Understanding and Managing Smart Cities (Section 1) - PDF

COL LEGE O F MANA GEME NT & TE CHNO LOGY - CAI RO D I GI T AL & SU S T AI N ABLE BU S I NE S S EC O N OMI C S D E P ART ME N T BD E3 1 35 – U N D ERS T AN D I NG AN D MA NA G IN G SM ART C IT I ES DR. RAMY AHM ED FATHY SECTION 1 A N O VE RV...

COL LEGE O F MANA GEME NT & TE CHNO LOGY - CAI RO D I GI T AL & SU S T AI N ABLE BU S I NE S S EC O N OMI C S D E P ART ME N T BD E3 1 35 – U N D ERS T AN D I NG AN D MA NA G IN G SM ART C IT I ES DR. RAMY AHM ED FATHY SECTION 1 A N O VE RVI EW O F SM ART SU S T AI N ABLE CI T I ES A N D C O MMU N I TI E S  DISCLAIMER Slides are for educational use, intended for the sole purpose of education, to be shared internally, for personal and non-for- profit purposes, and it is not intended to be share, reproduced, published, or used in any way outside the scope of the classroom and as delivered by this course, without prior written approval from the course author.  C OU R SE AIM A ND CO N TEN TS This course aims to provide students with the practical and management considerations of developing and managing the smart city systems along with understanding the relevant challenges and opportunities. COURSE WEEKLY CONTENTS 1. An overview of the “Smart City” concept 2. Historical Perspective of Smart Cities 3. Urban Planning 4. “Smart City” from the perspective of architects, urban designers and the construction industry 5. Importance of “Smart Cities” 6. Scale and size of smart cities in Egypt and worldwide 7. Global Smart City Movement 8. Profile of the “Smart City” Industry 9. The “Smart City” Stakeholders 10. The Technology | Cultural | Organizational Challenges in Smart City Development 11. Smart City Success Factors 12. Smart City Investment Opportunities 13. Smart City Industry Innovation Landscape Today 14. Game Changing Technologies Driving Smart Cities 15. Review  L EAR N IN G A ND TEAC HI N G MET HO D S Lectures Case Studies Assignments (Research – Essays - Reports) Lab and Tutorials Project – Field Assignments  C OU RSE MA RKING Effort Marks Total Marks Attendance 10 60 Note1 Assignments 15 (3 assignments – 5 marks each) Lab and Tutorials 10 Quizzes and Interim 10 Examinations Project – Field Assignment 15 Final Exam 40 40 Totals 100 100 Note1: Students are allowed to a maximum of 3 times absence under exceptional circumstances. Absence must not include interim examinations and prior notice is required. EXA MP L E TEX TB OO KS AND REF ERENCES EXA MP L E TEX TB OO KS AND REF ERENCES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND AGENDA WHAT IS A CITY? MOTIVATION FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES DEFINITION OVERVIEW OF SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY CONCEPT EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (STANDARDS) 8 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND AGENDA WHAT IS A CITY? MOTIVATION FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES DEFINITION OVERVIEW OF SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY CONCEPT EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (STANDARDS) 9  TH E C O NC EP T O F A CI TY MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND According to the UN-HABITAT, cities are: “productive systems through which most of the 21st century challenges such as poverty, inequality, unemployment, environmental degradation, and climate change can be addressed. Owing to their unique character of population and investment agglomeration, cities link the economic, energy, environment, science, technology and social and economic elements of development, all of which constitute the key interrelations needed to formulate integrated policies required to achieve sustainable development.” Cities have become a positive and potent force for addressing sustainable economic growth, development and prosperity. They drive innovation, consumption and investment in both developed and developing countries. From an economic standpoint, consumption and production. Despite the unique opportunities presented by cities, their being does not guarantee success towards sustainability, as it in the same places where most of the above-mentioned human settlements’ challenges are manifested. Equally, cities do not always perform well, meaning that an action designed to address a certain goal (e.g solve a major urban challenge)does not always yield the desired results. In most cases, lack of well informed decisions contributes to this, which is itself partly a result of lack of a clear understanding of the underlying needs or the implication of such decisions. This is directly reliant on availability of reliable and up to date data. 10  EC ONO MI C PRI NCI PL ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), measures the value of the goods and services produced by a particular economy in a given time period. It is usually used as a measure to assess the economic performance of a particular country. To fully understand an economy’s performance, one must ask not only “What is the GDP?” (or “What is the value the economy’s output?”), but other questions such as: “How much of the increase in GDP is the result of inflation and how much is an increase in real output?” “Who is producing the output of the economy?” “What output are they producing?” “What income is generated as a result of that production?” and “How is that income used (to consume more output, to invest, or to save for future consumption or investment)?” GDP is the featured measure of the economy’s output, but it is only one summary measure. The answers to the follow- up questions are found by looking at other measures that include personal income, corporate profits, and government spending. 