Commonly Used Drugs PDF - June 2020

Commonly Used Drugs Many drugs can alter a person’s thinking and judgment, and can lead to health risks, including addiction, drugged driving, infectious disease, and adverse effects on pregnancy. Information on commonly used drugs with the potential for misuse or addiction can be found here. For i...

Commonly Used Drugs Many drugs can alter a person’s thinking and judgment, and can lead to health risks, including addiction, drugged driving, infectious disease, and adverse effects on pregnancy. Information on commonly used drugs with the potential for misuse or addiction can be found here. For information about treatment options for substance use disorders, see NIDA’s Treatment pages. For drug use trends, see our Trends and Statistics page. For the most up-to-date slang terms, please see Slang Terms and Code Words: A Reference for Law Enforcement Personnel (DEA, PDF, 1MB). The following drugs are included in this resource: Alcohol Methamphetamine Ayahuasca Over-the-Counter Medicines--Dextromethorphan Central Nervous System Depressants (DXM) Cocaine Over-the-Counter Medicines--Loperamide DMT PCP GHB Prescription Opioids Hallucinogens Prescription Stimulants Heroin Psilocybin Inhalants Rohypnol® (Flunitrazepam) Ketamine Salvia Khat Steroids (Anabolic) Kratom Synthetic Cannabinoids LSD Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts") Marijuana (Cannabis) Tobacco/Nicotine MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) Mescaline (Peyote) **Drugs are classified into five distinct categories or schedules “depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use and the drug’s abuse or dependency potential.” More information and the most up-to-date scheduling information can be found on the Drug Enforcement Administration’s website. June 2020  Alcohol People drink to socialize, celebrate, and relax. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people—and throughout history, people have struggled to understand and manage alcohol’s power. Why does alcohol cause people to act and feel differently? How much is too much? Why do some people become addicted while others do not? The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is researching the answers to these and many other questions about alcohol. Here’s what is known: Alcohol’s effects vary from person to person, depending on a variety of factors, including: ▪ How much you drink ▪ How often you drink ▪ Your age ▪ Your health status ▪ Your family history While drinking alcohol is itself not necessarily a problem—drinking too much can cause a range of consequences, and increase your risk for a variety of problems. For more information on alcohol’s effects on the body, please see the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s related web page describing alcohol’s effects on the body. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 2 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Ayahuasca A tea made in the Amazon from a plant (Psychotria viridis) containing the hallucinogen DMT, along with another vine (Banisteriopsis caapi) that contains an MAO inhibitor preventing the natural breakdown of DMT in the digestive system, which enhances serotonergic activity. It was used historically in Amazonian religious and healing rituals. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Aya, Hoasca, Vine, No commercial uses Brewed as tea Swallowed as tea DMT is Yagé Schedule I, but plants containing it are not controlled Possible Health Effects Short-term Strong hallucinations including altered visual and auditory perceptions; increased heart rate and blood pressure; nausea; burning sensation in the stomach; tingling sensations and increased skin sensitivity. Long-term Possible changes to the serotoninergic and immune systems, although more research is needed. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications It is not known whether ayahuasca is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ayahuasca or other hallucinogens. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if ayahuasca is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 3 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Central Nervous System Depressants Medications that slow brain activity, which makes them useful for treating anxiety and sleep problems. For more information, see the Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA (Common) Schedule Barbs, Dolls, Barbiturates: Pill, capsule, liquid Swallowed, injected II, III, IV Phennies, pentobarbital Red/BlueBirds, (Nembutal®) Tooties, Yellow Jackets, Yellows Benzos, Downers, Benzodiazepines: Pill, capsule, liquid Swallowed, snorted IV Poles, Tranks, Totem alprazolam (Xanax®), Z-Bars, Vs, chlorodiazepoxide Yellow/Blue Zs, (Librium®), diazepam Zannies (Valium®), lorazepam (Ativan®), triazolam (Halicon®) Forget-me pill, Looney Sleep Medications: Pill, capsule, liquid Swallowed, snorted IV Bar, Mexican Valium, eszopiclone (Lunesta®), R2, Roche, Tic-Tacs, zaleplon (Sonata®), Sleepeasy, Symphony, zolpidem (Ambien®) Zombie flip Possible Health Effects Short-term Drowsiness, slurred speech, poor concentration, confusion, dizziness, problems with movement and memory, lowered blood pressure, slowed breathing. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Sleep medications are sometimes used as date rape drugs. Issues Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Further slows heart rate and breathing, which can lead to death. Alcohol Withdrawal Must be discussed with a health care provider; barbiturate withdrawal can cause a serious Symptoms abstinence syndrome that may even include seizures. Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to prescription sedatives; lowering the dose over time must be done with the help of a health care provider. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to prescription sedatives. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 4 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Cocaine A powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. For more information, see the Cocaine Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Blow, Bump, C, Coke, Cocaine hydrochloride White powder, whitish rock Snorted, smoked, II Crack, Dust, Flake, topical solution (low crystal injected Nose Candy, Rock, dose anesthetic used Snow, Sneeze, Sniff, in certain medical Toot, White Rock procedures) With heroin: Speedball Possible Health Effects Short-term Narrowed blood vessels; enlarged pupils; increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure; headache; abdominal pain and nausea; euphoria; increased energy, alertness; insomnia, restlessness; anxiety; erratic and violent behavior, panic attacks, paranoia, psychosis; heart rhythm problems, heart attack; stroke, seizure, coma. Long-term Loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, nasal damage and trouble swallowing from snorting; infection and death of bowel tissue from decreased blood flow; poor nutrition and weight loss; lung damage from smoking. Other Health-related Pregnancy: premature delivery, low birth weight, deficits in self-regulation and attention in school-aged Issues children prenatally exposed. Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Greater risk of cardiac toxicity than from either drug alone. Alcohol Withdrawal Depression, tiredness, increased appetite, insomnia, vivid unpleasant dreams, slowed Symptoms movement, restlessness. Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat cocaine addiction. Behavioral Therapies Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Contingency management, or motivational incentives, including vouchers The Matrix Model Community-based recovery groups, such as 12-Step programs Mobile medical application: reSET® National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 5 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  DMT Dimethyltriptamine (DMT) is a synthetic drug that produces intense but relatively short-lived hallucinogenic experiences; it is also found naturally in some South American plants (see Ayahuasca). For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Businessman’s No commercial uses White or yellow Smoked, injected I Special, DMT, Dimitri crystalline powder Possible Health Effects Short-term Intense visual hallucinations, depersonalization, auditory distortions, and an altered perception of time and body image, usually peaking in about 30 minutes when drank as tea. Physical effects include hypertension, increased heart rate, agitation, seizures, dilated pupils. Long-term Unknown Other Health-related At high doses, cardiac and respiratory arrest have occurred. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications It is not known whether DMT is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to DMT or other hallucinogens. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if DMT is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 6 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  GHB Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a depressant approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy, a disorder that causes daytime "sleep attacks". Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule G, Gamma-oh, GEEB, Gamma- Colorless liquid, white Swallowed (often I Georgia Home Boy, hydroxybutyrate or powder combined with Gina, Goop, Grievous sodium oxybate alcohol or other Bodily Harm, Liquid (Xyrem®) beverages) Ecstasy, Liquid X, Scoop, Soap Possible Health Effects Short-term Euphoria, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, unconsciousness, slowed heart rate and breathing, lower body temperature, seizures, coma, death. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Sometimes used as a date rape drug. Issues In Combination with Nausea, problems with breathing, greatly increased depressant effects. Alcohol Withdrawal Insomnia, anxiety, tremors, sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure, psychotic Symptoms thoughts. Treatment Options Medications Benzodiazepines Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat GHB addiction. Hallucinogens Drugs that cause profound distortions in a person’s perceptions of reality, such as ketamine, LSD, mescaline (peyote), PCP, psilocybin, salvia, DMT, and ayahuasca. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 7 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Heroin An opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance extracted from the seed pod of various opium poppy plants. For more information, see the Heroin Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Brown sugar, China No commercial uses White or brownish Injected, smoked, I White, Chiva Dope, H, powder, or black sticky snorted Horse, Junk, Skag, substance known as Skunk, Smack, White "black tar heroin" Horse With OTC nighttime cold medicine: Cheese With Marijuana: A- Bomb Possible Health Effects Short-term Euphoria; dry mouth; itching; nausea; vomiting; analgesia; slowed breathing and heart rate. Long-term Collapsed veins; abscesses (swollen tissue with pus); infection of the lining and valves in the heart; constipation and stomach cramps; liver or kidney disease. Other Health-related Pregnancy: miscarriage, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome. Issues Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Dangerous slowdown of heart rate and breathing, coma, death. Alcohol Withdrawal Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose Symptoms bumps ("cold