Personality Psychology Unit 1 - Introduction PDF

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Unit 1 | Introduction- Session 1 Dr. Veena N Department of Psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Session 1: Agenda Definition & Meaning of Personality Measurement of Personality: Meaning and Purpose Objective/Self-report Inventories-16PF, MMPI, BAI, EP...

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Unit 1 | Introduction- Session 1 Dr. Veena N Department of Psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Session 1: Agenda Definition & Meaning of Personality Measurement of Personality: Meaning and Purpose Objective/Self-report Inventories-16PF, MMPI, BAI, EPQ, BIG FIVE Evaluation of personality inventories PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Activity Personality Word Cloud Ask students to think of words that describe their personality traits and create a word cloud using an online tool (e.g., WordArt or Word Clouds) Discuss the most common traits in the class and what they might mean Give metaphors to your classmates PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Introduction Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behaviour Personality is known by the conduct, behaviour, movements and everything else concerning the individual Personality is not a fixed state but a dynamic totality which continuously changes due to relation with environment Personality is a set of all those specific qualities acquired by an individual through socialization One reason people use the word personality is to convey a sense of consistency or continuity about a person A second reason people use the word personality is to convey the sense that whatever the person is doing (or thinking or feeling) originates from within PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Introduction The term personality is also used for another reason. It often conveys the sense that a few qualities can summarize what a person is like, because they’re so prominent in that person’s behaviour Personality derives from the Latin word persona, which refers to a mask used by actors in a play It is easy to see how persona came to refer to outward appearance, the public face we display to the people around us Based on its derivation, then, we might conclude that personality refers to our external and visible characteristics, those aspects of us that other people can see Our personality would then be defined in terms of the impression we make on others—that is, what we appear to be PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Definition “Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” (Allport) “Personality is the supreme realisation of the innate idiosyncrasy, of a living being. It is an act of courage thing in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all that constitute the individual, the most successful adaptation to the universal, conditions of existence, coupled with the greatest possible freedom of self-determination.” (C.G. Jung) “It is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” (Eysenck, 1952) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Personality Assessment Personality assessment is the measurement of personal characteristic. (Philip S. Holzman, Irwin G.Sarason, 1999) Assessment is the cultivating stage of gathering information intended to advance psychological theory and research and to increase the probability that wise decisions will be made in applied settings. (Philip S. Holzman, Irwin G.Sarason, 1999) Personality Assessment is a proficiency in professional psychology that involves the administration, scoring, and interpretation of empirically supported measures of personality traits and styles in order to Refine clinical diagnoses Structure and inform psychological interventions Increase the accuracy of behavioural prediction in a variety of contexts and settings (e.g., clinical, forensic, organizational, educational) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Personality Assessment Personality assessment serves two purposes – theoretical and practical Theoretically personality assessment provides knowledge about different dimensions and aspects of personality development and provides information about its nature It provides impetus to research on personality and help develop new theories about personality Practical purposes of personality assessment is to know the strength and weaknesses of a person It tells which traits in a person are lacking and what are its implications for his/her adjustment with the environment It provides help in developing intervention program for persons who need help to overcome some of their personality based difficulties PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Purpose of Personality Assessment  In decision making in clinical, healthcare, forensic, educational and organizational settings  To aids in differential diagnosis and treatment planning  Identification of the strengths and weaknesses of individuals and their adaptive capacities  To help in formulating treatment goals and interventions  Decision making about personality pathologies, insanity assessments and competency to stand trial in forensic setting  In educational settings, the results of personality assessments can identify the need to provide counselling or special educational services for students with conduct or learning problems  In organizational settings, personality assessment can prove useful in evaluating candidates for employment or promotion, and test findings can help determine the fitness for-duty of persons who have become psychologically impaired or who have behaved in ways that raised concern about their potential for violence PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Types of Personality Assessment Interview Behavioural Observation Objective Personality Test/Self report Inventories Projective Tests PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Interview An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee Examples: “Can you tell me about yourself?” “What are your greatest professional strengths?” “What do you consider to be your weaknesses?” “What is your greatest professional achievement?” “Where do you see yourself in five years?” PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Behavioral Observation Behaviourists do not want to “look into the mind” of an individual They assume that personality is merely habitually learned responses to stimuli in the environment Preferred method for a behaviourist is to watch that behaviour unfold in the real world Behavioural observation is drawing conclusions about an individual's personality based on observations of his or her behaviours Example: the psychologist observes the client engaging in ordinary, everyday behaviour, preferably in the natural setting of home, school, or workplace A therapist who goes to the classroom and observes that tantrum behaviour only happens when a child is asked to do something involving fine motor abilities (like drawing or writing) might conclude that the child has difficulty with those skills and throws a tantrum to avoid the task PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/ Self Report Inventory Self rating questionnaires, where the individual describes own feelings, environment, and reactions of others towards self The term “self-report” refers to information the person reveals directly about himself/herself by responding to specific questions or items with a limited number of prescribed choices (e.g. "Yes”, “No”, “Always”, “Don’t know”) Self-report inventories are based on the principle that behaviour is the manifestation of trait and one can find out the presence or absence of a trait by means of assessing the behaviour Self-report inventories are most widely used form of personality assessment These are paper-and-pencil test that ask people to respond to questions concerning their traits, values, attitudes, motives, feelings, interests, abilities. Some types of objective personality tests: MMPI, MBTI, 16 PF, BIG Five, EPI, BAI  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/ Self Report Inventory General features Standardisation of response alternatives Subjects must select either true or false, agree or disagree, an alternative that varies from 1 (very characteristic of me) to 6, and so on Objectivity is hence achieved by restricting the degree of freedom in responding to test items Standardisation of scoring procedures minimises the risk of personal bias of the persons scoring the tests Objective Personality Tests present statements rather than ambiguous stimuli characteristics of projective tests Test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report  Sixteen Inventory- Personality