UNDER4SELF PDF: 1st Year Bachelor of Science in Accountancy

UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by:...

UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal L1: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF SOCRATES ON SELF - Self-knowledge means knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and knowing one’s PHILOSOPHY capabilities and potential. - It is through self-knowledge that oneself emerges. - Employs the inquisitive mind to discover the - “Possession of knowledge is virtue and ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of ignorance is vice.” One must first have the everything. humility to acknowledge his or her ignorance so as - “Love of wisdom” to acquire knowledge. - Desire for truth 2. PLATO THE PHILOSOPHERS WHO IS HE? - An ancient Greek Philosopher. 1. SOCRATES - Student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. - 428 – 347 B.C.E. WHO IS HE? - No historical document if he really existed. PLATO’S IDEALISM - 469 – 399 B.C.E. - Empirical Reality – an experience in the - There were no known writings. experiential world that is fundamentally unreal and - Plato highly regarded him. is only a shadow or a mere appearance. - He is credited for his many contributions to western - Ultimate Reality – it is real as it is eternal and philosophy. constitutes abstract universal essence of things. - All things that exist in the physical world are therefore unreal as they are immaterial blueprints of GNOTHI SEAUTON objects in the physical world. The concrete objects - Know Thyself: Translation of an ancient Greek in this world are mere copies of these abstract universal essences. aphorism. - Plato added that ideas are objects of the intellect - If a person knows who he or she is, all basic issues known by reason alone and are objective realities and difficulties in life will vanish and everything will that exits in a world of their own. In terms of the be clearer and simpler. concept of the self, Plato was one of the first - One could now act according to his or her own philosophers who believed in an enduring self that definition of the self without any doubt and is represented by the soul. He argues that the soul contradiction. is eternal and constitutes the enduring self, because, even after death, the soul continues to TECHNIQUE IN ASKING QUESTIONS exist. - He believed that the self is synonymous with the - Who am I soul. - What is the purpose of my life? - Plato’s Philosophy: process of self-knowledge - What am I doing here? and purification of the soul. - What is justice? - He suggests that the man must live an examined a THREE PARTS OF SOUL/SELF life of purpose and value. 1. REASON – divine essence that enables us to MEANINGFUL AND HAPPY LIFE think deeply. 2. PHYSICAL APPETITE – hunger, thirst, and - Virtuous and knows the value of himself that can be sexual desire. achieved through incessant soul – searching. 3. SPIRIT OR PASSION – love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal - Genuine happiness can only be achieved by COGITO, ERGO SUM people who consistently make sure that their - The existence of anything that you register from reason is in control of their spirits and appetites. your senses can be doubted. One can always 3. ST. AUGUSTINE doubt about the certainty of things but the very fact that one doubts is something that cannot be - He integrated the ideas of Plato and Christianity. doubted. Only humans have the Hubris - He believed that the physical body was radically (excessive pride) – of thinking such irreverent different from and inferior to its inhabitant questions on existence and purpose of life. (immortal soul). Human have satisfied themselves with their own - Time is something that people measure within answers to their own thinking. Humans have the their memory. audacity and impertinence to try to figure out the - Time is not a property of the world, but a meaning of life and are actually self-aware of property of the mind. their own existence. - The time present of things past is memory; the time present of things present is direct RENE DESCARTES ON SELF experiences, and the time presence of things future is expectation. - He believed that the self is: “A thinking thing - The existence of past and future for St. or a substance whose whole essence or Augustine is only possible through memory and nature is merely thinking”. expectations. - The self is real and not just an illusion. He also - Introspection became one of the important ideas reassured that the self is different from the body. in psychology which pertains to the inquiry of the Hence, self and body exist but differ in existence soul then of the mind, consciousness and and reality. The self is a feature not of the body thought. This confirms the superiority of humans but of the mind and thus a mental substance over other organisms since humans have self- rather than a physical substance. consciousness. - St. Augustine argued that as far as the MIND AND BODY consciousness can be extended backward to - For Descartes, the self is nothing else but a any past action or forward to actions to come, it mind-body dichotomy. Thought (mind) always determines the identity of the person. precedes action (body). Humans are self-aware and they are the masters of their own universe. 