11  TH E C IR C U LA R F LO W O F IN C OM E A ND EXP END I TU R E MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Considering a simple economy consisting solely of businesses and individuals, individuals provide the labor that enables businesses to produce goods and services. These activities are represented by the green lines in the diagram. Alternatively, one can think of these transactions in terms of the monetary flows that occur. Businesses provide individuals with income (in the form of compensation) in exchange for their labor. That income is, in turn, spent on the goods and services businesses produce. These activities are represented by the blue lines in the diagram. 12  TH E C IR C U LA R F LO W O F IN C OM E A ND EXP END I TU R E MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND The circular flow diagram illustrates the interdependence of the “flows,” or activities, that occur in the economy, such as the production of goods and services (or the“output” of the economy) and the income generated from that production. The circular flow also illustrates the equality between the income earned from production and the value of goods and services produced. GDP measures the market value of the goods, services, and structures produced by the nation’s economy in a particular period. While GDP is used as an indicator of economic activity, it is not a measure of well-being (for example, it does not account for rates of poverty, crime, or literacy). 13  TH E GD P AS AN O U TP U T M EASU RE OF T HE EC O N OM Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND GDP includes market production and some non-market production. GDP is composed of goods and services that are produced for sale in the “market”—the generic term referring to the forum for economic transactions—and of non-market goods and services—those that are not sold in the market, such as the defense and education services provided by the government, the local services provided by the local governments, the emergency housing or health care services provided by nonprofit institutions serving households (such as the Red Cross), and the housing services provided by and for persons who own and live in their home (referred to as “owner-occupants”). However, not all productive activity is included in GDP. Some activities, such as the care of one's own children, unpaid volunteer work for charities, and illegal activities, are not included because data are not available to accurately measure their value. 14  TH E GD P AS AN O U TP U T M EASU RE OF T HE EC O N OM Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND GDP is valued at market prices, when-ever possible. The market goods and services are valued using prices set by the market. This approach provides a common unit of measurement (e.g. dollars) that facilitates comparisons of the various goods and services that make up economic activity. Using market values also facilitates the analysis of the impacts on the economy of events such as the implementation of government programs or the occurrence of natural disasters. In some cases, market prices do not fully reflect the value of a good or service, and may include some types of services where an actual exchange has not occurred. In these cases, the value of the good or service produced is “imputed” from similar market transactions. Imputations measure the value of goods and services that are not fully reflected in market prices. Examples of imputed measures include the value of compensation-in-kind (such as meals provided by employers) and the value of owner-occupied housing. In cases where there are no similar market transactions available to impute a value of the goods or service being produced, the output of these services is valued by estimating the costs (such as employee compensation and 15 purchases of materials and supplies) of producing the good or service.  TH E GD P AS AN O U TP U T M EASU RE OF T HE EC O N OM Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND GDP is a measure of current production, not sales. The measure of output refers to output produced in that period, regardless of when that output is sold. For example, an automaker may produce a car in one period and sell it in a later period. In the first period, the production of the car is recorded in GDP as an addition to inventories, a component of private enterprise investment. In the later period, the sale of the car is recorded twice, both as a consumer expenditure and as a withdrawal from inventories. As no new production took place, GDP is not affected. 