Factor Questionnaire16 PF is a multiple-choice (or 16PF), personality questionnaire which was developed over several decades of research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber  Beginning in the 1940s, Cattell used the new techniques of factor analysis (based on the correlation coefficient) in an attempt to try to discover and measure the fundamental traits of human personality (Cattell, 1946)  Using a statistical technique, called factor analysis that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data, Cattell discovered 16 source traits  Cattell (1995) devised a personality inventory based on these 16 source traits  These 16 source traits are seen as trait dimensions or continuums, in which there are two opposite traits at each end with many possible degrees of the traits possible along the dimension  Ex: someone scoring near the reserved end of the reserved outgoing dimension would be more introverted than someone scoring in the middle or at the opposite end  He later determined there might be another seven source traits to make a total of 23 (Cattell & Kline, 1977) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- 16 PF 16 PF-Online Test PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- 16 PF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Applications of 16 PF The 16PF questionnaire is mainly used by professionals who aim to evaluate a person’s character, for various purposes For instance, when used by psychologists and other mental health scientists, the 16PF serves as a clinical instrument for diagnosis, prognosis and, of course, therapy for mental health issues In addition, the 16PF Questionnaire is a valuable tool for HR professionals who make the most of its insights to assess and filter candidates; in an effort to find the ideal matches for specific job roles The 16PF is also commonly used by counsellors and consultants They may provide vocational guidance and help predict whether an individual’s personality is suitable for a job profile; and vice versa  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of 16 PF Merits Demerits  Comprehensive Assessment: The  Complexity and Length: The 16PF 16PF assesses a wide range of consists of 185 questions, which can be personality traits and characteristics, time-consuming for both the test-taker and providing a more detailed and nuanced the clinician picture of an individual's personality  Training and Expertise: Administering compared to simpler tests and interpreting the 16 PF requires  Research-Based: The test is grounded specialized training and expertise in psychometrics and personality assessment. in extensive research and psychometric Proper training ensures accurate validation, ensuring its reliability and administration and meaningful validity in measuring personality traits interpretation of results  Factor Analytic Approach: The  Cost and Accessibility: Acquiring and development of the 16 PF was based on using the 16 PF may involve costs factor analysis, which identifies associated with purchasing the test underlying dimensions of personality materials and training personnel. This could traits. This approach enhances the limit its accessibility for smaller clinics or theoretical and empirical basis of the educational institutions with limited assessment resources  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of 16 PF Merits Demerits  Wide Applicability: The 16 PF can be used Cultural and Linguistic Bias: The test across various settings, including clinical psychology, counselling, educational psychology, items and scoring may be influenced by and organizational psychology, making it versatile cultural and linguistic factors, potentially in assessing different aspects of personality leading to biases in assessment results across different cultural or language groups  Predictive Validity: The test has demonstrated predictive validity in various contexts, such as Limited Insight into Dynamic Aspects: predicting job performance, academic While the 16 PF provides a detailed snapshot achievement, and interpersonal relationships of an individual’s personality traits, it may  Normative Data: Norms for the 16 PF are well- offer limited insight into dynamic aspects of established, allowing for comparisons of an personality development, such as changes individual’s scores to those of a normative group over time or situational influences to interpret their personality profile effectively Self-Report Nature: Like many self-report  Usefulness in Counselling and Therapy: The inventories, the 16 PF relies on individuals’ 16 PF can provide valuable insights into clients’ self-perceptions and may be subject to personality traits, helping therapists tailor interventions and counselling approaches to suit response biases or inaccuracies in self- individual needs reporting  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI) is one of the most common self-report inventories  Developed in 1937 by clinical psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and neuropsychiatrist J. Charnley McKinley at the University of Minnesota  It is the most widely used personality inventory for both clinical and non- clinical population and commonly used to help with the diagnosis of personality disorder  It was first published in 1943 with 504 true/false questions, An updated version including 567 questions was released in 1989,and is known as MMPI-2  A version for adolescents MMPI-A was published in 1992, An alternative version of the test, the MMPI-2 restructured form MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008  It asks a series of true/false questions that are designed to provide a clinical profile of an individual) ex: “I am very often tense”. Person taking the test must answer “true”, “false”, or “cannot say”)  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI  It takes approximately 60 to 90 minute to complete  This test is useful in measuring the anxiety, hostility, hallucinations, phobias and suicidal impulses. It has 10 clinical scales and 8 validity scales in addition to numerous subscales  Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales: Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviance, Masculinity versus femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania and social Introversion  It is used for occupational screening for career like law enforcement, college and marital counselling  The behaviour patterns include relatively mild personality problems such as excessive worrying and shyness as well as more serious disorders such as schizophrenia and depression  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI MMPI-2: The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2. The test received revision again in 2001 and updates in 2003 and 2009, and it's still in use today as the most frequently used clinical assessment test for adults MMPI-2-RF: Another edition of the test, published in 2008, is known as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), an alternative to the MMPI-2 MMPI-A: There is also an MMPI, published in 1992, that's geared toward adolescents aged 14 to 18 years old called the MMPI- A With 478 questions, it takes about an hour to complete MMPI-A-RF: In 2016, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- Adolescent-Restructured Form (MMPI-A- RF) was published. Like the MMPI-2-RF, it's shorter, with just 241 questions that take 25 to 45 minutes to answer MMPI-3: The latest version of the instrument, MMPI-3, was released in 2020. The test takes 25 to 50 minutes to complete and is available in English, Spanish, and French for Canada formats PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI MMPI- 2 (Online Test) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI MMPI-2 and MMPI-A have 10 clinical scales that are used to indicate different psychological conditions Scale 1—Hypochondriasis (32 Items) Measures neurotic concern over bodily functioning The items on this scale concern physical symptoms and well-being. It was originally developed to identify people displaying the symptoms of hypochondria, or a tendency to believe that one has an undiagnosed medical condition Scale 2—Depression (57 Items) Measures satisfaction with your own life This scale was originally designed to identify depression characterized by poor morale, lack of hope in the future, and general dissatisfaction with one's own life situation PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI Scale 3—Hysteria (60 Items) Evaluates stress Reponses The third scale was originally designed to identify those who display hysteria or physical complaints in stressful situations Scale 4—Psychopathic Deviate (50 Items) Measure antisocial behaviour and attitudes, in addition to compliance