History Unit 1 Discussion Readings PDF

    History is a discipline or a field of study and investigation that is primarily concerned with human activities done in the past. Focus in human activities As inquiry Concerned with the past - why? History is storytelling, but more importan...

    History is a discipline or a field of study and investigation that is primarily concerned with human activities done in the past. Focus in human activities As inquiry Concerned with the past - why? History is storytelling, but more importantly, it seeks to explain and answer questions about the past. Father of History - Herodotus (establish history as a science) Histories - deeds of men in the past for posterity or future use. Thucydides - History of the Peloponnesian War (Father of Scientific History) Testimonies of eyewitnesses  History - Complex and dynamic inquiry. Dynamism - inevitably produced various perspectives on the discipline regarding different questions. (What is history? Why study history? And for whom should history be? Historiography - is history of history. (better and deeper understanding of the past) Herodotus and Thucydides - envisioned that the future generation, equipped with the lessons of past human actions, would be more able and empowered to control their destiny.  MEDIEVAL PERIOD Christianity and the Church - become powerful institutions, history ceased to be a record of man’s deeds. (Divine Plan) Developed as a scientific discipline, due in part to the rise of the positivist philosophy, professional historians who made a career out of history’s academic study argued that studying history should not have any other purpose but for its own sake (HISTORICISM).  Pragmatic reason for the study of the past, like political training and historical analyses of social problems, renders a sense of partiality or bias on what should be historically studied and how. Leopold von Ranke - merely to show how things actually were Developments in the historical discipline, such as the emergence of subdisciplines like Women’s History, Environmental History, Labor History and Urban History, were products of present issues that demanded a thorough and scientific explanation of historical processes that led us the current situations.  Benedetto Croce - All history is contemporary History. Family and loyalists of former Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos has been systematically revising and changing history to acquit Marcos of his sins in the past and to falsely paint his corrupt and brutal regimes as a Golden Age of the Philippines. The historian’s mission of preserving and resurrecting the past, as argued by historicists, duty to respond to the issues of the present.  Learning from the mistakes of the past Inventory of alternatives Helps humanity to acquire a sense of self- knowledge knowing yourself means knowing what you can do; and since nobody knows what he can do until he tries, the only clues to what man can do is what man has done. - Collingwood  LESSON SUMMARY 1 2 3 4 History is the The meaning and History is a Meaning and function study of characteristics of history scientific of history as a human changed from the ancient discipline that discipline. These activities in period to the present. relies on issues relate to the past. These changes were different different aspects of the dependent on the sources. discipline, such as purposes that history meaning, method, and served. use.  History and the Historian LESSON 2  LESSON OBJECTIVES Examine the Consider the Differentiate Identify how historian’s challenges that history as a historical role in the confront historians profession vis-à- interpretati production in the conduct of vis other meanings on is of historical their job of history affected by knowledge factors like bias and subjectivity  Key Concepts Historical Bias or Historian Interpretation Subjectivity Primary responsible for Making sense of given Disposition brought the production of primary sources and together by one’s context historical knowledge historical documents that influences a through continuous through content and historian’s historical research and rethinking contextual analyses. interest and selection of of history. sources and methodology.  Who Qualifies as a Historian? Historian - obscure and strange image for those who did not have the chance to have a closer study of history. Continuously pursues historical knowledge. Expected to keep up with the changes and developments in historical knowledge in light of new evidence. Produces historical knowledge through the continuous and constant pursuit of historical knowledge by answering questions about the past through gathering and interpreting historical evidence.  Tasks of Historians needed to examine and interpret them through the skills they acquired in training for historical research and methodology. convert historical sources to historical knowledge. determine what is historical fact. Edward Hallett Carr - Historical fact is something that is determined by the historian.  The Objectivity of the Historian Only get to access a representation of the past through historical sources and evidence. Facts cannot speaks for themselves. Historical Methodology consists of certain techniques and rules that historians follow to properly collect and select sources and historical evidence. History is a professional academic discipline, historians are always subjected to scrutiny by their peers. Historians are central to the creation of historical knowledge.  