1 - INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT.pdf

Introduction to Psychological Assessment Psychological Assessment What is the difference between Psychological Assessment and Psychological Testing? Psych Assessment REAL OR FAKE? What is Psychological Assessment? Refers to the gathering and integration of psychology-related dat...

Introduction to Psychological Assessment Psychological Assessment What is the difference between Psychological Assessment and Psychological Testing? Psych Assessment REAL OR FAKE? What is Psychological Assessment? Refers to the gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as: tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures Who’s the impostor in Psychological Testing? What is Psychological Testing? This refers to the conduct of series of psychological or cognitive tests that are aimed to measure personality, cognitive functions, or other aspects of a person’s well-being This is also done when a psychologist is conducting a psychological assessment TESTING O ASSESSMENT TESTING O ASSESSMENT USUALLY CONDUCTED INDIVIDUALLY TESTING O ASSESSMENT THE EVALUATOR SHOULD HAVE TECHNICIAN-LIKE SKILLS TESTING O ASSESSMENT THE ROLE OF THE EVALUATOR IS TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS What is a Test? A test is a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior or other aspects of your being EXAMPLES: A memory recall test, for example, measures how many items or information you have recalled for a specific amount of time A psychological resilience test measures the level of resilience that a person may have which can predict how resilient they would be during challenges and adversities Can you measure the following? Karupukan Memory Intelligence Emotions Personality WILL TO- RECALL TEST! On the whiteboard, draw the pictures that you will remember in the screen Item We should be able to score and evaluate the test Various tests are composed of items which are the specific All items should be able to stimulus to which a person measure the construct you are measuring responds overtly The responses to the items can be scored or evaluated based on an established scale  Overt Behavior Covert Behavior This refers to the individual’s Tests that aim to understand observable activity covert behavior measure aspects that are not obvious or cannot Tests measuring overt behavior be directly observed determine the extent to which someone might perform or Example of this are your feelings manifest a particular before and thoughts that cannot be observed Examples of this are items that the respondents immediately understand what the item is intended to measure OVERT O COVERT OVERT O COVERT OVERT O COVERT OVERT O COVERT OVERT O COVERT Thematic Apperception Test Scale To interpret the results of tests, psychologists make use of scales, which relate raw scores on test items to some defined theoretical or empirical distribution Scale Psychological Test It is a set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior This aims to measure the extent to which an individual might engage in a particular overt or covert behavior Types of Tests Individual Tests Human Ability Personality Tests Group Tests Achievement Structured Aptitude Personality Test Intelligence Projective Personality Test Individual Tests These are tests that a test administrator gives to only one person at a time, the same way a psychotherapist sees a person one at a time Group Tests These are tests that a test administrator can give to a more than one person at a time by a single examiner. An example of this is when an instructor gives everyone in class at test at the same time. I. Human Ability A. Achievement Tests These are instruments that measure previous learning. An example of this is the examinations that a teacher/professor is giving you I. Human Ability B. Aptitude Tests This measures the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill An aptitude test can assess an applicant’s capabilities to perform a particular skill or task Example of this are the aptitude tests provided to students to know the types of careers that they might be adapt with (spelling aptitude test) I. Human Ability C. Intelligence Tests Refers to the person’s general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly, and profit from experience II. Personality Test A. Structured Personality Test These are personality tests that provide specific statements, usually of the “self-report” variety, and require subjects to choose between two or more alternative responses II. Personality Test B. Projective Personality Tests In this type of test, the responses on these tests are ambiguous and spontaneous Projective tests assume that a person’s interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus will reflect his or her unique characteristics ACHIEVEMENT APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE End-of-Course Exams for the subject Psychological Assessment ACHIEVEMENT APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) ACHIEVEMENT APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE Entrance Exams ACHIEVEMENT APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE Raven's progressive matrices ACHIEVEMENT APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE Career Cluster Interest Survey ACHIEVEMENT APTITUDE INTELLIGENCE Board Exam for Psychometricians Principles of Psychological Testing RELIABILITY VALIDITY TEST ADMINISTRATION Reliability This refers to the In more technical terms, accuracy, dependability, reliability refers to the consistency, or degree to which test repeatability of test scores are free of results measurement errors. You weigh 50 kg in this weighing scale Is this scale reliable? You weigh 70kg in this weighing scale  Is this scale 1 Week after reliable? Validity More specifically, validity refers to the degree to which a certain inference or Refers to the meaning and interpretation based on a test usefulness of test results is appropriate. When one asks the question, “What does this psychological test  Does the test These are your measures what items it is meant to measure? Test Development Test development Later in this course, refers to the process we will be having a of how a test is being discussion regarding constructed or the test development formulated process Test Administration This refers to the act of giving a test Some tests are easy to administer, and others must be administered in a highly specific way Example of test that is easy to administer is Beck Depression Inventory One example of a test that is not easy to administer is the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test which has specific instructions for its administration Qualifications for the Ethical Use of Tests Level A includes tests which can be adequately administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of organization within which the testing is done. Such tests may be given and interpreted by responsible nonpsychologists (e.g., school principals, business executives). Level A tests include trade and vocational proficiency tests, "most interest inventories, group or individual, and multiple choice tests that employ a simple metric as the main avenue of interpretation Qualifications for the Ethical Use of Tests Level B includes tests which require specific training for administration, scoring and interpretation. Require some understanding of psychometric principles, the traits being measured and the discipline within which the tests are used (e.g. education, clinical, counseling) Qualifications for the Ethical Use of Tests Level C is the most restricted category and includes tests and aids which require advanced training and experience in administration, scoring, and interpretation Required is verification of licensure or registration as a psychologist History of Psychological Testing and Assessment In what country do you think testing started? Chinese Civil Service Testing Program Every third year in China, oral examinations were given to help determine work evaluations and promotion decisions. By the Han Dynasty (206–220 B.C.E.), test batteries were common in various fields. By the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 C.E.), a sophisticated national testing system existed. Candidates progressed from local tests to provincial essay exams, and finally to a third round in the nation's capital. Only those who passed all stages qualified for public office.  