16 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND AGENDA WHAT IS A CITY? MOTIVATION FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES DEFINITION OVERVIEW OF SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY CONCEPT EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (STANDARDS) 17  M OT IVA TIO N F OR SMA RT & SU ST AINA BL E C IT IES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Population Growth has been 1.2% pa over the last 50 years. In 2007 the number of people living in cities surpassed the number of people living in rural areas–Socio-economic development in urban areas is a factor leading to migration to cities. Studies have demonstrated that cities are accountable for approximately 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions* as well as 60-80% of global energy consumption. 18  M OT IVA TIO N F OR SMA RT & SU ST AINA BL E C IT IES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Demographic pressures, including the rapid growth of many cities, especially in emerging markets, as a result of population growth and inward migration – but also the decline of former industrial cities, especially in developed country heavy industry regions, and the changing age structure (“ageing population”) in many developed country cities. This issue looms large in many of China’s cities. Environmental pressures, caused to some degree by population growth and increasing ‘motorization’ in developing country cities and the inability of their infrastructure to keep pace with this growth, but also by the increased awareness of human-created climate change and the consequent vulnerability of cities to changing weather patterns and extreme weather events. Air quality is an increasingly important aspect of urban environments, a burden on healthcare systems and a political issue for city authorities. Fragility, in terms of vulnerability to natural disasters but also inability of the city infrastructure’s ability to cope with rapid social and economic change. Natural disasters focus the minds of city managers, helps them set priorities and bypasses conventional evaluation.Where there has been a history of such disasters cities are much more ready to deploy solutions which will help them manage future events. Those cities with memories of disasters and a focus on resilience are inclined to take a longer-term perspective; Mexico City has a development plan that runs to 2040. 19  M OT IVA TIO N F OR SMA RT & SU ST AINA BL E C IT IES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Financial pressures, exacerbated by the financial crisis of 2007-8, has meant that many cities have suffered big cuts to their budgets. Measures taken by central governments to manage their own levels of debt have exacerbated this and further diminished the funds available to cities. This has led to a need to ‘do more with less’, but also to openness to innovative business models and financial arrangements including private public partnerships for the construction and operation of infrastructure. Economic pressures, as a result of increased competition between cities within and across regions to attract footloose globalized capital and affluent citizens, with multiple city rankings and ‘quality of life’ indices informing their choices. There is a strong perception that cities with good connectivity and a positive attitude to technology will be more successful in attracting businesses, especially start-ups, which may be an important element in the regional development. 20  ENAB L ERS O F SM ART & SUSTAI NAB LE CI TIES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES More and better connectivity options, including new network technologies including high-speed fixed and mobile UND ERS TA NDING AND broadband, public access WiFi, as well as low power wide area (LPWA)technologies which offer low-touch, cheaper devices and better link margins for connecting objects. The advent of variants of LTE more suited to IoT implementations in terms of cost and performance characteristics is also very important. A renewed appreciation of the role of the public sector in driving, supporting and financing communications infrastructure. Years of reliance on a competitive marketplace and access-based competition have given way to national broadband plans in many countries; these often intersect with an overall digital strategy, and with both central and local government’s plans for urban regeneration. New tools and paradigms for ingesting, managing, storing and analyzing data, including cloud architectures and machine learning. The increasing influence of the open data models in the public sector, i.e. the view that some data should be freely available, in standardized formats, to everyone to use and republish, without constraint from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. 