Lesson Summary Historians produce Historians are Despite the inherent historical knowledge inevitably subjectivity of the influenced by historian, historical through rigorous context and knowledge can still be historical research that circumstances. scientific by adhering to involves finding and Their context may rigorous historical interpreting historical inform the way that methodology and through they conduct collaboration with peers in sources and evidence. historical research. the discipline.  MA’AM STAR HISTORICAL SOURCES  By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: Differentiate between primary and secondary sources; Distinguish the importance of both Lesson types of sources; Demonstrate the ability to conduct Objectives external and internal criticisms; and Relate methods of external and internal criticism to the goal of identifying historical truth and avoiding false historical claims. Key Concepts Primary sources - Historical sources that were produced and create in the same period as the historical subject being studied. Secondary sources - Historical works that were written and produced through the use of primary sources. External criticism - The kind of criticism done to establish the authenticity of a primary source. Internal criticism - The kind of criticism employed in analyzing the content of a primary source.  With the past as history’s subject matter, the historian’s most essential research tools are historical sources. There is no way for a historian to access the past, aside from looking at its representation through sources. There are almost always not enough documents for them to study and to rely on to create a full picture of the past. Historians would always have to work on what is only available. Historical methods guide us on the proper ways of handling limited evidence to develop substantive and logical historical explanation and arguments. Classification of Historical Sources Historical sources can be classified between primary and secondary sources. Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history. Secondary sources are relevant because they enrich our historical knowledge.  Historians who wish to contribute to historical knowledge should first have to grasp on the existing body of works on a particular topic to gain expertise and to be familiar with how other historians looked at specific historical topics and to determine gaps in historical knowledge that they can fill as they conduct their original historical research.  EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CRITICISM OF PRIMARY SOURCES  Criticism is especially crucial for primary sources that could have been subjected to different levels of deterioration because of old age or even to forgery. External criticism is the practice of verifying evidence’s authenticity by examining its physical characteristics, consistency with the historical character of the time when it was supposedly produced, and the historical source’s materials. Essential process that historian should undertake; otherwise, he would commit the mistake of using illegitimate of fake documents. Historians should be able to detect these errors skillfully. Leads to falsification of information, forgery, omissions, and other modifications.  Internal criticism is the examination of the content of a particular document. Primary sources are context-specific materials that are easy to misunderstand. Internal criticism entails looking at the content of the source and examining the circumstance of its production. Validating historical sources is essential because the use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful sources and evidences can lead to equally false conclusions. The hoax Code of Kalantiaw.-William Henry Scott Ang mga Maharlika-Guerrilla unit (Dr. Ricardo T. Jose)  Knowledge about the ancient Philippine societies enabled Scott and other historians to criticize and ultimately debunk the Code of Kalantiaw as a legitimate primary sources. Corroboration revealed the fakeness of Ferdinand Marcos’ war medals. In 2016, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines concluded that these awards were not real, and Marcos’ claimed war exploits that won him the medals were fake. Renowned World War II historian Dr. Ricardo T. Jose found this implausible. PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES SERVE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, AND BOTH ARE IMPORTANT FOR HISTORIANS AND STUDENTS OF HISTORY. PRIMARY SOURCES ARE IMPORTANT REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PAST THAT ARE ANALYZED AND INTERPRETED BY HISTORIANS. SECONDARY SOURCES ARE HISTORICAL TEXTS READ BY STUDENTS TO GAIN HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE AND BY HISTORIANS AS RELATED TEXTS TO THEIR RESEARCH. HISTORIANS SHOULD EMPLOY INTERNAL & EXTERNAL CRITICISM TO DEBUNK FALSE HISTORICAL CLAIMS SUCH AS THE CODE OF KALINTIAW AND MARCOS’ FAKE WAR MEDALS. Philippine Historiography Lesson Objectives 1 Describe and trace the development of history as a discipline in the Philippines; 2 Relate how historical context influences the way history is written and interpreted; and 3 Differentiate the way colonizers and Filipinos perceive history at different periods. Key Concepts Kasaysayan -Narrative of the past that has a significance to the community where it belongs. Nationalist historiography - History that is focused on the masses and not on the colonizers. Pantayong Pananaw - The philosophical anchor of bagong kasaysayan. It emphasizes the need to foster an internal discourse among the masses in writing their history.  