4. RENE DESCARTES Western Philosophy is largely influence by WHO IS HE? Descartes. - A French philosopher and mathematician 5. PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND - 1596 0 1650 C.E. - Father of Modern Philosophy WHO ARE THEY? - Cogito, ergo sum – “I think therefore I am”. - Fun Fact: He allegedly never left bed before 11 - Paul was born on 21st of October 1942 in A.M. But invented analytic geometry and the Vancouver, Canada. While Patricia was born on Cartesian Coordinate System, and discovered 16th of July 1943 in Oliver, British Columbia, some basic laws of optics. He was a tutor of Canada. They are Canadian-American Queen Christina of Sweden. philosophers whose work has focused on - He agreed with the great thinker before him that integrating the disciplines of philosophy of mind the human ability to reason constitutes the and neuroscience in a new approach that has extraordinary instrument we have to achieve been called Neurophilosophy. truth and knowledge. - He wanted to penetrate the nature of our reasoning process and understand its relation to the human self.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM SUBJECT (A SELF) ESSENTIALLY REQUIRES A BODY - “A radical claim that ordinary, common sense - Consciousness cannot simply be immaterial but understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and must be embodied. Rather that using ‘I THINK’, that some or all of the mental states posited by we use ‘I CAN’ which you can go somewhere common sense do not actually exist”. else as a being possessing a body. Mind and Body are essentially correlated. Consciousness FOLK PSYCHOLOGY is both perceiving and engaging. - Or Common Sense is something that is FALSE. - “I am my body”. He accepts the idea of mental Most people think that we have a stream of stated, but he also suggests that the use of the consciousness that contains images and mind is inseparable from our bodily, situated, conceptions of things about which we have physical nature. beliefs and attitudes. It is also a fold belief that our sense of the world and of ourselves is a direct representation of how the world is formed. SELF - For the Churchland’s, self is nothing else but the BRAIN, or simply, the self is contained entirely within the physical brain. In Patricia Churchland’s book entitled: “Touching a Nerve: The Self as Brain” (2013). In her book, she mentioned that to understand the self, one must study the brain, not just the mind. 6. MAURICE MERLEAU – PONTY WHO IS HE? - Born in 14th of March 1908 and died last 3rd of May 1961. He was a French Phenomenological Philosopher. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest. BODY - He distinguished the body into two types: - Subjective Body (as lived and experienced) - Objective Body (as observed and scientifically investigated) - For him. These two are not different bodies. The former is the body as-it-is-lived. SELF AS EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY - It sees human beings neither as disembodied minds existing without body) nor as complex machines. - For Merleau-Ponty, we are living creature whose subjectivity (consciousness) is actualized in the forms of their physical involvement with the world. - The body is a general medium for having a world and we know it is not through our intellect but through our experiences.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal L2: THE SELF FROM SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE GENERALIZED OTHERS - He described it as an organized community or THE SOCIOLOGISTS social group which gives to the individuals his or her unity of self. Ex. dance group. 1. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD - The attitude of the generalized other is the attitude of the entire community. - Supported the view that man develops a sense of self through social interaction and 2. CHARLES HORTON COOLEY not the biological preconditions of that THE LOOKING GLASS SELF BY CHARLES interaction. - If there is no interaction, there is no - The Looking Glass Self is a social development. psychological concept. In this view, the self is - He noted that what matter for our self- developed as a result of one’s perceptions of concepts is not how others actually see us other people’s opinions. but the way we imagine they see us. - People are the way they were at least partly because of other people’s reactions to them DEVELOPMENT OF SELF BY GEORGE and to what they do. 1. PREPATORY STAGE (0 – 3 YEARS OLD) - When people pick up feedback from others they - Children imitate the people around them. incorporate it into their sense of self. - They copy behavior without understanding - The self is built through social interaction which underlying intentions. involves three steps: - No sense of self. a. People imagine how they must appear to - Preparation for role-taking. others. b. They imagine the judgement on that 2. PLAY STAGE (3 – 5 YEARS OLD) appearance. - Start of viewing themselves in relation to c. They develop themselves through the others as they learn to communicate through judgement of others. language and other symbols. - People imagine not only how others see them - Role-taking is exhibited; they do not perceive and their actions but also how others judge role-taking as something expected of them. what they see, whether with approval, doubt or - Self emerges. hostility. - As a result, Looking Glass Self is made up of 3. GAME STAGE (BEGINS IN THE EARLY feelings about other people’s judgment of SCHOOL YEARS) one’s behavior. This concept provides an idea - Understanding social position of people on how the self develops in relation to the around them. perception of others. - The self is now present. POSTODERN VIEW OF THE SELF TWO DIMENSIONS OF SELF BY GEORGE 1. THE “I” POSTMODERNISM - It is the subjective element and the active side of the self. It represents the spontaneous, and - It is not a philosophy but more of a report on the unique trails of the individual. It is the acting mindset of western culture in the latter half of the part of the self, an immediate response to other 20th century. people. It represents the self that is free and - For French philosopher Michel Foucault, the self unique. is as seen as a product of modern discourse that is socially and historically conditioned (David, 2. THE “ME” 2002). - It is the objective element of the self. It represents the internalized attitudes and demands of other people and the individual’s awareness of those demands.