or resistance to authority Originally developed to identify psychopathic individuals, this scale measures social deviation, lack of acceptance of authority, and amorality (a disregard for morality). This scale can be thought of as a measure of disobedience and antisocial behaviour  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory-  Scale 5—Masculinity-Femininity (56 Items)MMPI Elicit information about people’s sexuality This scale was designed by the original authors to identify what they referred to as "homosexual tendencies," for which it was largely ineffective. Today, it is used to assess how much or how little a person identifies how rigidly an individual identifies with stereotypical male and female gender roles  Scale 6—Paranoia (40 Items) Evaluates symptoms associated with psychosis This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with paranoid symptoms such as suspiciousness, feelings of persecution, grandiose self-concepts, excessive sensitivity, and rigid attitudes. Those who score high on this scale tend to have paranoid or psychotic symptoms  Scale 7—Psychasthenia (48 Items) Measures anxiety, depression, OCD This scale was originally used to measure excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report  Scale 8—SchizophreniaInventory- (78 Items) IdentifyMMPI individuals with schizophrenia It reflects a wide variety of areas including bizarre thought processes and peculiar perceptions, social alienation, poor familial relationships, difficulties in concentration and impulse control, lack of deep interests, disturbing questions of self-worth and self- identity, and sexual difficulties. The scale can also show potential substance abuse, emotional or social alienation, eccentricities, and a limited interest in other people  Scale 9—Hypomania (46 Items) Evaluate the symptoms associated with hypomania This scale was developed to identify characteristics of hypomania such as elevated mood, hallucinations, delusions of grandeur, accelerated speech and motor activity, irritability, flight of ideas and brief periods of depression  Scale 0—Social Introversion (69 Items) Measures extroversion/introversion It's designed to assess a person’s shyness and tendency to withdraw from social contacts and responsibilities PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- The 10 Clinical Subscales MMPI of the MMPI-2, require answering certain questions on the test in a specific manner: 1. Hypochondriasis – Looks at a wide variety of vague and nonspecific complaints about bodily functioning 2. Depression – Measures clinical depression, which is characterised by poor morale, lack of hope in the future, and a general dissatisfaction with one’s life 3. Hysteria – Primarily measures five components — poor physical health, shyness, cynicism, headaches and neuroticism 4. Psychopathic Deviate – Measures general social maladjustment and the absence of strongly pleasant experiences 5. Masculinity/Femininity – Measures interests in vocations and hobbies, aesthetic preferences, activity-passivity and personal sensitivity  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- MMPI 6. Paranoia – Primarily measures interpersonal sensitivity, moral self- righteousness and suspiciousness 7. Psychasthenia – Is intended to measure a person’s inability to resist specific actions or thoughts, regardless of their maladaptive nature 8. Schizophrenia – Measures bizarre thoughts, peculiar perceptions, social alienation, poor familial relationships, difficulties in concentration and impulse control, lack of deep interests, disturbing question of self-worth and self-identity, and sexual difficulties 9. Hypomania – Is intended to measure milder degrees of excitement, characterized by an elated but unstable mood, psychomotor excitement (e.g., shaky hands) and flight of ideas (e.g., an unstoppable string of ideas) 10. Social Introversion – Measures the social introversion and extroversion of a person  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- The MMPI is not a valid measure MMPI of a person’s psychopathology or behaviour if the person taking the test does so in a way that is not honest or frank. A person may decide, for whatever reasons, to overreport (exaggerate) or underreport (deny) the behaviour being assessed by the test The four validity scales are designed to measure a persons test-taking attitude and approach to the test:  Lie – The Lie scale is intended to identify individuals who are deliberately trying to avoid answering the MMPI honestly and in a frank manner  F – The F scale (the “F” does not stand for anything, although it is mistakenly sometimes referred to as the Infrequency or Frequency scale) is intended to detect unusual or atypical ways of answering the test items, like if a person were to randomly fill out the test  Back F – The Back F scale measures the same issues as the F scale, except only during the latter half of the test  K – The K scale is designed to identify psychopathology in people who otherwise would have profiles within the normal range. It measures self-control, and family and interpersonal relationships, and people who score highly on this scale are often seen as being defensive  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Applications of MMPI MMPI is commonly used in clinical psychology to aid in the diagnosis of various psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and other mental health conditions Clinicians use MMPI results to inform treatment planning, helping tailor interventions to address the specific needs and issues of each patient Some organizations use the MMPI as part of pre-employment assessments, particularly for positions requiring a high level of emotional stability or specific psychological characteristics Some school psychologists may use the MMPI to assess students' psychological well-being and to identify issues that may be impacting their educational performance Some individuals may take the MMPI for self-assessment and personal development, gaining insights into their own personality traits and emotional states  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of MMPI Merits  Extensive Research Base: The MMPI has a Demerits robust research foundation with extensive  Length and Time-Consuming: The MMPI- psychometric validation across diverse 2, for example, consists of 567 items, populations, enhancing its reliability and validity which can be time-consuming for both the  Comprehensive Assessment: It assesses a test-taker and the clinician wide range of psychological constructs, including personality traits, psychopathology symptoms,  Limited Cultural Sensitivity: The MMPI and clinical syndromes, providing a was developed primarily using a North comprehensive profile of an individual’s American population, which can limit its psychological functioning cross-cultural applicability. The items and  Standardized Administration and Scoring: their interpretation may not be culturally The MMPI has standardized procedures for administration and scoring, ensuring consistency relevant for individuals from different in test administration and facilitating reliable backgrounds interpretation of results  Potential for Faking: While efforts have  Clinical Utility: It is widely used in clinical been made to identify and control for settings for diagnostic purposes, treatment planning, and assessing treatment outcomes in deception, the MMPI can still be vulnerable various mental health conditions to individuals attempting to present themselves in a more favourable or less problematic light  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of MMPI Merits Demerits  Validity Scales: The MMPI includes  4. Over pathologizing: Some critics validity scales that assess response argue that the MMPI may over pathologize styles, test-taking attitudes, and the normal behaviour, leading to false positive overall validity of responses, helping to identifications of psychological disorders identify inconsistencies or potential  5. Complex Interpretation: Interpreting biases in the respondent’s answers MMPI results can be challenging and  Predictive Validity: The test has requires specialized training. Misinterpretation of scores could have demonstrated predictive validity in significant consequences in clinical predicting behaviour and outcomes in settings clinical and forensic settings, such as risk  6. Diagnostic Tool, Not a Standalone assessment and treatment effectiveness Assessment: The MMPI should not be  Cultural Adaptation: Versions of the used as a sole means of diagnosis. It is MMPI have been adapted and validated typically used in conjunction with other for use in different cultural and linguistic assessment methods, such as clinical contexts, improving its