Historiography is both philosophical and scientific. Philosophical because “thinking about thinking” Scientific because it involve in systemic inventory and empirical analyses of historical works. Philippine history can be illustrative case.  History of Philippine History Kasaysayan was derived from the root word “saysay” means sense or significance. Kasaysayan refers to stories that were deemed significant to the community. The oral character of kasaysayan also rendered it with a sense of dynamism. Consisted of epics, legends, and myths considered fantastical and not factual, kasaysayan may be viewed by some as unhistorical.  Epics and songs included in their rituals and ceremonies served different purposes: communicating with their deities, bringing their community together, or teaching the younger generation about their legends, heroes, gods and goddesses, and myths. Spanish Historiography in the Philippines The Spanish “historia” replaced the narrative of our civilization. Historia was a narrative of the foreign colonizers regarding their observation, life, and experiences in the islands. History as an archipelago “bipartite view”. 1. Before arrival of the Spaniards was a period of “darkness” - natives were uncivilized, barbaric, and backward (believed in false gods and deities. 2. Light came Spaniards arrived, carving a civilization out of this wilderness and introducing the people to the one true Christian God.  History of the Ilustrados and the Katipunan Mid-nineteenth century, a sector of the native and mestizo population was given a chance to acquire a certain level of education that accorded them the status of Ilustrados or enlightened. The affluence and intelligence eventually led them to aspire for reforms in the colony. Ilustrados viewed our history as tripartite: 1. A period of prosperity 2. A period of darkness 3. A period of enligtenment  The secret brotherhood, the KKK or Katipunan was formed. Katipunan envisioned a complete revolution that would overthrow the colonial government altogether. The katipunan created not just by the moneyed and educated class of indios and mestizos, but also by workers, artisan, local, intellectuals, clerks and small entrepreneurs. Katipunan wrote almost exclusively in Filipino because they were rallying for the support of their countrymen for the revolution.  American Historiography in the Philippines This concept prompted novel ways of colonizing the Philippines by turning the Filipinos into “little brown Americans”. American colonial period made public instruction available to nearly every Filipino. Institutionalized history in public universities and educational institutions carried an American perspective since the Americans strictly controlled the education system. The 1st chairperson of the Department of History in the U.S established University of the Philippines was American historian “Austin Craig”.  Historians of the period would refer to it as the “Philippine Insurrection” instead of the “Filipino-American War.” 1. Asserting the United States’ legitimacy to govern the Philippine Islands, and those who waged war against them were ordinary rebels. 2. Ascribing the war as a mere insurrection, they refused to recognize the independent Philippine republic declared by the Philippine revolutionaries in 1898.  Philippine Nationalist Historiography This increase in interest also prompted a diverse and energetic understanding and interpretation of history. Filipino historians Teodoro Agoncillo, Renato Constantino, and Reynaldo Ileto pioneered an intellectual movement in history that articulated views that are pro-Filipino, nationalist, progressive, and pro-people, pro-masses, and pro-poor.  Teodoro Agoncillo - Philippine Revolution of 1896-1898 Renato Constantino - Front-runner of progressive and Marxist history. Amado Guerrero - Marxism inspired Adopting the Marxist idea of historical materialism, Guerrero’s Philippine Society and Revolution - relationship between classes Reynaldo - the desire to truly reflect and place the masses at the center of the country’s history.  Pantayong Pananaw & Bagong Kasaysayan Zeus Salazar - member of UP Department of History. New philosophy that would guide a new historical and social scientific scholarship tradition. Truly reclaim our history, a fundamental change in perspective is necessary. Pantayong Pananaw or from-us-for-us perspective Pansilang Pananaw or from-them-for-them perspective Pangkaming Pananaw or from-us-for-them perspective  Pantayong Pananaw served as the philosophical foundation of Bagong Kasaysayan. Pantayong Pananaw & Bagong Kasaysayan embody the most radical and ambitious attempts at genuine Filipinization of our history. Lesson Summary Philippine historiography transformed from one historical period to another. These changes reflect the dominant discourse of the time. The Spanish colonizers viewed Philippine history as “darkness & light” The propagandistas and the katipuneros held a tripartite view of history. Nationalist historiography emerged as a reaction to the colonial interpretation of history. Nationalist historians aimed at placing the masses at the center of history. Pantayong Pananaw is the philisophical guide of bagong kasaysayan.