Understanding the Self

Study Notes

Derived from Greek roots "Philo" (love) and "Sophia" (wisdom).
Primarily involves the study of knowledge, emphasizing rational thinking and inquiry.
Engages with fundamental questions about the nature and existence of humanity and the world.

Involves a dialogue between student and teacher, fostering critical thinking through questioning.

Recognized as the first martyr of education and knowledge, advocating for the importance of self-awareness.
Charged with corruption of the youth, ultimately leading to his execution via hemlock.
Key philosophies include:
- "Knowing oneself" is essential for achieving happiness.
- Ignorance is a deprivation, while knowledge is a virtue.

A student of Socrates and established the Academy, advocating “Knowing Thyself.”
Introduced the concept of the philosopher-king as ideal rulers, blending virtue with intelligence.
Proposed a dualist view: reality consists of both body and soul.
Identified three parts of the soul:
- Appetitive Soul: Motivated by desire and physical pleasures.
- Spiritual Soul: Competitive and courageous, focused on righting wrongs.
- Rational Soul: Engages in planning and foreseeing outcomes of actions.

Theologian and philosopher who emphasized the relationship between humans and God.
Believed individuals are born with no knowledge and are shaped by experiences and their environment.
Advocated that understanding oneself is tied to divine insight and knowledge.

Scottish philosopher noted for his contributions to empiricism and skepticism.
Argued that the "self" is merely an accumulation of different impressions and experiences.
Emphasized the importance of questioning and scientific explanation in understanding human existence.

French philosopher known as the Father of Modern Philosophy for introducing methodical doubt.
Promoted rigorous questioning to define certainty in knowledge and existence.