turkey"). Treatment Options Medications Methadone Buprenorphine Naltrexone (short- and long-acting forms) Behavioral Therapies Contingency management, or motivational incentives 12-Step facilitation therapy National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 8 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Inhalants Solvents, aerosols, and gases found in household products such as spray paints, markers, glues, and cleaning fluids; also prescription nitrites. For more information, see the Inhalants Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Air blast, Aimies, Various household Paint thinners or removers, Inhaled through the Not Bullets, Laughing gas, products degreasers, dry-cleaning nose or mouth scheduled Moon gas, Oz, fluids, gasoline, lighter fluids, Poppers, Snappers, correction fluids, permanent Amyl nitrite (a Snotballs, Toilet markers, electronics cleaners prescription solution) is Water, Whippets, and freeze sprays, glue, spray used to relieve pain of Whiteout paint, hair or deodorant angina attacks (chest sprays, fabric protector pain). sprays, aerosol computer cleaning products, vegetable oil sprays, butane lighters, propane tanks, whipped cream aerosol containers, refrigerant gases, ether, chloroform, halothane, nitrous oxide, prescription nitrites Possible Health Effects Short-term Confusion; nausea; slurred speech; lack of coordination; euphoria; dizziness; drowsiness; disinhibition, lightheadedness, hallucinations/delusions; headaches; sudden sniffing death due to heart failure (from butane, propane, and other chemicals in aerosols); death from asphyxiation, suffocation, convulsions or seizures, coma, or choking. Nitrites: enlarged blood vessels, enhanced sexual pleasure, increased heart rate, brief sensation of heat and excitement, dizziness, headache. Long-term Liver and kidney damage; bone marrow damage; limb spasms due to nerve damage; brain damage from lack of oxygen that can cause problems with thinking, movement, vision, and hearing. Nitrites: increased risk of pneumonia. Other Health-related Pregnancy: low birth weight, bone problems, delayed behavioral development due to brain Issues problems, altered metabolism and body composition. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Nausea, tremors, irritability, problems sleeping, and mood changes. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat inhalant addiction. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat inhalant addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 9 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Ketamine A dissociative drug used as an anesthetic in veterinary practice. Dissociative drugs are hallucinogens that cause the user to feel detached from reality. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Cat Valium, K, Lady K, Ketalar®, a surgical Liquid, white powder When misused: III Special K, Vitamin K anesthetic Injected, snorted, SpravatoTM smoked (powder (esketamine), added to tobacco or prescribed for marijuana cigarettes), treatment resistant swallowed depression used under strict medical Prescription formulas supervision are injections or nasal Ketaset, a surgical sprays. anesthesia used by veterinarians Possible Health Effects Short-term Problems with attention, learning, and memory; dreamlike states, hallucinations; sedation; confusion; loss of memory; raised blood pressure; unconsciousness; dangerously slowed breathing. Long-term Ulcers and pain in the bladder; kidney problems; stomach pain; depression; poor memory. Other Health-related Sometimes used as a date rape drug. Issues Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Increased risk of adverse effects. Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Unknown. Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ketamine or other dissociative drugs. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 10 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Khat Pronounced "cot," a shrub (Catha edulis) found in East Africa and southern Arabia; contains the psychoactive chemicals cathinone and cathine. People from African and Arabian regions (up to an estimated 20 million worldwide) have used khat for centuries as part of cultural tradition and for its stimulant-like effects. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Abyssinian Tea, African No commercial uses Fresh or dried leaves Chewed, brewed Cathinone is Salad, Catha, Chat, Kat, as tea a Schedule I Oat drug, making khat use illegal, but the khat plant is not controlled Possible Health Effects Short-term Euphoria, increased alertness and arousal, increased blood pressure and heart rate, depression, paranoia, headaches, loss of appetite, insomnia, fine tremors, loss of short-term memory. Long-term Gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, ulcers, and stomach inflammation; and increased risk of heart attack. Other Health-related In rare cases associated with heavy use: psychotic reactions such as fear, anxiety, grandiose Issues delusions (fantastical beliefs that one has superior qualities such as fame, power, and wealth), hallucinations, and paranoia. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Depression, nightmares, low blood pressure, and lack of energy. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications It is not known whether khat is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to khat. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if khat is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 11 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Kratom A tropical deciduous tree (Mitragyna speciosa) native to Southeast Asia, with leaves that contain many compounds, including mitragynine, a psychoactive (mind-altering) opioid. Kratom is consumed for mood-lifting effects and pain relief and as an aphrodisiac. For more information, see the Kratom DrugFacts. