. - The tubeworm has tentacles that absorb H2S from the water and transport it to bacteria. - These bacteria utilize hydrogen sulfide and take the nutrition. - 6CO2 + 6H2 O + 3H2 S C6H12 O6 + 3H2 SO4 - Use energy contained in HS- to make organic material - Bacteria are the base of the vent food chain 27/5/2021 45 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms , clams, limpet and shrimp. Thermophilic and hyperthermophiles are found. Most members of the sulfur- and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) belong to the class Deltaproteobacteria(phylum Proteobacteria, and their activities are highly significant in the sulfur cycle in anoxic marine environment. Examples-Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Desulfurella acetivorans ,Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. 27/5/2021 46 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/2021 47 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 48 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 49 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS 27/5/2021 50 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS A new organisms is discovered every 10 days. Sulfur reducing bacteria(SRB) are used to treat three types of pollutants i.e. Metals, sulfates and agro-industrial pollutants or hydrocarbon wastes. The SRB are used to react with the dissolved metals present in the wastewater and forms metal sulfide, which is water insoluble settle down as precipitates. SRB are used as biotechnological tools for remediation of acid mine drainage. 27/5/2021 51 CORAL REEF 27/5/2021 52 CORAL REEF Exist since millions of years. The reefs that we see today had to grow for around 10,000 years Grow really slowly One quarter of animals in the ocean ﬁnd shelter in coral reefs But not a lot of the ocean’s ground is covered by coral reefs The biggest coral reef: Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 27/5/2021 53 CORAL REEF Free-swimming coral larvae connect to submerged rocks Located at edges of islands/ countries at the sea Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups. Can survive independently(nematocysts) but usually are in symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae. Reefs get their colour via billions of zooxanthellae (algae) Extremely sensitive to change in temperature. The currents must be mild enough to allow anchorage. 27/5/2021 54 CORAL REEF Common flora found include different types of algae and phytoplankton. Algae is known for encroaching reefs and hence have to be controlled. Examples of algae seen are Turf algae, Coralline algae and macro algae. Sponges like tube sponges are necessary detrivores. Fish : 400 species inhabit the coral reefs including parrotfish, cardinal fish and surgeon fish. Invertebrates – sea urchins like Diadema, sea slugs, mollusks, polychaete worms, crustaceans etc 27/5/2021 55 CORAL REEF Cnidarians (mainly corals) are one of the most important resources of marine natural products (MNPs). Corals have rich species diversity, with more than 10 orders having 7000 species been found. Till now, there have been more than 5800 compounds obtained from corals all over the world Since corals are stationary animals, many have evolved chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. Scientists continue to research the medicinal potential of these substances. In the future, coral reef ecosystems could represent an increasingly important source of medical treatments, nutritional supplements, pesticides, cosmetics, and other commercial products. 27/5/2021 56 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 57 DEEP SEA COMMUNITIES Luminous bacteria are very common in the marine environment and occur as free-living forms in seawater, on organic debris, as commensals in the gut of many marine animals, and as light-organ symbionts Some light-organ symbionts have never been cultured, but most of the marine bioluminescent bacteria that can be isolated and cultured are members of the family Vibrionaceae—the commonest types being Photobacterium phosphoreum, Photobacterium leiognathi, Vibrio ﬁ scheri (recently reclassiﬁed as Aliivibrio ﬁscheri), and Vibrio harveyii. Quorum Sensing is widely used by a variety of bacteria to coordinate communal behavior. QS are chemically diverse, but the commonest and best studied are N-acyl homoserine lactones. 27/5/2021 58 BIOLUMINESCENT BACTERIA PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 59 PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 60 BIOLUMINESCENT BACTERIA Bioluminescence actually is an enzyme- substrate biochemical reaction. This mainly involve the combination of two substance in light producing reaction. Luciferin ( light producing substance known as photo protein), Luciferase (enzyme catalyzed the reaction). When Luciferin is oxidized by molecular oxygen ,luciferase enzyme catalyzing the reaction produces Oxyluciferin and energy emits in the form light. Signiﬁcance of bioluminescence 1)Communication and Signalling 2)Getting food(ﬁnding prey) 3) Attracting prey 4) Camouﬂage PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 61 MARINE VIRUSES Recent discoveries have led to the emergence of virus ecology as one of the most exciting and fastest developing branches of marine science. The world’s oceans are estimated to contain more than 10 30 viruses— they are the smallest and most abundant biological entities in marine ecosystems. Viruses kill 20% of this biomass each day and that there are 15 times as many viruses in the oceans as there are bacteria and archaea. A teaspoon of seawater typically contains about ﬁfty million viruses. Most of these viruses are bacteriophages which infect and destroy marine bacteria and control the growth of phytoplankton at the base of the marine food web. Through their interactions with all