21  ENAB L ERS O F SM ART & SUSTAI NAB LE CI TIES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND The Living Labs paradigm for research and development, which has gained considerable traction in the smart cities domain. A key element of Living Labs is the engagement of users as ‘co-creators’ rather than merely research subjects of the evaluation process; this inevitably involves new research methodologies including crowd-sourcing and mass collaboration. The advent of smartphones as a near-ubiquitous sensing and user interface device in the hands of citizens. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-service (SaaS) business models, together with the rise of open source software and the growing popularity of open APIs as a counter to proprietary lock-in. The rise of new financing and funding paradigms, especially Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)and vendor financing. The former has sometimes been proposed as a mechanism for managing public finances without incurring debt, but it may be particularly appropriate where an investment decision has a long payback period and where there is an imbalance of expertise between the buyer (in this case the city) and the provider (a technology or network service provider). 22  M OT IVA TIO N F OR SMA RT & SU ST AINA BL E C IT IES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND During the latest decade years, the smart city concept has been adopted all over the world, impacting on urban strategies in both large and small towns. The concept smart city has been introduced as a strategy to encompass modern urban production factors in a common framework and, in particular, to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the latest 20 years for enhancing the competitive profile of a city. We will see from the form definition of smart city, that competitiveness refers to the city’s productivity. Sources : Renata Paola Dameri. Smart City ImplementationCreating Economic and Public Value in Innovative Urban Systems. Springer International Publishing AG, 2017. 23  W HA T H AP P ENS O F A C IT Y IS N OT SM AR T? MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Infrastructure grows but is not well-connected, resulting in: traffic jams missed buses, trains and flights adverse impact on climate and city skyline interoperability challenges lack of coordinated response to disaster sources of information are not available shortages of supply occur o Electricity, water and food duplication of resources 24  MAIN GOAL OF SMART (& SUSTA INABLE) CIT Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND To enhance the quality of life of its citizens across multiple, interrelated dimensions, including the provision and access to water resources energy transportation and mobility education environment waste management housing livelihoods (e.g. jobs) ….utilising ICTs as the enabler 25  C HA LL ENGES F AC ING A SMA RT ( & SUSTA INAB LE) C IT Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Urban migration Environmental degradation Climate change impacts Ageing infrastructure Limited resources ICTs can act as a tool to help overcome these challenges and take advantage of emerging opportunities 26 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND AGENDA MOTIVATION FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES DEFINITION OVERVIEW OF SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY CONCEPT EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (STANDARDS) 27  D EF INITI ON OF A SM ART (& SU STA INAB L E) C IT Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND UNECE and ITU developed jointly a definition of smart sustainable cities, through a multi-stakeholder approach which involved over 300 international experts. A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental, as well as cultural aspects. NOTE – City competitiveness refers to policies, institutions, strategies and processes that determine the city’s sustainable productivity. 28  DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND The sustainability of a smart city is based on four main aspects: – Economic: The ability to generate income and employment for the livelihood of the inhabitants. – Social: The ability to ensure that the welfare (safety, health, education) of the citizens can be equally delivered despite differences in class, race or gender. – Environmental: The ability to protect future quality and reproducibility of natural resources. – Governance: The ability to maintain social conditions of stability, democracy, participation and justice. 