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal 4 BASIC POSTMODERNIST IDEAS ABOUT THE SELF Email and Memory Anderson (1997) addressed the issues of change and “Every little piece of information that you post on the multiple identities through these 4 basic postmodernist internet – the message you write, the websites you visit, ideas: the files you download, the email address you contact, the book, tapes, CDs, and airplane tickets you order on 1. MULTIPHRENIA – which refers to the many the internet and the credit card numbers you give – all different voices speaking about “who we are and these become raw data from which someone out there what we are”. can piece together an identity, a virtual version of who you are.” 2. PROTEAN – a self capable of changing constantly to fit the present conditions. CULTURAL IDENTITY AND NATIONAL IDENTITY 3. DE-CENTRED – a belief that there is no self at all since the self is constantly being redefined or CULTURE constantly undergoing change. - Is derived from the Latin word “cultura” or 4. SELF-IN-RELATION – which means that “cultus” meaning care or cultivation. humans do not live their lives in isolation but in - As an individual interacts with people and makes relation to people and to certain cultural sense of how they function in the context of their contexts. social and cultural background, they learn that they have both personal identity and collective identity. For Mead, the self is shaped by outside forces, that is why for him there is no “I” self. PERSONAL IDENTITY - The way they see themselves The self is socially constructed. as an individual. For postmodernists, people have n fixed identities COLLECTIVE IDENTITY - The way they see themselves which are separable from their surroundings, and as a member of a certain group. which remain the same even though certain characteristics and conditions may change. IDENTITY – refers to “who the person is”, or the qualities In traditional society: a person’s status is and traits of an individual that make him or her different determined by his or her role. from others. In modern society: by his or her achievement. CULTURAL IDENTITY – refers to the identity or feeling In postmodern society: by fashion or style since it of belongingness to a certain culture group. It is an changes and people adapts to these changes or is individual’s perception about himself or herself anchored left with identity in question. on: For Foucault, the self is a test written from moment to moment according to the demands of a multitude of social contexts. The postmodern social condition is dominated by two realities: 1. The rise of new media technologies. 2. The dominance of consumerism. Lyon (1997) argued that the predicament of the self in postmodern societies is complicated by the advent of electronic-mediated virtual interactions of cyberselves and the spread of information technology. Green (1997) posited that the self is “digitalized” in cyberspace.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal The cultural categories that shape one’s overall cultural IDENTITY STRUGGLES identity prove how one’s cultural identity is meant to be multidimensional. CULTURAL IDENTITY THEORY – it explains why a - Regardless of the truthfulness of how people person acts and behaves the way he or she does. A perceive you, it provides opportunity for self- single person can posses’ multiple identities, reflection. simultaneously making him or her part of many cultural - Your response to how people describe you will groups. depend on your own perception of yourself. - Some people can be confrontational or non- NATION – is a group of people built on the premise of confrontational towards how others identify them. shared customs, traditions, religion, language, art, - People’s actions in every situation vary depending history and more. on physiological and psychological states. - An individual can be unsympathetic because of NATIONAL IDENTITY – refers to the identity or feeling particular individual issues, but people, sometimes, of belonginess to one state or nation. It is socially fail to consider any justification for why one can be constructed, and it is influenced and shaped by material unsympathetic. and non-material cultures. - This term is introduced by Anthony Wallace and Rupert Emerson, a political scientist defines National Raymond Fogelson. Identity as “a body of people who feel that they are a - It characterizes the discrepancy between the identity nation”. a person claims to possess, and the identity attributed to that persona by others. Material Culture – these are National Flag, Emblem, and Seal. These represents all the people who are part of a nation. Non-Material Culture – this embodies the shared understanding of a group of people which includes Norms, Beliefs, and Traditions. INDIVIDUAL SELF, RELATIONAL SELF AND COLLECIVE SELF The Three Fundamentals Selves 1. INDIVIDUAL SELF – reflects the cognitions related to traits, states and behaviors that are stored in memory. 