types of marine organisms, viruses play a critical role in the structuring of marine communities, in ocean processes, and in biogeochemical cycles. PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 62 GIANT MARINE VIRUSES The giant viruses which are also called as “Giruses” typically are about 1000 nanometers (one micron) in length. All giant viruses belong to the phylum Nucleocytoviricota(NCLDV). The largest known of these is Tupanvirus. This genus of giant virus was discovered in 2018 in the deep ocean as well as a soda lake, and can reach up to 2.3 microns in total length, Virophages are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that rely on the co-infection of giant viruses. All known virophages are grouped into the family Lavidaviridae. PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 63 IMPORTANCE OF MARINE VIRUSES Viruses are the main agents responsible for the rapid destruction of harmful algal blooms, which often kill other marine life. Scientists are exploring the potential of marine cyanophages to be used to prevent or reverse eutrophication. The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth, in a process known as the viral shunt. In this way, marine viruses are thought to play an important role in nutrient cycles by increasing the eﬃciency of the biological pump. Marine bacteriophages often contain auxiliary metabolic genes, host-derived genes thought to sustain viral replication by supplementing host metabolism during viral infection. Viruses are an important natural means of transferring genes between diﬀerent species, which increases genetic diversity and drives evolution PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 64 MARINE ARCHAEA They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water). All are unicellular. No peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Some have a ﬂagella that aids in their locomotion. The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell. In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids. The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or alkaline, or that have great extremes in temperature PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 65 1) HALOARCHAE Seawater has salt content of roughly 3.5%, and the microorganisms that inhabit the oceans are capable of growth even in the presence of high saline concentrations. Marine bacteria typically ﬂourish at concentrations of 0.3–0.8 mol NaCl Occurance :-they are found in salts lakes & areas where evaporation of sea water occurs such as the Great Salt Lake in the U.S. and the Dead Sea. Can live in water with salt concentrations exceeding 15%. The ocean’s concentration is roughly 4% By interacting strongly with water and by using negatively charged amino acids and producing proteins. Accumulating high levels of salt in the cells Example:- Halobacterium which includes several species, found in salt lakes & high saline ocean environments. Halobacterium salinarum, H. denitriﬁcans & H. halobium PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 66 2) HYPERTHERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA Hydrothermal vents on the ocean ﬂoor emit water temperatures of 200–380 ° C and a ﬂow rate of 1–2 m/s. This water contains large amount of hydrogen sulﬁde (H2S), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), sulfate ions (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), iron ions (Fe2+), and manganese ions (Mn2+). Hyperthermophilic archae are organism that can live at temperatures ranging between 70-125 °C. Samples extracted near the vents isolated Pyrolobus fumarii , Methanopyrus kandleri Thiobacillus sp., Thiomicrospira sp., and Thiothrit sp. The bacteria ﬁxed CO2 as an energy source to oxidize hydrogen sulﬁde (H2S) and thiosulfate ions (S2O2 3 ) PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 67 3) BAROPHILIC OR PEIZOPHILIC ARCHAEA Seawater pressure increases by 1 atm for every additional 10 m of depth. This translates into pressure of 100 atm at deep-sea depths of 1000 m. Usually high pressure is observed in deep sea and hydrothermal vents. The deep ocean is an extreme environment with low temperatures and high pressure. Microorganisms that inhabit this environment are typically barophilic. Pressure controlled gene expression (e.g. OmpH) Enzymes are made up of proteins, and their activity will be diminished or halted under pressure due to changes in those proteins’ three-dimensional structure. Examples – Thermococcus peizophilus ,Xenophyophores, Halomonas salaria PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 68 4) METHANOGENS Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions. They are strictly anaerobic organisms & are killed when exposed to O2. They reduce CO2 using H2 & release CH4 in swamps & marshes that is called marsh gas. Occurance :- Many live in mud at the bottom of ocean , hydrothermal vents ,seas, lakes and swamps because it lacks oxygen They are also found in dead & decaying matter. Importance :- They are added Importance :- They are added to biogas reactors for production of CH4 gas for cooking & sewage treatment plants. Examples :- Methanofollis aquaemaris, M. ethanolicus, M. formosanus, M. liminatans PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 69 5) PSYCHROPHILIC ARCHAEA These organism are to survive in low temperature environments. The ability of the psychrophiles to function at low temperatures is due to the adaptation in cellular proteins( anti freeze protein ) and lipids that form barrier between cytoplasm and extreme environment an.d aid maintenance of optimal membrane ﬂuidity. Examples- Arthrobacter sp. , Pseudomonas syringae PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 70 THANK YOU Mayuri Vaidya PRESENTATION TITLE 2/11/20XX 71

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