29  D EF INITI ON OF A SM ART (& SU STA INAB L E) C IT Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND UN Sustainable Development Goals Mapping for Smart Cities 30  IN T ER NA TIO N AL EF F OR T S MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES U N ITED NA TIO N S UND ERS TA NDING AND 31 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND AGENDA MOTIVATION FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES DEFINITION OVERVIEW OF SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY CONCEPT EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (STANDARDS) 32  SUST AINAB L E DEVEL O PM ENT I N CO M MUNITI ES — M ANAGEMENT MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES SYST EM FOR SUST AINA BL E DEVEL OPM ENT UND ERS TA NDING AND Cities have become essential actors for sustainable development at local, national and international levels over the last century, due to the pressure of unprecedented urbanization. The intended outcomes of a management system for sustainable development in communities include: —managing sustainability and fostering smartness and resilience in communities, while taking into account the territorial boundaries to which it applies; —improving the contribution of communities to sustainable development outcomes; —assessing the performance of communities in progressing towards sustainable development outcomes and the level of smartness and of resilience that they have achieved; —fulfilling compliance obligations. Note: Smartness and resilience are embedded in the process of sustainable development 33  P U R PO SES OF SU ST AIN A BI LI TY I N CI TIES AN D C O MM UN I TIES: MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES AN IN TER N AT IO NA L FR A MEW O R K AP PL IC AB L E IN C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND 34  SUST AINAB IL IT Y IS SUES IN CI TIES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND When reviewing all strategies, programmes, projects, plans and services for inclusion in the organization strategic plan, the organization shall evaluate their contribution to achieve the six purposes of sustainability and how they take the sustainability issues into account. There are 12 sustainability issues that needs to be considered as a bare minimum: Governance, empowerment and engagement Education and capacity building Innovation, creativity and research Health and care in the community Culture and community identity Living together, interdependence and mutuality Economy and sustainable production and consumption Living and working environment Safety and security Community infrastructures Mobility Biodiversity and ecosystem services 35  UND ERS TA NDING AND 36 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES GOVERNANCE, EMP OWERMENT AND ENGAGEMENT MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES ED U CA TIO N A ND CA PA CI TY B U IL D IN G UND ERS TA NDING AND 37  UND ERS TA NDING AND 38 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES INNO VAT IO N, C REATI VIT Y AND RESEA RCH  UND ERS TA NDING AND 39 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES H EAL TH AND C ARE I N TH E C OM MU NIT Y MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES C U LT UR E AN D C OM MU N IT Y ID EN TI TY UND ERS TA NDING AND 40 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES L IVI N G TO G ETHER , IN TER D EP EN DEN C E A ND MU TU AL IT Y UND ERS TA NDING AND 41 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES EC ON O MY AN D SU ST AIN AB L E P R OD U C TIO N A ND CO N SU MP TI ON UND ERS TA NDING AND 42 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES L IVI N G AN D W O R KIN G EN V IR O NM EN T UND ERS TA NDING AND 43  UND ERS TA NDING AND 44 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES SA FET Y AND SECURIT Y  UND ERS TA NDING AND 45 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES C OM MU N IT Y IN F R AST R U CT UR ES  UND ERS TA NDING AND 46 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES M OB IL IT Y  UND ERS TA NDING AND 47 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES B IO DIVERSI TY A ND ECO SYST EM SERVIC ES  P IL LA RS OF A SMA RT ( & SUSTAI NAB LE) C ITY MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND 48  P IL LA RS OF A SMA RT ( & SUSTAI NAB LE) C ITY MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Environment & Sustainability Aspects 49  P IL LA RS OF A SMA RT ( & SUSTAI NAB LE) C ITY MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND 50  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Energy Smart Energy Management Systems use – sensors – advanced meters – digital controls – analytic tools to automate, monitor, and control the two-way flow of energy. 51  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Building Smart building management systems with up-to-date information can make intelligent modifications to – improve building energy efficiency – reduce wastage – make optimum usage of water Occupant satisfaction is increased – for both new-build and existing buildings through simple retrofit programs 52  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Transport Smart transportation management systems collect information about mobility patterns - enabling city managers to check that existing infrastructure is being used optimally - improves the level of citizens' lifestyle in the transportation of goods, services and people In addition, ICT can help to reduce the overall need for transportation and travel by offering virtual alternatives to physical movements. 