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Herbal Speedball, Biak-biak, None Fresh or dried leaves, Chewed (whole leaves); Not Ketum, Kahuam, Thang, powder, liquid, gum eaten (mixed in food or scheduled Thom brewed as tea); occasionally smoked Possible Health Effects Short-term Nausea, dizziness, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, loss of appetite. Low doses: increased energy, sociability, alertness. High doses: sedation, euphoria, decreased pain. Long-term Anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, skin darkening, constipation. Hallucination and paranoia with long-term use at high doses. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Muscle aches, insomnia, hostility, aggression, emotional changes, runny nose, jerky Symptoms movements. Treatment Options Medications No clinical trials have been conducted on medications for kratom addiction. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to kratom. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 12 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  LSD A hallucinogen manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD is an abbreviation of the scientific name lysergic acid diethylamide. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Acid, Blotter, Boomers, No commercial uses Tablet; capsule; clear liquid; Swallowed, absorbed I Cid, Golden Dragon, small, decorated squares of through mouth Looney Tunes, Lucy absorbent paper that liquid tissues (paper Mae, Microdots, Tabs, has been added to squares) Yellow Sunshine Possible Health Effects Short-term Rapid emotional swings; distortion of a person’s ability to recognize reality, think rationally, or communicate with others; raised blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature; dizziness; loss of appetite; tremors; enlarged pupils. Long-term Frightening flashbacks (called Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder [HPPD]); ongoing visual disturbances, disorganized thinking, paranoia, and mood swings. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to LSD or other hallucinogens. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to hallucinogens. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 13 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Marijuana (Cannabis) Marijuana is made from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. The main psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical in marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. For more information, see the Marijuana Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule 420, Blunt, Bud, Various brand names in Greenish-gray mixture of Smoked, Vaped, Eaten I Doobie, Dope, Ganja, states where the sale dried, shredded leaves, (mixed in food or brewed Grass, Green, Herb, of marijuana is legal stems, seeds, and/or as tea) Joint, Mary Jane, Pot, flowers; resin (hashish) or Reefer, Sinsemilla, sticky, black liquid (hash Skunk, Smoke, oil) Stinkweed, Trees, Weed, Hashish: Boom, Gangster, Hash, Hemp Concentrates: Budder, Crumble, Shatter, Wax In food: Edibles Added to hollowed out cigar: Blunt Possible Health Effects Short-term Enhanced sensory perception and euphoria followed by drowsiness/relaxation; slowed reaction time; problems with balance and coordination; increased heart rate and appetite; problems with learning and memory; anxiety. Long-term Mental health problems, chronic cough, frequent respiratory infections. Other Health-related THC vaping products mixed with the filler Vitamin E acetate (and possibly other chemicals) Issues has led to serious lung illnesses and deaths. Pregnancy: babies born with problems with attention, memory, and problem solving. In Combination with Increased heart rate, blood pressure; further slowing of mental processing and reaction Alcohol time. Withdrawal Irritability, trouble sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat marijuana addiction. Behavioral Therapies Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Contingency management, or motivational incentives Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) Behavioral treatments geared to adolescents Mobile medical application: reSET® National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 14 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) A synthetic, psychoactive drug that has similarities to both the stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. MDMA is an abbreviation of the scientific name 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. For more information, see the MDMA (Ecstasy) Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Adam, E, X, XTC, No commercial uses; is Colorful tablets with Swallowed, snorted I Beans, Candy, E- being researched as imprinted logos, bomb, Thizz, Love therapy for Post capsules, powder, liquid Drug, Molly, Rolls, Traumatic Stress Skittles, Sweets, Disorder (PTSD) under Vitamin E or X. strict medical supervision. Possible Health Effects Short-term Lowered inhibition; enhanced sensory perception; increased heart rate and blood pressure; muscle tension; nausea; faintness; chills or sweating; sharp rise in body temperature leading to kidney failure or death. Long-term Long-lasting confusion, depression, problems with attention, memory, and sleep; increased anxiety, impulsiveness; less interest in sex. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with MDMA decreases some of alcohol’s effects. Alcohol can increase plasma concentrations of Alcohol MDMA, which may increase the risk of neurotoxic effects. Withdrawal Fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, trouble concentrating. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There is conflicting evidence about whether MDMA is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat MDMA addiction. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat MDMA addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 15 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Mescaline (Peyote) A hallucinogen found in disk-shaped "buttons" in the crown of several cacti, including peyote. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Big Chief, Buttons, No commercial uses Fresh or dried buttons, Swallowed (chewed I Cactus, Mescalito capsule or soaked in water and drunk) Possible Health Effects Short-term Enhanced perception and feeling; hallucinations; euphoria; anxiety; increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; sweating; problems with movement. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to mescaline or other hallucinogens. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to hallucinogens. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 16 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Methamphetamine An extremely addictive stimulant amphetamine drug. For more information, see the Methamphetamine Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Crank, Chalk, Crystal, Desoxyn® used to treat White powder or pill; Swallowed, snorted, II Dunk, Gak, Ice, Meth, Attention Deficit crystal meth looks like smoked, injected Pookie, Quartz, Rocket Hyperactivity Disorder. pieces of glass or shiny Fuel, Scooby Snax, blue-white "rocks" of Speed, Trash different sizes With cocaine: Croak, Shabu With MDMA: Hugs and Kisses, Party and Play (P&P) Possible Health Effects Short-term Increased wakefulness and physical activity; decreased appetite; increased breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature; irregular heartbeat. Long-term Anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood problems, violent behavior, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, weight loss, severe dental problems ("meth mouth"), intense itching leading to skin sores from scratching. Other Health-related Pregnancy: premature delivery; separation of the placenta from the uterus; low birth Issues weight; lethargy; heart and brain problems. Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Masks the depressant effect of alcohol, increasing risk of alcohol overdose; may increase Alcohol blood pressure. Withdrawal Depression, anxiety, tiredness. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat methamphetamine addiction. Behavioral Therapies Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Contingency management, or motivational incentives The Matrix Model 12-Step facilitation therapy Mobile medical application: reSET® National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 17 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Over-the-Counter Medicines--Dextromethorphan (DXM) Psychoactive when taken in higher-than-recommended amounts. For more information, see the Over-the-Counter Medicines DrugFacts. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Poor Man’s PCP, Various (many brand Syrup, capsule Swallowed Not Robo, Robotripping, names include "DM") scheduled Skittles, Triple C Possible Health Effects Short-term Cough relief; euphoria; slurred speech; increased heart rate and blood pressure; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Breathing problems, seizures, and increased heart rate may occur from other ingredients in Issues cough/cold medicines. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to dextromethorphan. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dextromethorphan. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 18 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Over-the-Counter Medicines--Loperamide An anti-diarrheal that can cause euphoria when taken in higher-than-recommended doses. For more information, see the Over-the-Counter Medicines DrugFacts. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Lope dope, Poor Imodium®, an OTC Tablet, capsule, or liquid Swallowed Not man’s methadone medication for diarrhea scheduled Possible Health Effects Short-term Controls diarrhea symptoms. In high does, can produce euphoria. May lessen cravings and withdrawal symptoms of other drugs. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Fainting, stomach pain, constipation, loss of consciousness, cardiovascular toxicity, pupil Issues dilation, drowsiness, dizziness, and kidney failure from urinary retention. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Severe anxiety, vomiting, and diarrhea. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to over-the-counter cough/cold medicines. Behavioral Therapies The same behavioral therapies that have helped treat addiction to heroin may be used to treat addiction to loperamide. Contingency management, or motivational incentives National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 19 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  PCP A dissociative drug developed as an intravenous anesthetic that has been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. Dissociative drugs are hallucinogens that cause the user to feel detached from reality. PCP is an abbreviation of the scientific name, phencyclidine. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Angel Dust, No commercial uses White or colored powder, Injected, snorted, I, II Embalming fluid, Hog, tablet, or capsule; clear liquid swallowed, smoked Rocket Fuel, Sherms, (powder added to Mixed with marijuana: mint, parsley, Zoom oregano, or marijuana) Possible Health Effects Short-term Delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, problems thinking, a sense of distance from one’s environment, anxiety. Low doses: slight increase in breathing rate; increased blood pressure and heart rate; shallow breathing; face redness and sweating; numbness of the hands or feet; problems with movement. High doses: nausea; vomiting; flicking up and down of the eyes; drooling; loss of balance; dizziness; violence; seizures, coma, and death. Long-term Memory loss, problems with speech and thinking, loss of appetite, anxiety. Other Health-related PCP has been linked to self-injury. Issues Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Headaches, increased appetite, sleepiness, depression Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to PCP or other dissociative drugs. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 20 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Prescription Opioids Pain relievers with an origin similar to that of heroin. Opioids can cause euphoria and are often used nonmedically, leading to overdose deaths. For more information, see the Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA (Common) Schedule Captain Cody, Coties, Codeine (various brand Tablet, capsule, liquid Injected, swallowed II, III, V Schoolboy, names) (often mixed with soda With soft and flavorings) drinks/candy: Lean, Sizzurp, Purple Drank With hypnotic sedatives: Doors & Fours, Loads, Pancakes and Syrup Apache, Blonde, Blue Fentanyl (Actiq®, Lozenge, sublingual Injected, smoked, II Diamond, Blue Duragesic®, tablet, film, buccal tablet snorted Diamond, China Sublimaze®) Buffet, China White, Snowflake, Humid, Jackpot, Murder 8, Tango and Cash, TNT, White Ladies, With heroin: Birria With heroin pills: Facebook Vikes, Veeks, Idiot Hydrocodone or Capsule, liquid, tablet Swallowed, snorted, II Pills, Scratch, 357s, dihydrocodeinone injected Lemonade, Bananas, (Vicodin®, Norco®, Dones, Droco, Lorries, Zohydro®, and others) With valium and vodka: Triple V D, Dillies, K4, Needle Hydromorphone Liquid, suppository Injected, rectal II Candy, (Dilaudid®) Demmies, Pain Killer Meperidine (Demerol®) Tablet, liquid Swallowed, snorted, II injected Amidone, Biscuits, Methadone Tablet, dispersible tablet, Swallowed, injected II Fizzies , Jungle Juice, (Dolophine®, liquid Maria, Wafer Methadose®) With MDMA: Chocolate Chip Cookies Dreamer, First Line, Morphine Tablet, liquid, capsule, Injected, swallowed, II, III Joy Juice, Morpho, (Duramorph®, MS suppository smoked Miss Emma, Monkey, Contin®) White Stuff, Mister Blue, Unkie National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 21 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  30s, 40s, 512s, Oxy, Oxycodone Capsule, liquid, tablet Swallowed, snorted, II Beans, Blues, Buttons, (OxyContin®, injected Cotton, Hillbilly Heroin Percodan®, Percocet®, Kickers, Killers, Percs, and others) Roxy Biscuits, Blue Heaven, Oxymorphone Tablet Swallowed, snorted, II Blues, Mrs. O, O (Opana®) injected Bomb, Octagons, Stop Signs Possible Health Effects Short-term Pain relief, drowsiness, nausea, constipation, euphoria, slowed breathing, death. Long-term Increased risk of overdose or addiction if misused. Other Health-related Pregnancy: Miscarriage, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome. Issues Older adults: higher risk of accidental misuse because many older adults have multiple prescriptions, increasing the risk of drug-drug interactions, and breakdown of drugs slows with age; also, many older adults are treated with prescription medications for pain. Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Dangerous slowing of heart rate and breathing leading to coma or death. Alcohol Withdrawal Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose Symptoms bumps ("cold turkey"), leg movements. Treatment Options Medications Methadone Buprenorphine Naltrexone (short- and long-acting) Behavioral Therapies The same behavioral therapies that have helped treat addiction to heroin are used to treat prescription opioid addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 22 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Prescription Stimulants Medications that increase alertness, attention, energy, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate. For more information, see the Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA (Common) Schedule Addys, Bennies, Amphetamine Tablet, capsule Swallowed, snorted, II Beans, Black Beauties, (Adderall®) smoked, injected Crosses, Hearts, Ivy League Drug, Pep Pills, Speed, Truck Drivers, Uppers Diet Coke, JIF, Kiddie Methylphenidate Liquid, tablet, chewable Swallowed, snorted, II Coke, MPH, R-Ball, R- (Concerta®, Ritalin®) tablet, capsule smoked, injected, Pop, Skippy, Study chewed Buddies , The Smart Drug, Vitamin R Possible Health Effects Short-term Increased alertness, attention, energy; increased blood pressure and heart rate; narrowed blood vessels; increased blood sugar; opened-up breathing passages. High doses: dangerously high body temperature and irregular heartbeat; heart disease; seizures. Long-term Heart problems, psychosis, anger, paranoia. Other Health-related Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. Issues In Combination with Masks the depressant action of alcohol, increasing risk of alcohol overdose; may increase Alcohol blood pressure. Withdrawal Depression, tiredness, sleep problems. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat stimulant addiction. Behavioral Therapies Behavioral therapies that have helped treat addiction to cocaine or methamphetamine may be useful in treating prescription stimulant addiction. Mobile medical application: reSET® National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 23 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Psilocybin A hallucinogen in certain types of mushrooms that grow in parts of South America, Mexico, and the United States. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Little Smoke, Magic No commercial uses; Fresh or dried Swallowed (eaten, I Mushrooms, Purple being researched as mushrooms with long, brewed as tea, or added Passion, Sacred Mush, therapy for treatment- slender stems topped by to other foods) Sewage Fruit, resistant depression caps with dark gills Shrooms, Zoomers under strict medical supervision. Possible Health Effects Short-term Hallucinations, altered perception of time, inability to tell fantasy from reality, panic, muscle relaxation or weakness, problems with movement, enlarged pupils, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness. Long-term Risk of flashbacks and memory problems. Other Health-related Risk of poisoning if a poisonous mushroom is accidentally used. Issues In Combination with May decrease the perceived effects of alcohol. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. symptoms Treatment Options Medications It is not known whether psilocybin is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to psilocybin or other hallucinogens. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if psilocybin is addictive and whether behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to this or other hallucinogens. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 24 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Rohypnol® (Flunitrazepam) A benzodiazepine chemically similar to prescription sedatives such as Valium® and Xanax®. Teens and young adults tend to misuse this drug at bars, nightclubs, concerts, and parties. It has been used to commit sexual assaults due to its ability to sedate and incapacitate unsuspecting victims. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Circles, Date Rape Drug, Flunitrazepam, Tablet Swallowed (as a pill or IV Forget-Me Pill, La Rocha, as dissolved in a drink), Mexican Valium, Mind Rohypnol® snorted Rohypnol® is Eraser, Pingus, R2, Rib, not approved Variations of: Roaches, for medical use Roapies, Rochas Dos, in the United Roofies, Rope, Rophies, States; it is Rowie, Ruffies available as a prescription sleep aid in other countries. Possible Health Effects Short-term Drowsiness, sedation, sleep; amnesia, blackout; decreased anxiety; muscle relaxation, impaired reaction time and motor coordination; impaired mental functioning and judgment; confusion; aggression; excitability; slurred speech; headache; slowed breathing and heart rate. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with Severe sedation, unconsciousness, and slowed heart rate and breathing, which can lead to Alcohol death. Withdrawal Headache; muscle pain; extreme anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability; numbness Symptoms and tingling of hands or feet; hallucinations, delirium, convulsions, seizures, or shock. Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to Rohypnol® or other prescription sedatives. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to Rohypnol® or other prescription sedatives. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 25 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Salvia A dissociative drug (Salvia divinorum) that is an herb in the mint family native to southern Mexico. Dissociative drugs are hallucinogens that cause the user to feel detached from reality. For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Chia seeds, Diviner’s Sold legally in most Fresh or dried leaves Smoked, chewed, or Not Sage, Magic Mint, states as Salvia brewed as tea Scheduled Sally-D, Ska Pastora, divinorum (but labeled drug of concern by DEA and illegal in some states) Possible Health Effects Short-term Short-lived but intense hallucinations; altered visual perception, mood, body sensations; mood swings, feelings of detachment from one’s body; sweating. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Unknown. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Unknown. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications It is not known whether salvia is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to salvia or other dissociative drugs. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if salvia is addictive, but behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 26 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Steroids (Anabolic) Man-made substances used to treat conditions caused by low levels of steroid hormones in the body and misused to enhance athletic and sexual performance and physical appearance. For more information, see the Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA (Common) Schedule Gear, Gym Candy, Nandrolone Tablet, capsule, liquid Injected, swallowed, III Juice, Pumpers, Roids, (Oxandrin®), drops, gel, cream, patch, applied to skin Stacking oxandrolone injectable solution (Anadrol®), oxymetholone (Anadrol-50®), testosterone cypionate (Depo-testosterone®) Possible Health Effects Short-term Builds muscles, improved athletic performance. Acne, fluid retention (especially in the hands and feet), oily skin, yellowing of the skin, infection. Long-term Kidney damage or failure; liver damage; high blood pressure, enlarged heart, or changes in cholesterol leading to increased risk of stroke or heart attack, even in young people; aggression; extreme mood swings; anger ("roid rage"); extreme irritability; delusions; impaired judgment. Other Health-related Males: shrunken testicles, lowered sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of Issues breasts. Females: facial hair, male-pattern baldness, enlargement of the clitoris, deepened voice. Adolescents: stunted growth. Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Increased risk of violent behavior. Alcohol Withdrawal Mood swings; tiredness; restlessness; loss of appetite; insomnia; lowered sex drive; Symptoms depression, sometimes leading to suicide attempts. Treatment Options Medications Hormone therapy. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat steroid addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 27 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Synthetic Cannabinoids A wide variety of herbal mixtures containing man-made cannabinoid chemicals related to THC in marijuana but often much stronger and more dangerous. Sometimes misleadingly called "synthetic marijuana" and marketed as a "natural," "safe," legal alternative to marijuana. For more information, see the Synthetic Cannabinoids DrugFacts. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Black Mamba, Bliss, No commercial uses, Dried, shredded plant Smoked, swallowed I Bombay Blue, Fake but new formulations material that looks like (brewed as tea) Weed, Fire, Genie, K-2, are sold under various potpourri and is Moon Rocks, Solar names to attract young sometimes sold as Flare, Skunk, Smacked, adults. Many "incense" Spice, Yucatan, Zohai formulations have been outlawed. Possible Health Effects Short-term Increased heart rate; vomiting; agitation; confusion; hallucinations, anxiety, paranoia; increased blood pressure. Long-term Unknown. Other Health-related Use of synthetic cannabinoids has led to an increase in emergency room visits in certain Issues areas. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Headaches, anxiety, depression, irritability. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat synthetic cannabinoid addiction. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat synthetic cannabinoid addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 28 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts") An emerging family of drugs containing one or more synthetic chemicals related to cathinone, a stimulant found naturally in the khat plant. Examples of such chemicals include mephedrone, methylone, and 3,4- methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). For more information, see the Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts") DrugFacts. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways DEA Taken Schedule Bath Blow, Bloom, No commercial uses White or brown crystalline Swallowed, I Blue Silk, Bubbles, for ingested "bath powder sold in small plastic snorted, injected Some Cloud Nine, Cosmic salts." No relation to or foil packages labeled "not formulations Blast, Flakka, Ivory “Epsom salt,” sold as a for human consumption" and have been Wave, Lunar Wave, bath product. sometimes sold as jewelry banned by Salting, Scarface, cleaner; tablet, capsule, the DEA Vanilla Sky, White liquid Lightning, Wicked X Possible Health Effects Short-term Increased heart rate and blood pressure; euphoria; increased sociability and sex drive; paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations; violent behavior; sweating; nausea, vomiting; insomnia; irritability; dizziness; depression; panic attacks; reduced motor control; cloudy thinking. Long-term Death. Other Health-related Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. Issues In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Depression, anxiety. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to synthetic cathinones. Behavioral Therapies Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Contingency management, or motivational incentives Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) Behavioral treatments geared to teens National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 29 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020  Tobacco (and Nicotine) Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before use. Tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive chemical. Nicotine is sometimes extracted from the plant and is used in vaping devices. For more information, see the Tobacco, Nicotine and E-Cigarettes Research Report. Street Names Commercial Names Common Forms Common Ways Taken DEA Schedule Cigarettes/Cigars: Multiple brand names cigarettes, vaping Smoked, snorted, Not Butts, Cancer sticks, devices, e-cigarettes, chewed, vaporized Scheduled Ciggys, Cigs, Coffin cigars, bidis, hookahs, nails, Smokes, Stogies, kreteks Stokes Smokeless tobacco: snuff, Cigar hollowed out spit tobacco, chew with marijuana added: Blunt Vaping: Cig-A-Like, E- Hookah, E-Juice, JUULing, vape pens, mods Possible Health Effects Short-term Increased blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate. Exposes lungs to a variety of chemicals. Vaping also exposes lung s to metallic vapors created by heating the coils in the device. Long-term Greatly increased risk of cancer, especially lung cancer when smoked, and oral cancers when chewed; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; heart disease; leukemia; cataracts; pneumonia. Other Health-related Nicotine: in teens it can affect the development of brain circuits that control attention and Issues learning. Tobacco products: Use while pregnant can lead to miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, learning and behavior problems. Vaping products: Some are mixed with the filler Vitamin E acetate and other chemicals, leading to serious lung illnesses and deaths. In Combination with Unknown. Alcohol Withdrawal Irritability, attention and sleep problems, depression, increased appetite. Symptoms Treatment Options Medications Bupropion (Zyban®) Varenicline (Chantix®) Nicotine replacement (gum, patch, lozenge) Behavioral Therapies Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Self-help materials Mail, phone, and internet quitting resources National Institute on Drug Abuse Page 30 of 30 Commonly Used Drugs June 2020