Understanding The Self Notes - 1st Semester 2024-2025 PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 LESSON 1: SELF IN  Socratic Method – student teacher VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE  He...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 LESSON 1: SELF IN  Socratic Method – student teacher VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE  He is a dualist – he believes PHILOSOPHY in body and mind or body and soul - From the Greek word “Philo” and “sophia” meaning “the love of PLATO wisdom” - Student of Socrates - it is the study of KNOWLEDGE, or - Father of the Academy “thinking about thinking” - Followed the idea of KNOWING THY - PHILOSOPHY: is the study of SELF acquiring knowledge through - The Republic – he said that “the rational thinking and inquiries that world only be led by a philosopher involves answering questions king, a person who is virtuous as regarding the nature and existence well as intelligent” of man and the world we live in - The person who is a follower of - Philosophy is done primarily through truth and wisdom will not be reflection and does not tend to rely tempted and will always be just. on experiment - Dualist; body and soul PHILOSOPHERS: 3 PARTS OF SOUL: SOCRATES  APPETITIVE SOUL – driven by - considered as the first martyr of desire and need to satisfy education, knowledge and oneself. Physical Self, pleasures philosophy and desires towards objects and - charged for “corruption of minor” situations. - made to choose between to be exile  SPIRITUAL SOUL – very or death via hemlock competitive, courageous part of a person, wants to do something HIS PHILOSOPHY: or to right the wrong they  “knowing oneself” – by fully observe. Competitive and expect knowing oneself a person will a positive results and winning be able to achieve happiness  RATIONAL SOUL – thinks and  “possession of knowledge is plan for the future. Decided a virtue and the ignorance is what to do, when to do it and depravity” – that a person’s the possible results for their acceptance of ignorance is actions. the beginning of the acquisition of knowledge ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 - A Saint and Philosopher important in the establishment of - Follows the idea that God who that person can become encompasses us all, everything will - He stated that a person is born be better if we are with God. with knowing nothing and that is - He believes that our notion of susceptible stimulation and ourselves and our idea of existence accumulation of learning from the comes from a higher form of sense experiences, failures, references, in which bodily senses may not and observations of the person. perceive or understand, and the DAVID HUME more one doubts and questions his life means that, that person is - Scottish Philosopher actually living - Focused his work in the field of Empiricism (he believes in scientific DESCARTES explanation), Skepticism - French Philosopher (continuous asking), and Naturalism - Father of Modern Philosophy - “Self” is only the accumulation of - Methodical Doubt different impressions - The continuous process of questioning what we perceive and accepting the fact that doubting, asking questions are part of ones’ existences - Cogito Ergo Sum – I think therefore I am - According to him a person is comprised of mind and body (he is also a dualist), the BODY that perceives from the different senses - Impressions are not lasting and the MIND that thinks and - There should be no permanent question or doubt what the body concept of the self (because people has experienced. changes) JOHN LOCKE IMMANUEL KANT - English Philosopher and Physician - German Philosopher - “Tabula Rasa” (a piece of paper or a - Known for his works on Empiricism clean paper) – Blank Slate and Rationalism - Argued that the awareness of different emotions that we have, - He believe that the experiences impressions and behavior is only a and perceptions of a person is part of our self UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 - TRANSCENDENTAL APPERCEPTION - uphold justice and do what is is an essence of our consciousness morally right and socially that provides the basis for acceptable actions. understanding and establishing the  EGO – sometimes known as the notion of “self” by synthesizing Police or the mediator between one’s accumulation of experiences, id and superego. It operates intuition, and imagination goes within the boundaries of reality, - The idea of Kant about Self – we can primary function is to maintain say that we are not only an object the impulses of the ID to an that perceives and reacts to acceptable degree whatever it is that we are - He introduced the idea that the experiencing, we also have the accumulation of the experiences of a capabilities to understand beyond person helps build his personality those experiences and be able to although such information are not think and have a clear identification stored in a single area where we can who we are and establish a sense of access them at any time self that is unique and distinct from others LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: SIGMUND FREUD  CONSCIOUS – where a minority - An Austrian Psychologist & of our memories are being Physician stored and the memories that - Father of Psychoanalysis are in the conscious are easier - Believed that interact with each to be tapped or accessed. other and personality that interacts  PRE CONSCIOUS – the middle with each other and along with his part of the entirely of our concept of the different levels of consciousness, the memories consciousness provides an idea how stored in this area can still be a person develops a sense of self accessed but with a little difficulty ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY:  UNCONSCIOUS – this area is  ID – also known as the child where majority of our memories aspect of a person. The ID’s since childhood are deeply attention is on satisfaction of stored one’s needs and self- gratification. It is driven by the pleasure principle  SUPEREGO – is the conscience of the one’s personality. GILBERT RYLE Superego as the inclination UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 - He said that self is the behavior actions, and reactions and how such presented by the person, his notion brain movements affect the body of dualism is that the behavior that we show, emotions, and actions are MAURICE JEAN JACQUES the reflections of our mind (what MERLEAU-PONTY you think yun yung lumalabas sa - French Philosopher behavior mo) and as such the - Existentialism & Phenomenology manifestation of who we are. - Body & Mind are not separate - His example: Ghost in the Machine entities, but rather those two – this view said the man is a complex components is one and the same machine with different functioning parts, and the intelligence, and PHENOMENOLOGY OF other characteristics or behavior of PERCEPTION: man is represented by the ghost in  THE BODY – receives the the said machine experience as well as integrates PAUL CHURCHLAND such experiences in the different perception. - Canadian Philosopher  PERCEIVED WORLD – the - He has this idea that the “self” is accumulation of the perception defined by the movement of our as integrated by the experiences brain of the body. - Churchland’s work revolves around  THE PEOPLE AND THE WORLD – challenging of the notion and terms to experience the cultural being used to explain behavior or to aspects and relates to other explain how a person feels, thinks, and act with regards to physiological phenomenon that is happening in the body as well as definitions brought about by emotions - ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM – a radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist - NEUROPHILOSOPHY – he believed that to fully understand one’s LESSON 2: SOCIOLOGICAL behavior, one should understand PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF the different neurological movement of the brain that pertains SOCIOLOGY to different emotions, feelings, UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 - the study of how human society is manifestation of the established, its structure and how it individuality of the person. works, the people’s interaction with each other and the effects they have MEAD’S 3 ROLE PLAYING to one another is an aspect in which STAGES OF SELF we have to consider with regards to DEVELOPMENT the development of a person.  THE PREPARATORY STAGE (BIRTH – - It is also important to understand 2 YRS OLD) - According to Mead, that the establishment of the “Self” during this stage the infant simply based on social structures could imitates the actions and behaviors give us a better understanding of of the people that the infant who we are and provide reasons interacts with. how our interactions can affect us as  THE PLAY STAGE (2 – 6 YRS OLD) - it a person. is the time where children begin to GEORGE HERBERT MEAD interact with others with which certain rules apply, these rules - an American Sociologist, he is often time does not adhere to any considered as the Father of set or standards but rather are rules American pragmatism, and one of that are set by the children the pioneers in the field of social themselves. psychology because of his  THE GAME STAGE (6 – 9 YRS OLD) - contributions on the development of The final stage of self-development the person relating to various social according to Mead where are factors. characterized by the ability of the - Mead rejected the idea of biological children to recognize the rules of determination of the self the game and be able to identify THE “I” AND THE “ME” their roles and the roles of the others that is playing with them. - two components of the self which the person has SOCIALIZATION  “ME” - are the - is a lifetime endeavor, and the characteristics, behavior, people one interacts with will and or actions done by a change throughout a person’s life, person that follows the as such, considering the social “generalized others” that environment one belongs to along person interacts with with the changes on the person’s  “I” - is the reaction of the development, may it be at school, individual to the attitude of home, or work, the interactions and others, as well as the experiences the person acquires from those people and situations UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 helps define a more concrete - focuses on these special interest, identity and sense of self human evolution as revealed by the fossil, human genetics, human That idea of “Self” may be based on the growth and development, human general attitudes and behaviors of other biological plasticity and the biology, people or the individuality of the person evolution, behavior and social life of that manifests as a response to those monkeys, apes and other nonhuman attitudes and behaviors of others. primates. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY LESSON 3: - studies language in its social and ANTHROPOLOGICAL cultural context across space and PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF over time. SUB-DISCIPLINES OF LESSON 3: THE SELF ANTHROPOLOGY EMBEDDED IN THE CULTURE CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY CULTURE - the study of human society and - Culture refers to customary culture which describes, analyzes, behavior and beliefs that are passed interprets and explains social and on through enculturation (Kottak, cultural similarities and differences. 2008), wherein enculturation is the  Ethnography requires social process which culture is fieldwork to collect data, learned and transmitted. often descriptive and specific - Culture is shared, symbolic, natural, to group. learned, integrated, encompassing  Ethnology uses data and maladaptive and adaptive. collected by a series of researches, usually synthetic PSYCHOLOGICAL and comparative. PERSPECTIVE ARCHEOLOGICAL SELF – by definition is a reference by an ANTHROPOLOGY individual to the same individual person. Having its own or single character as a - reconstructs, describes and person, referring to the person as same interprets human behavior and individual cultural patterns through material remains. PSYCHOLOGY OF STUDYING SELF – is about either the cognitive and affective BIOLOGY OR PHYSICAL representation of one’s identity or the ANTHROPOLOGY subject of experience UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 WILLIAM JAMES have the ability to argue and discriminate one’s moral sensibility, - A psychologist, has introduced in his conscience, and strong will document The Principles of Psychology, a numerous concepts CONCEPT OF SELF and distinction of self CARL ROGERS - For James, his main concepts of self are the “me-self” and the “I-self - believe that people must be fully - “me-self” – is the phenomenal self, honest with themselves in order to the experienced self or the self as have personal discovery on oneself known. It is the self that has experience the phenomena and who 3 CONCEPT OF SELF had known the situation. Body  PERCEIVED SELF – (self-worth – how - “I-self” – is the self-thought or the the person sees self & others sees self-knower. Mind (who is them) interpreting)  REAL SELF – (Self Image – how the person really is) UNDERSTANDING OF SELF  IDEAL SELF – (How the person would CAN BE SEPERATED INTO 3 like to be) CATEGORIES: CONCEPT OF UNIFIED AND  ITS CONSTITUENTS – MULTIPLE SELF environment  THE FEELING AND EMOTIONS  UNIFIED SELF – Freud has argued THEY AROUSE – self-feelings that self has a multiple parts, he still  THE ACTIONS TO WHICH THEY believed that ultimately we are a PROMPT – self-seeking and self- Unified beings (Atleast, when we are preservation healthy) Ego remains at the helm of mind, guiding the Id and Superego SUB CATEGORIES OF SELF and staying at the center.  MATERIAL SELF – is constituted by  MULTIPLE SELF – Gergen argued our bodies, clothes, immediate that having a flexible sense of self family and home allows for multiple “selves”. That it  SOCIAL SELF – is based on our is up to the self to define himself as interactions with society and the warm or cold, dominant or reactions of people towards us. It submissive, sexy or plain varies as to how we present TRUE SELF AND FAKE SELF ourselves to a particular social group. TRUE SELF – as rooted from early infancy is  SPIRITUAL SELF – it is the most called the simple being. The sense of self intimate because it is more satisfying for the person that they UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024 - 2025 based on spontaneous authentic experience and feeling of being alive, having “real self” FAKE SELF – is our defense façade. Overlaying or contradicting the original sense of self. LESSON 3: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT WESTERN CULTURE - Basically is about the focus on oneself and personal needs - Predicated on putting egoism first - Is inclined in more acquisition of material things - Obsessed with being successful - Wealth and poverty is the result of enterprise and hard work - Celebrates the youth and being young - Subscribe to the idea of evolution EASTERN CULTURE - About focus on others and the feeling of others - Is about collectivism - Titled towards less assets (thus the mantra less is more) - More inclined towards long life (wealth) - Wealth and poverty is the result of fortune and luck - Values the wisdom of years and seniority - Subscribe to concept of reincarnation INDIVIDUALISM (WESTERN SIDE) VERSUS COLLECTIVISM (EASTERN SIDE)