applicability interviews and observation across diverse populations PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- BAI The Bell's Adjustment Inventory is a self report of the individual's life and adjustment as they have been experienced It tries to obtain more realistic information from the individual concerning what one thinks and feels about their family relationships; one’s bodily functioning; one's friends and acquaintance outside the home; how aggressive or retiring they are; how much trust they can have in people around them; how well they have come to play the roles that the society expects of them. It also seeks to obtain information about how well the individual understands and has learned to live with their feelings and emotions The basic purpose of the Inventory is to provide the clinician with a quick means of locating the student whose relationship to themselves and their environment Bell's Adjustment Inventory-Student Form has 140 questions (35 questions each): it measures adjustment in 4 areas: Home, Health, Social, Emotional  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report  Home Adjustment: This Inventory- BAI dimension measures an individual's level of adjustment within their family or home environment. It assesses the quality of relationships with family members, satisfaction with the home atmosphere, and how well the individual fits into their family structure. Items focus on: Family conflicts, domestic responsibilities, feelings of acceptance, and perceived support within the household Sample Items: "I often feel misunderstood by my family members." "I find it difficult to talk openly with my parents." "There are frequent arguments in my home." "I feel accepted and valued by my family." "I often wish I lived in a different home environment."  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- BAI  Health Adjustment: This area assesses the individual’s awareness and management of their physical health. It measures attitudes towards physical well-being, health habits, medical concerns, and adjustment to physical conditions or illnesses. Items focus on: Chronic health issues, stress management, physical exercise, and personal care. Sample Items "I frequently feel tired, even after a good night’s sleep." "I tend to worry a lot about my health." "I visit the doctor more often than most people I know." "I follow a regular exercise routine to stay healthy." "I often get sick, even when I take precautions."  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report  Social Inventory- BAI Adjustment This dimension measures how well an individual adjusts to social interactions, relationships, and societal norms. It assesses the person’s ability to form and maintain friendships, interact in group settings, and adapt to social expectations Items focus on: Interpersonal relationships, comfort in social situations, friendships, and social anxiety. Sample Items "I find it easy to make new friends." "I often feel uncomfortable in social gatherings." "I avoid meeting new people whenever possible." "I enjoy being part of a group and interacting with others." "People usually misunderstand my intentions in social situations."  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report  Emotional Inventory- BAI Adjustment: Emotional adjustment refers to an individual's ability to regulate emotions, cope with stress, and maintain psychological stability. It examines emotional resilience, mood stability, and overall mental health. Items focus on: Anxiety, emotional instability, mood swings, self-control, and responses to emotional stress. Sample Items "I often feel anxious for no apparent reason." "I get upset easily, even over small matters." "I find it difficult to control my temper." "I am generally happy and satisfied with life." "I frequently feel down and can't seem to shake it off."  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory-  Occupational/School Adjustment BAI versions): In versions for students or (in specific working adults, this dimension assesses how well an individual adapts to their educational or occupational environment. For students, it examines academic performance, relationships with teachers, and attitude toward school. For working adults, it measures job satisfaction, work relationships, and stress management at work. Items focus on: Satisfaction with school/work, performance, work-related stress, and interactions with peers and superiors. Sample Items (Occupational) Sample Items (School) "I feel fulfilled in my job and satisfied "I enjoy going to school and learning new with my work." things." "I often argue with my colleagues at "I often feel stressed about my grades." work." "I have difficulty understanding what the "I feel stressed and overworked most of teacher explains." the time." "I get along well with my classmates." "I am punctual and meet deadlines at "I frequently procrastinate on school work." assignments." "I find it hard to balance work PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- BAI PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory-  The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPI (EPQ) is a three dimensional personality assessment tool that was preceded by an overlapping two-dimensional measure called the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)  The EPI was developed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck to measure the two broad dimensions of Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability  Both of these dimensions (Extraversion and Neuroticism) were introduced (and since emphasized) as temperamental aspects of personality that are inherited and evident at birth (i.e., not learned)  The EPQ was introduced as a substantial revision to the EPI in 1975 and a further revision (including the items) was published in 1985  The EPQ was designed to be consistent with Hans Eysenck's theoretical model, which has since come to be known as the P-E-N model  The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) measures two pervasive, independent dimensions of personality, Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability, which account for most of the variance in the personality domain PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- EPI  Each form contains 57 “Yes-No” items with no repetition of items. The inclusion of a falsification scale provides for the detection of response distortion  The traits measured are Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism. When you fill out Eysenck’s Personality Inventory (EPI) you get three scores  The ‘lie score’ is out of 9. It measures how socially desirable you are trying to be in your answers. Those who score 5 or more on this scale are probably trying to make themselves look good and are not being totally honest in their responses  The ‘E score’ is out of 24 and measures how much of an extrovert the individual is  The ‘N score’ is out of 24 and measures how neurotic you are  To interpret the scores, your E score and your N score are plotted on a graph from which you can read your personality characteristics. The nearer the outside of the circle you are, the more marked are the personality traits  EPI is a very simplistic type of personality measurement scale PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- EPI Eysenck Personality Inven tory PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- BIF 5 It is psychological personality inventory with 240 items used to measure the big 5 personality traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness NEO-PI Stands for Neuroticism/Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory This inventory is based on the five- factor model of personality traits developed by Costa & McCrae (1987) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- Openness (also referred BIF 5to experience) emphasizes to as openness imagination and insight the most out of all five personality traits Low Dislikes change Does not enjoy new things Resists new ideas High Not very imaginative Dislikes abstract or theoretical Open to trying new things concepts Very creative Focused on tackling new challenges Happy to think about abstract concepts THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Objective Tests/Self Report Conscientiousness Inventory- is one defined byBIF high5 levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviours Low Dislikes structure and schedules Makes messes and doesn't take care of things Fails to return things or put them back High where they belong Procrastinates important tasks Spends time preparing Fails to complete necessary or assigned Finishes important tasks right away Pays attention to detail tasks Enjoys having a set schedule PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- Extraversion (or extroversion) is a BIF 5 personality trait characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness High Low Enjoys being the center of attention Likes to start conversations Prefers solitude Enjoys meeting new people Feels exhausted when having to Has a wide social circle of friends and socialize a lot acquaintances Finds it difficult to start conversations Finds it easy to make new friends Dislikes making small talk Feels energized when around other Carefully thinks things through before people speaking Say things before thinking about them Dislikes being the center of attention PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- Agreeableness BIF personality trait 5 includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviour High Has a great deal of interest in other people Cares about others Feels empathy and concern for other Low people Enjoys helping and contributing to the Takes little interest in others happiness of other people Doesn't care about how other people Assists others who are in need of help feel Has little interest in other people's problems Insults and belittles others  Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- Neuroticism is a personality BIF 5 trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability High Experiences a lot of stress Worries about many different things Gets upset easily Experiences dramatic shifts in mood Low Feels anxious Struggles to bounce back after Emotionally stable stressful events Deals well with stress Rarely feels sad or depressed Doesn't worry much Is very relaxed PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Objective Tests/Self Report Inventory- BIF 5 Big- Five-Online Test PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Big Five Merits Demerits Universality and Cross-Cultural Validity: The Big Five traits (Openness, Trait Simplification: Critics argue that Conscientiousness, Extraversion, the Big Five may oversimplify the Agreeableness, Neuroticism) have been complexity of human personality by identified across different cultures and reducing it to only five dimensions, languages, suggesting universality in human potentially missing nuances and personality structure individual variability Research Support and Psychometric Lack of Causality: The Big Five Properties: The Big Five has extensive describes personality traits but does not empirical support from research studies, explain the underlying causes or demonstrating robust psychometric properties mechanisms driving these traits, including reliability, validity, and stability over limiting its explanatory power time Cultural Bias in Item Construction: Comprehensive Coverage: It provides a Some items used to measure Big Five comprehensive framework for understanding traits may be culturally specific or personality by capturing major dimensions of biased, affecting the validity of individual differences in behaviour, cognition, assessments across different cultural and affectivity groups PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Big Five Merits Demerits Contextual Dependence: Personality Predictive Validity: The Big Five traits traits measured by the Big Five may vary have predictive validity in various domains, depending on situational contexts, which including academic achievement, job are not fully captured by trait-based performance, interpersonal relationships, assessments health outcomes, and mental well-being Limited Utility for Clinical Diagnosis: Practical Applications: The model is While useful for understanding broad widely used in research, clinical personality dimensions, the Big Five may psychology, organizational psychology, and have limited utility in clinical diagnosis of other applied fields for personality specific mental health disorders, where assessment, career counselling, more detailed assessment tools are needed psychotherapy, and organizational Difficulty in Changing Traits: development Personality traits measured by the Big Five Clear and Understandable Framework: are generally considered stable over time, The simplicity and clarity of the Big Five posing challenges for interventions aimed framework make it accessible and at modifying or changing personality characteristics understandable to researchers, practitioners, and the general public PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Objective Tests/Self Reports Strengths Provide more thorough, precise, and systematic information about an individual’s personality than casual information The objectivity of scoring minimizes personal or theoretical bias They can be administered easily by someone with relatively little formal training They have greater reliability than other assessment techniques Multi-dimensional inventories allow for measurement of several different personality traits at once Weaknesses They are susceptible to deliberate deception. Deliberate deception is most likely to occur when the person believes there is something to be gained from fraudulent responding (Furnham, 1990) There is considerable influence of social desirability There is the influence of the response set (Kleinmuntz, 1982)  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Personality Merits Assessment Demerits  Self-Awareness and Insight: Personality  Measurement Limitations: No single assessment can enhance self-awareness by assessment tool can capture the entirety of an helping individuals understand their own individual’s personality due to its complexity strengths, weaknesses, preferences, and and multifaceted nature. Tools may focus on tendencies. This insight can facilitate personal specific traits or dimensions, potentially missing growth and development broader aspects of personality  Predictive Validity: Well-validated personality  Response Bias and Validity Concerns: Self- assessments, such as the Big Five, MMPI, or 16 report measures rely on individuals’ self- PF, demonstrate predictive validity in predicting perceptions and may be subject to response behaviour, academic performance, job success, biases (e.g., social desirability bias) or interpersonal relationships, and psychological inaccuracies, affecting the validity and reliability well-being of assessment results  Individualized Approach: Personality  Cultural and Linguistic Challenges: Many assessment provides a personalized personality assessment tools are developed and understanding of individuals’ unique traits and validated in specific cultural contexts, which characteristics, allowing for tailored may limit their applicability and accuracy when interventions, counselling, and therapeutic used in different cultural or linguistic settings approaches in clinical and educational settings  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Personality Merits Assessment Demerits Research and Theory Development: Trait Stability vs. Situational Factors: Personality assessment contributes to the Personality traits are generally considered development and refinement of psychological stable over time, but they can also be theories and research by providing empirical influenced by situational factors or life events, data on personality traits, their stability over which may not be fully captured by static time, and their impact on various life assessment tools outcomes Career Counselling and Development: In Ethical Considerations: Ethical issues arise in organizational settings, personality personality assessment, such as ensuring assessment tools are used for career informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, counselling, team building, leadership and avoiding misuse of assessment results for development, and employee selection, discriminatory purposes helping to match individuals with roles that Interpretation Complexity: Interpreting align with their personality traits and personality assessment results requires strengths expertise and contextual understanding to Diagnostic Purposes: Personality avoid misinterpretation or over-reliance on test assessment plays a role in diagnosing and scores without considering individual context, understanding personality disorders, life history, and situational factors providing valuable information for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning in psychiatry and clinical psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Unit 1 | Methods of Personality Assessment – Session 2 Dr. Veena N Department of Psychology PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Session 2: Agenda Projective Techniques Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Sentence Completion Test Rorschach Inkblot Technique Advantages & Limitations Issues & ethics in personality assessment  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test  A projective test is a type of personality test in which you offer responses to ambiguous scenes, words, or images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics  10 inkblots designed by Herman Rorschach, now the most widely used projective test  This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic school of thought, which suggested that people have unconscious thoughts or urges. Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings, desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious awareness  Some types of projective tests:  Rorschach Inkblot Test  Thematic Apperception Test  Children Apperception Test (Developed by Dr. Leopold Bellack. Children between 3 to 10 years attend this test. It has 10 cards in which pictures of animals instead of human characters)  Sentence Completion Test  Draw A Man Test PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test Designed to assist the clinical psychologist in diagnosing the nature and severity of a particular person’s emotional disturbance The rationale for these tests is based on Freud’s theory that unconscious processes are important for understanding psychopathology The purpose of projective personality assessment is to uncover the person’s unconscious conflicts, fears, and concerns Frank (1939) coined the term projective technique to describe assessment methods that present people with ambiguous stimuli for which there is no obvious culturally defined to personality assessment, allow people to “project” upon ambiguous material their feelings, needs, attitudes, and ways of viewing life The responses elicited by the test stimuli (such as inkblots, vague pictures) reveal signs of pent up impulses, “ego defenses” and other “interior” aspects of the personality THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Projective Test Features of Projective Techniques They use ambiguous or unstructured test stimuli The test taker is never told the purpose of the test or how responses will be scored or interpreted Instructions emphasize that there is no correct or incorrect answers and that the test taker is free to respond in any manner he/she sees fit Scoring and interpretation rely heavily on subjective clinical judgments PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test - TAT Tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics People express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes/pictures Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Developed by Murray & Morgan It has 30 cards total in which 10 for male 10 for female 10 for both male and female. Normally one person meets 20 cards Sequential Numbering System (SNS) B/M- Boys/Males; G/F- Girls/Females a)1, 2, 3BM, 4, 6BM, 7GF, 8BM, 9GF, 10, 13MF : 1, 2, 3BM, 4, 6BM, 7BM, 11, 12M, 13MF : 1, 2, 3, 3BM, 4, 6GF, 7GF, 9GF, 11, 13GF Purpose is to reveal patients’ basic personality characteristics through the interpretation of their imaginative productions in response to a series of pictures 31 TAT cards (one is blank), most show people in a variety of situations, but a few contain just objects PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test - TAT The examiner will show some pictures one at a time, and the subject will be making up as dramatic a story as he/she can for each picture card. 50 minutes for 10 pictures. The following story structure must be obtained Instructions of the test: current situation What is happening at the moment? Thoughts and feelings of the character (s) What the characters are feeling and thinking? Preceding events What has led up to the event shown in the picture? Outcome What was the outcome? PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test - TAT Time: time measured should begin when the picture is first presented and end when the subject begins his or her story Recording: a subject’s complete responses should be recorded, along with any noteworthy behavioural observations: exclamation, pauses, blushing, degree of involvement , and change in voice inflection Questioning and Inquiry: to produce an unhampered and free-flow of the subject’s fantasy material Order Of Presentation: usually, the cards should be administered according to their sequential numbering system PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test - TAT PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test - TAT PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test - TAT Scoring & interpretation 1.Hero of the story (What Type of personality he has) 2.Theme of the story (What is the nature of themes) 3.The style of the story (Length of story used, language, contents originality, creativity) 4.The content of the story (What interest, sentiments, attitudes they show) 5.Test situation as a whole ( subjects reaction to be listed as a whole) 6.Particular emphasis or omissions (The omission, addition, distortion, and attention to particular details.) 7.Subject’s attitude towards authority and sex 8.Outcome (Conclusion of the story – Happy, un happy, comedy, etc.)  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Applications of TAT  Psychological Assessment: The TAT is commonly used as a supplementary tool in clinical assessments to gain insights into an individual's inner world, emotions, and conflicts. It can help clinicians better understand the patient's personality, psychological well-being, and potential areas of concern  Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: It can be useful in assessing and diagnosing psychological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. The information obtained from the TAT can inform treatment planning and therapy  Exploration of Unconscious Processes: The TAT is often employed in psychotherapy to explore unconscious or unresolved psychological issues, allowing patients to gain insight into their emotions and thought patterns  Career Counselling and Personnel Selection: Some career counselors use the TAT as a tool to assess an individual's personality traits and gain insights into their career preferences, strengths, and potential challenges  In some employment settings, the TAT is used to assess job applicants or employees to gain insights into their personality and motivation, particularly in leadership or management roles  Education and School Counselling: School psychologists and counselors may use the TAT to assess students' emotional and psychological well-being, helping identify potential issues related to school performance, behaviour, or emotional distress  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of TAT Merits Demerits  Exploration of Unconscious Processes:  Subjectivity and Interpretation Bias: The TAT aims to uncover unconscious Interpretation of TAT responses relies heavily on the clinician's subjective judgment and training, thoughts, feelings, and motivations by which can introduce bias and variability in interpreting individuals' responses to assessment outcomes ambiguous pictures or scenes. This can provide insights into aspects of personality  Reliability Concerns: The TAT's reliability that may not be readily accessible through (consistency of results over time or across raters) self-report measures can be questioned due to its subjective scoring and interpretation process, which may limit its  Rich Qualitative Data: Responses to TAT use in research and clinical settings requiring stimuli yield rich qualitative data that can high reliability provide a nuanced understanding of  Limited Standardization: The TAT lacks individuals’ inner worlds, interpersonal standardized administration and scoring dynamics, conflicts, and aspirations procedures compared to more structured  Clinical Utility: In clinical settings, the TAT personality assessments, potentially affecting the can aid in diagnosing personality disorders, reliability and validity of results across different exploring unresolved conflicts, understanding settings and clinicians relationship patterns, and assessing emotional functioning PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of TAT Merits Demerits  Time-Intensive and Laborious: Cultural Adaptability: The TAT's Administering and analysing the TAT can stimuli can be adapted to different be time-consuming and labor-intensive, cultural contexts, allowing for cross- requiring skilled clinicians with specialized cultural comparisons and training in projective techniques interpretations of personality dynamics  Ethical Considerations: The TAT raises ethical concerns related to confidentiality, informed consent, and potential discomfort Supplementary Tool in Therapy: or distress experienced by individuals during the assessment process Therapists may use the TAT as a supplementary tool in psychotherapy  Cultural Sensitivity and