53  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Water Smart Pipes and Sensor Networks Smart Metering Communication Modems Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Cloud Computing Supervisory Control and Data Management (SCADA) Models, Optimization, and Decision-Support Tools Web-based Communication and Information System Tools 54  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Waste The challenge: With the ever-growing increase in consumer goods, wastage has increased exponentially The responses: – Source reduction, proper identification of waste categories and development of appropriate ways to re-use for the waste – Smart Waste Management Implementing waste tracking systems to monitor and control the movement of different kinds of waste Sorting of waste without the operator coming into contact with it Leveraging technology to collect and share data from source to transportation to disposal of waste Connecting various smart waste management systems with local waste management service providers 55  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Safety and Security The challenge: Cities will continue to grow, resulting in more and more anonymous threats The responses: – Existing security technology such as video surveillance, video analytics, and biometrics will remain the main focus of a city's security – How to manage information flow and analyse the data are the main areas for improvement in the next generation of security 56  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND Smart Healthcare The Objective –To improve the productivity of the service provided at the point of contact of patients The method – Convert health related data into clinical and business insights – Automate health services and digitize to optimize resources, cost, and enhance efficiency 57  SM ART (& SUST AINAB L E) CI TY SERV IC ES MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES Smart Education UND ERS TA NDING AND 58 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES UND ERS TA NDING AND AGENDA MOTIVATION FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES DEFINITION OVERVIEW OF SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY CONCEPT EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (STANDARDS) 59  I T U - T Y. 4 6 0 2 : D AT A P R O C E S S I N G A N D MA N A GE ME N T S MA RT S US TAINA BLE C IT IE S F RA M E W O R K F O R I NT E R N E T O F TH I N G S A N D S MA R T DA TA S TAN DAR DS FOR C I T I E S A N D C O M MU N I T I E S The data lifecycle dimension concerns the processing and management activities conducted on the data from its creation to its use and disposal. The data trust dimension includes various actions taken to safeguard the security, privacy and quality of data and to enhance trust for it. The data commercialisation dimension includes all activities regarding the monetization and commercialisation of data. The ecosystem dimension includes all factors and mechanisms that directly or indirectly impact DPM activities in the broader context. The governance dimension covers all the policy related aspects that will be applied to each dimension. Three common considerations for the above dimensions: – Interoperability; – Risk management; Source: ITU-T Y.4602 – Impact assessment. 60  I T U - T Y. 4 6 6 1: F RA M E W O R K O F O P E N D AT A I N S MA R T MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES CITIE S UND ERS TA NDING AND Open data in smart cities can be used to promote the sharing of data between different entities in smart sustainable city [ITU-T Y.4900], and fully exploit potentialities of data in smart cities, and ultimately build better and smarter cities. Open data in smart cities refers to organizations or individuals providing machine-readable data created or collected by them to the public, so that data can be available/visible to others and that can be freely used, re-used, re-published and redistributed by anyone [ISO 5127:2017]. This Recommendation defines a framework of open data in smart cities, in order to promote the sharing of data between different entities in a smart city, fully exploit potentialities of data in smart cities, and ultimately build better and smarter cities. The scope includes the concept of open data in smart cities, benefits, key phases of open data in smart cities, key roles and activities in open data in smart cities. It introduces the framework of open data in smart cities along with general requirements. 