I. Foundations of Testing Kelangan natin malaman kung sino ang mga tao na may A. Individual Differences magagandang genes Tests are specifically designed to measure these individual differences in ability and personality among people It was theorized by Francis Galton in his book Hereditary Genius that some people possessed characteristics that made them more fit than others To further support his claim, he began a series of experimental studies concentrating on the individual differences that exist in human sensory and motor functioning, such as reaction time, visual acuity, and physical strength I. Foundations of Testing A.Influence of Experimental Psychology Experimental psychology gave the idea that testing, like an experiment, requires rigorous experimental control This control can be observed when administering tests under highly standardized conditions It also initiated the quantification of psychological concepts such as cognitions, personality, stress, etc. (Example: memory, introversion- extroversion)  Evolution of Representative Sample Misuse of test Belief in changeability Intelligence Ethical concerns Evolution of Intelligence Evolution of Intelligence Evolution of Intelligence Army Alpha & Army Beta  Army Alpha & Army Beta ARMY ALPHA ARMY BETA These are administered to These are administered to measure intelligence of measure the intelligence of recruits who have an ability to recruited illiterate adults read Achievement Tests The Rise of Wechsler- Bellevue Intelligence Scale By 1937, the Stanford-Binet had been revised again. Among the many improvements was the inclusion of a standardization sample of more than 3000 individuals Two years after the revised version of Stanford-Binet, David Wechsler published the first version of the Wechsler intelligence scale, the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale Revisions of tests are essential because of the changes in the abilities or intelligence of the population over time. These changes mean that the standardization sample of the older existing test might be different from the ones who will be taking the test in the present times. The other term for this is Flynn Effect The Rise of Wechsler- Bellevue Intelligence Scale Unlike the Stanford-Binet test, which produced only a single score (IQ or Intelligence Quotient), Wechsler’s test yielded several scores, permitting an analysis of an individual’s pattern or combination of abilities Among the various scores produced by the Wechsler test was the performance IQ. Performance tests DO NOT require a verbal response; one can use them to evaluate intelligence in people who have few verbal or language skills. Personality Tests Due to Binet, Army Alpha, and Army Beta Tests not being able to provide the new needs of the army in recruiting competent military recruits, the need for a way to measure personality sprouted Just before and after World War II, personality tests began to blossom and develop. Personality tests measured presumably stable characteristics or traits that theoretically underlie behavior  The earliest personality tests were structured paper-and- pencil group tests. This can be administered to a large Early Personality group and usually consists of either multiple-choice and true or false questions Tests These highly structured personality tests can score stimuli or responses clearly without any doubt The first structured personality test is the WOODWORTH Personal Data Sheet which was developed during World War I  Woodworth Personal Data Sheet The motivation underlying the development of the first personality test was the need to screen military recruits This test depended on the now- discredited assumption that the content of an item could be accepted as face value Introduction of this test was enthusiastically followed by the creation of a variety of structured personality tests, all of which assumed that a subject’s response could be taken at face value Researchers scrutinized and analyzed the early structured personality tests. They had criticisms regarding the test relying on face value alone which somehow served as a spark in the development of new tests Rise of Projective Tests The Rorschach Inkblot Test has been introduced by Herman Rorschach of Switzerland in 1921. However, several years passed before this test has been introduced in the United States by David Levy Levy’s student, Sam Beck, decided to investigate the properties of the Rorschach test scientifically which caused the growth of its popularity Today, however, the Rorschach is under a lot of criticisms Rise of Projective Tests Further causing the acceptance and utilization of projective tests was the development of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan in 1935 This consisted of ambiguous pictures depicting a variety of scenes and situations, such as a boy sitting in front of a table with a violin on it which the subject is required to make a story out of the picture New Approaches to Personality Testing It was thought that the Woodworth Personality Inventory made far too many assumptions that subsequent scientific investigations failed to substantiate Creators of MMPI (a structured test utilized to measure adult personality and psychopathology) argued that the meaning of a test response could be determined only through empirical research Its emphasis on the need for empirical data has stimulated the development of thousands of studies New Approaches to Personality Testing Also, personality tests based on the statistical procedure called Factor Analysis began to emerge Factor Analysis is a method of finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics or attributes), called factors, to account for a large number of variables For example, we might say that the person is outgoing, very active, and likes to mingle and bond with others. Factor analysis can identify those overlaps in characteristics and be accounted for one dimension (Extroversion) INTRODUCTION TO TEST DEVELOPMENT Test Conceptualization: Ideas for a test is conceived Test Construction: Building the test Test Tryout: Administered to a representative of test takers Item Analysis: Statistical procedures in making judgements on the test Test Revision: Improving the test’s effectiveness as a measurement tool END OF LESSON 1