Bias: Despite to facilitate exploration of clients' adaptations, the TAT stimuli and interpretations may not fully account for deeper emotions, enhance self- cultural differences in symbolism, norms, awareness, and uncover unconscious and interpretations, potentially leading to aspects of personality biased or inaccurate assessments in culturally diverse populations PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test – Sentence Completion Test A class of semi-structured projective techniques Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as "stems", and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them The responses are believed to provide indications of attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental state Hermann Ebbinghaus is generally credited with developing the first sentence completion test in 1897 Ebbinghaus's sentence completion test was used as part of an intelligence test  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test: SCT: Examples Family Relationships: Sentence Stems Social Relationships: "My family always..." "Most people I know..." Self-Perception: "I feel close to my father "My friends usually..." "I am proud that I..." when..." "People don’t realize that I..." "Sometimes I think I am "My mother never...” "When I’m with a group of people, I not..." "When I think about my siblings, usually..." "I wish I could change..." I..." "I feel most insecure when..." Authority and Control: Goals and Aspirations: "When I have to follow rules, "I hope to someday..." I..." "In the future, I want to..." "I feel uncomfortable when "If I could, I would..." people..." "The most important goal in my life "I feel confident when..." Emotions and Self- is..." Romantic Relationships: Concept: "I feel happiest in my relationship "I feel happiest when..." when..." "I often feel guilty about..." "I wish my partner would..." "I wish I were more..." "I usually feel loved when..." "People usually think I am..." PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Application of Sentence Psychological Completion Test Assessment: The SCT is used in clinical assessments to understand a person's internal world, thoughts, emotions, and conflicts. It can be valuable for assessing emotional well-being, self-esteem, and coping strategies Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: It can help clinicians diagnose psychological disorders and develop individualized treatment plans by providing insight into the patient's concerns, symptoms, and underlying issues Exploration of Unconscious Processes: Similar to projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT, the SCT can be used to explore unconscious or unresolved psychological issues Therapy and Counselling: Some therapists and counsellors use sentence completion exercises as part of therapy sessions to help clients express themselves, explore their feelings, and work through issues  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of SCT Merits Demerits 1.Rich Qualitative Data: The SCT 1.Subjectivity: The interpretation of SCT provides open-ended, narrative responses responses can be highly subjective, and that can offer valuable insights into an different examiners may analyse the same responses differently, making it less reliable individual's thoughts, emotions, and than more structured and objective experiences. It allows for in-depth assessments exploration 2.Lack of Standardization: The SCT lacks strict standardization in administration and scoring, leading to inconsistencies and 2.Exploration of Unconscious subjectivity in interpretation Processes: Similar to other projective 3.Limited Empirical Support: The SCT has tests, the SCT aims to access an faced criticism for a lack of empirical support individual's unconscious thoughts and for its validity and reliability, which can affect emotions, potentially revealing underlying its credibility as a psychological assessment conflicts and motivations tool 4.Cultural Bias: The interpretation of SCT responses can be influenced by cultural 3.Flexibility: The SCT is versatile and can factors, potentially limiting its cross-cultural be adapted to various age groups, clinical applicability settings, and research contexts  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of SCT Merits Demerits 4. Useful in Clinical Practice: It is 5. Time-Consuming: The administration often used in clinical psychology to and interpretation of the SCT can be time- assess and understand an individual's consuming, which may not be practical in certain settings internal world, emotions, self-perception, and conflicts 6. Ethical Concerns: There are ethical concerns related to the use of projective 5. Supplementary Tool: The SCT can tests like the SCT, including potential complement other assessment methods, invasions of privacy and the potential for providing a more comprehensive misinterpretation understanding of an individual's psychological state or personality 7. Limited Use for Diagnosis: The SCT is not a diagnostic tool and may not provide concrete or specific diagnostic information about psychological disorders PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test- Rorschach Inkblot Technique  Hermann Rorschach's favourite games as a child was Klecksography, which involves creating inkblots and making up stories or poems about them  He enjoyed the game so much that his school friends nicknamed him "Klecks," the German word for "inkblot."  His interest in inkblots continued into adulthood. While working in a psychiatric hospital, Rorschach noticed that patients with schizophrenia responded to the blots differently from patients with other diagnoses  He began wondering if inkblots could be used to create profiles for different mental disorders  So, inspired perhaps by both his favourite childhood game and his studies of Sigmund Freuds dream symbolism, Rorschach developed a systematic approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool  Rorschach inkblot test is a type of projective assessment in which subjects look at 10 ambiguous inkblot images and describe what they see in each one  In the Rorschach inkblot test, the person is asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblot images PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test- Rorschach Inkblot Technique There are 10 official inkblots, each printed on separate white cards. Five inkblots are black and grey; two are black, Grey, and red; and three are multi-coloured without any black During administration, the examiner will sit next to you. This helps them see what you see The test involves certain steps: 1.Present: The examiner will give you one card at a time and ask you, “What might this be?” 2.Respond: You’re free to interpret the ambiguous image however you want. You can take however long you like to interpret each card and can give as many responses as you want. You can also hold the cards in any position, whether it is upside down or sideways 3.Record: Your examiner records everything you say, no matter how trivial. They’ll note the time taken for each response, the position the card is being held, your emotional expressions, etc. during the test 4.Confirm: Once you go through all the inkblots, your examiner will take you through each inkblot a second time. The goal of this is not to get new information, but to help your examiner see what you see. They’ll ask you to identify where you see what you originally saw and what features make it look like that  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test- Rorschach Inkblot Technique Administration Free-association Phase test taker is instructed to tell what is on each of the cards “What might this be?” In the free association phase the subject has to give his responses only Inquiry Phase Examiner attempts to determine what feature of the inkblot played a role in formulating the test taker’s percept (perception of an image) In the enquiry phase, each of the response is revised to clarify three points WHAT, WHERE & WHY 1.WHAT precisely was intended (Content) 2.WHERE in the blot it was seen (Location) 3.WHY it was seen means what stimulated to give a particular response (Determinant) PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Projective Test- Rorschach Inkblot Technique Rorschach Ink Blot Test  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Rorschach Inkblot Technique Popular Responses in the Comprehensive System Card I Bat or butterfly; always involves the whole blot Card II Animal forms, usually heads of dogs, bears, elephants, or lambs Card III Two human figures, or representations thereof, such as dolls and caricatures Card IV Human or human-like figure such as a giant, monster, science fiction creature, etc Card V Butterfly or