61  I T U - T Y. 4 6 6 1: F RA M E W O R K O F O P E N D AT A I N S MA R T MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES CITIE S UND ERS TA NDING AND Source: ITU-T Y.4661 62  I T U - T Y. 4 6 6 1: F RA M E W O R K O F O P E N D AT A I N S MA R T MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES CITIE S UND ERS TA NDING AND 63 Source: ITU-T Y.4661  I T U - T Y - S E R IE S R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S – S U P P L E M E N T 6 9 : W E B - MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES BASED DATA MODEL FOR INTERNET OF THINGS AND S MART UND ERS TA NDING AND C IT Y S Y S T E M S A N D S E R V I C E S Source: ITU-T Y.Sup69 The necessity of data migration and integration between existing data models in a perspective of interoperability by shifting the current application-dedicated approach to a data-driven approach. If the same data models are used for data storage and access, then different applications can easily share data. 64  E X E M P L A R Y T O P I C S O F I T U - T S T A N DA R D S R E L A T E D T O MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES DATA IN CITIES (CATEGORIES ARE NOT MUTUALLY UND ERS TA NDING AND EXCLUSIVE) Data governance Data quality management Smart city services Sensing and data collection Data exchange models Electric power and energy Data acquisition and management Interoperability frameworks Autonomous vehicles Data Transport Infrastructure monitoring Automotive systems Data processing and management Data sharing ecosystems EV power usage for smart cities Data Middleware Framework AI E-Health services Data fusion Security and trustworthiness Manufacturing Data sharing Open data frameworks Smart greenhouse Metadata modeling Big data aspects Digital agriculture Data perception Spatiotemporal information service Livestock farming Data interoperability in IoT KPI data management Pest and disease management Semantic data interoperability Blockchain based data processing and Disaster monitoring Web based data modeling management City infrastructure APIs for IoT and smart city data … 65  I T U - T Y. 4 2 1 6 : R E Q U IR E M E N T S O F S E NS IN G A N D D A T A MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES C O L L E C T I O N S Y S T E M F O R C I T Y I NF R A S T R U C T U R E S UND ERS TA NDING AND Scaling, managing an unmanageable large number of devices in large-scale deployments In a typical large-scale deployments of sensory devices on city-wide scale, smart cities platforms are unable to manage by itself all sensory devices, without an intermediary layer. SDCS fills this gap by acting as an intermediary agent to control and acquire data for the platforms, whereby it acts as a transport layer transmitting processed sensory data via the acquisition interface a. Sensing and Data Collection System (SDCS) in Smart Cities 66 Source: ITU-T Y.4216  I T U - T Y. 4 2 1 6 : R E Q U IR E M E N T S O F S E NS IN G A N D D A T A MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES C O L L E C T I O N S Y S T E M F O R C I T Y I NF R A S T R U C T U R E S UND ERS TA NDING AND Scaling, managing an unmanageable large number of devices in large-scale deployments SDCS provides device control, linkage management, data collection and processing, networking and sensing functions. 67 Source: ITU-T Y.4216  ITU-T Y.448 1: F RAMEWOR K F OR DATA MIDDLE MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES P L A T F O R M I N I N T E R N E T O F T H I N GS A N D S M A R T UND ERS TA NDING AND S U S T A IN A B L E C I T I E S Agility, managing varying requirements between stable back- end offerings and dynamic front-end requirements Data Middle (DM) Platforms aim at providing common data services that can be reused in diverse application domains by governments, enterprises, organizations and individuals. DM situate themselves between typical front-end and back-end platforms, to resolve the conflict between the highly adaptable innovation-driven change required from front platforms and the highly stable reliable-driven lifecycle management of back-end platforms. 68 Source: ITU-T Y.4481  I T U - T Y. 4 5 6 3 : R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D F UN C T I O N A L M O D E L T O MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES S U P P O R T D A T A IN T E R O P E R A B I L I T Y I N IO T E NV I R O NM E N T S UND ERS TA NDING AND Different levels of interoperability for the data in smart cities Data interoperability is the ability of applications to exchange data between IoT environments and the use of this exchanged data in a meaningful way to support service provisioning. In general, data interoperability is concerned with the capability of communications between IoT environments that might have different forms including transfer, exchange, transformation and integration of data. These include semantic mediation, syntactical mediation, and object abstraction representation mediation. 69 Source: ITU-T Y.4563  ITU-T Y.4498: FRAMEWORK OF CITY -LEVEL ENERGY DAT A MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES S H A R I N G A N D A N A L Y T I C S A M O N G B U IL D I N GS UND ERS TA NDING AND Data sharing on city-wide scale In most countries, energy consumption in the building sector accounts for a significant portion of a city’s total energy consumption. In order to increase the efficiency of energy consumption, smart solutions are implemented to enable residential, enterprise and operational entities to share energy related data through a city-level data sharing and analytics framework. This enables buildings with different consumption patterns or renewable production of energy to share their consumption and production information for city usage efficiency. Source: ITU-T Y.4498 70  UND ERS TA NDING AND 71 MANA GING SMA RT C IT IES THANK YOU