bat, including the whole blot; the apex of the card upright or inverted Card VI Animal skin, hide, rug, or pelt Card VII Human head or face, specifically identified as female, child, Indian, or with gender not identified Card VIII Whole animal figure. The content varies considerably, such as a bear, dog, rodent, fox, wolf Card IX Human or human-like figures such as witches, giants, science fiction creatures, monsters, etc Card X Spider or crab with all appendages restricted to a specified area (Dl). Other variations of multilegged animals are not coded as P (popular responses)  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Scoring System | Rorschach Inkblot Technique  Exner Comprehensive System (CS): Developed by John E. Exner in the 1970s, the Comprehensive System aimed to standardize the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach Inkblot Test. This system is the most widely accepted and used method for scoring the Rorschach  Klopfer System: Developed by Bruno Klopfer, this system focuses more on qualitative analysis and psychoanalytic interpretations. Emphasizes the use of determinants and content analysis. Less structured than the Exner system and more subjective in its approach  Beck System: Developed by Samuel Beck, this system is another early method for scoring the Rorschach. Focuses on how responses reveal information about the respondent's personality and emotional functioning. Detailed analysis of form, movement, color, and shading. Emphasis on the psychological interpretation of responses  Piotrowski System: Developed by Zygmunt Piotrowski, this system focuses on a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Emphasizes the importance of location, determinants, and content. Less commonly used compared to the Exner system  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Rorschach Merits Inkblot Technique Demerits  Exploration of Unconscious Processes: Subjectivity in Interpretation: The Rorschach test is designed to tap into Interpretation of Rorschach responses unconscious thoughts, feelings, and relies heavily on the clinician's expertise motivations, offering insights into aspects and can be subjective, leading to potential of personality that may not be accessible variability and bias in the results through self-report measures Reliability Concerns: The test's  Rich Qualitative Data: Responses to the inkblots generate detailed qualitative data, reliability, particularly inter-rater reliability, providing a comprehensive understanding can be problematic due to the subjective of an individual’s cognitive and emotional nature of scoring and interpretation functioning Validity Issues: Some researchers  Diagnostic Utility: The Rorschach is question the validity of the Rorschach in useful in diagnosing a range of measuring what it purports to measure, psychological conditions, including thought particularly regarding its ability to diagnose disorders, personality disorders, and specific psychological conditions psychosis, as well as assessing overall mental health  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Merits & Demerits of Rorschach Merits Inkblot Technique Demerits  Resistance to Faking: Due to the ambiguous nature of the inkblots, it is  Time-Consuming and Labor-Intensive: difficult for individuals to manipulate their Administering, scoring, and interpreting the responses intentionally, making the Rorschach can be time-consuming and Rorschach less susceptible to response requires extensive training and experience, biases compared to self-report inventories making it less practical for routine clinical use  Dynamic and Comprehensive  Lack of Standardization: Although systems Assessment: The Rorschach provides a like the Exner Comprehensive System provide dynamic assessment of personality, more standardized scoring and interpretation capturing how individuals process methods, there is still a lack of universal information, manage emotions, and interact standardization, affecting the consistency of with their environment results  Supplementary Tool in Therapy:  Cultural Sensitivity and Bias: Responses to Therapists can use the Rorschach as a the inkblots can be influenced by cultural and supplementary tool to facilitate discussions social factors, and the test may not be equally about clients' thoughts, feelings, and valid across different cultural or demographic behaviours, enhancing the therapeutic groups process PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Applications of Rorschach Inkblot Personality Assessment: Psychologists Technique and mental health professionals may use the Rorschach test to gain a deeper understanding of a person's personality, including their emotional functioning, coping mechanisms, and interpersonal relationships Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders: The Rorschach test can be used as a supplementary tool in diagnosing various psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders Assessment of Thought Disorders: It is particularly useful in assessing thought disorders and the presence of delusions or hallucinations Treatment Planning: The results of the Rorschach test can inform treatment planning and help mental health professionals tailor interventions to the individual's specific needs Psychological Research: Researchers use the Rorschach test to study various aspects of personality, cognition, and emotional responses. It can be valuable for exploring topics related to perception, imagination, and cognitive processing Forensic and Legal Contexts: In legal cases, the Rorschach test may be used to assess the mental state or competency of an individual involved in criminal or civil proceedings Personnel Selection and Career Counselling: Some organizations and career counselors use the Rorschach test in employee selection or career counselling to gain insights into an individual's personality traits, which can help match them with suitable career paths  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Issues & Ethics in Personality Validity and Reliability: Personality Assessment assessments should measure what they claim to measure (validity) and produce consistent results over time (reliability). Ethical issues arise when assessments lack validity or reliability, leading to inaccurate conclusions about individuals Bias and Fairness: Personality assessments should be free from bias and discrimination against individuals based on factors such as race, gender, ethnicity, or socio-economic status. Test developers and users must strive to eliminate bias and ensure fairness in assessment procedures and interpretations Informed Consent: Individuals should be fully informed about the purpose, procedures, and potential consequences of personality assessments before participating. Informed consent ensures that individuals understand the nature of the assessment and voluntarily agree to participate  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Issues & Ethics in Personality Assessment Confidentiality: Confidentiality of assessment results is crucial to protect individuals' privacy and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information. Assessment results should only be shared with authorized individuals and used for intended purposes Competence of Assessors: Those administering personality assessments should be competent and qualified to interpret the results accurately. Lack of competence can lead to misinterpretation of assessment results and inappropriate use of findings Cultural Sensitivity: Personality assessments should consider cultural differences in the expression and interpretation of personality traits. Test developers should strive to create assessments that are culturally sensitive and appropriate for diverse populations  PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Issues & Ethics in Personality Feedback and Debriefing: Individuals who participate in personality assessments should receive Assessment feedback and debriefing about their results. This process helps individuals understand their assessment outcomes and how they may be relevant to their personal or professional development Responsible Use: Personality assessments should be used responsibly, with consideration for the potential impact of assessment results on individuals' lives and well-being. Users should avoid using assessments to make decisions that could have adverse consequences without sufficient evidence of validity and reliability Continuous Evaluation and Improvement: Test developers and users should engage in ongoing evaluation and improvement of personality assessments to address emerging ethical issues, improve validity and reliability, and ensure the assessments remain relevant and useful THANK YOU Dr. VEENA N