2. RELATIONAL SELF – reflects cognitions that are related to one’s relationships. 3. COLLECTIVES SELF – reflects cognitions that are related to one’s group. Each self is important and meaningful to human experience.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal L3: THE SELF FROM THE PSYCHOLOGICAL Constituents of the self, refer to further sub- categories of the self: PERSPECTIVE 1. WILLIAM JAMES’ SELF THEORY - He is an American philosopher and psychologist, divided an individual’s perception of the self into two categories – Me and I. For James, a human being has the capacity to be a thinking subject and the object of his or her thinking at the same time. As a thinking subject, an individual is both conscious of his or her environment and conscious of his or her existence. TWO CATEGORIES OF SELF 1. I – the continuous stream of consciousness internal to an individual constitutes the I. it is responsible for the thinking and makes awareness and self-awareness possible. 2. Me – an individual turns himself or herself into a According to James, these sub-categories are Me when he or she makes himself or herself the related in a hierarchical way: object of his or her own thinking. James claims that in understanding the self, the self can be contextualized in 3 categories:  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal 2. CARL ROGER’S SELF THEORY - He is an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. - He believes that the self does not exist at birth. It is developed gradually during childhood wherein one differentiates the self from non-self. - He proposed that by means of free choice and action, one can shape himself or herself based on what he or she wants to be. - His theory focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to freely develop. THREE COMPONENTS OF SELF-CONCEPT REAL AND IDEAL SELF Rogers (1951) believed that the self is composed of concepts unique to every individual: 1. SELF-WORTH OR SELF-ESTEEM - Is what one thinks about oneself. This develops in early childhood stage resulting from the interaction of the child with his or her mother and father. 2. SELF-IMAGE - Is how one sees himself or herself, which is important for good psychological health, includes the influence of body image on inner personality. 3. IDEAL SELF - Is the person that one wants to be. It consists - People with congruent selves are more likely to of one’s dreams and goals in life, and it is attain self-actualization compared to those with continuously changing. incongruent selves. - Self- worth is high when the real self and ideal self are close to each other. SELF CONCEPT - It is defined as the totality of complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence. - It is a social product, developing out of interpersonal relationships and striving for consistency.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal EGO GLOBAL VS DIFFERENTIATED MODELS - It operates according to the reality principle. - This structure’s role is to maintain equilibrium GLOBAL MODELS – Look into a human being in his or between the demand of id and superego in her totality, as an indivisible entity that cannot be broken accordance with what is best and practical in down into parts. reality. - It is developed by the individual’s personal 1. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY experiences and adheres to principles of reason and logic. - it is guided by the principle that: “The whole - If ego is successful, it turns out a brilliant, is greater than the sum of its parts.” creative and emotionally balanced individual. - This particular school of thought is interested in looking at the entirety of the self – the SUPEREGO mind, body, physical attributed, behaviors and - It operates according to the morality principle. more. - It ensures compliance with the norms, values and standard imposed by society. 2. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY - It is developed by means of socialization in various agents like home, school, church and - It is guided by the principle that: “Human others. beings, as humans, supersede the sum of - It has two systems: the conscience and the their parts.” ideal self. - That cannot be reduced to components. - If superego is dominant, a law-abiding, morally - It puts more emphasis on the influence of the upright, god-fearing and socially acceptable environment on one’s experience rather than individual appears. internal thoughts and desires that define one’s personality. 2. CARL JUNG - Both Gestalt and Humanistic Psychology - He was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst focus on the totality of the self. who founded analytical psychology. - The former believes that understanding the - For Jung, the human psyche is divided into self relies on social behavior while the latter three parts – the ego, the personal unconscious believes that the self is best understood and the collective unconscious. based on how others perceive it. THE EGO DIFFERENTIATED MODELS – look into a human being - Is the center of consciousness. through examining its parts for it divisible or can be - It is the person’s sense of identity and broken into components. existence. - It organizes thoughts, feelings, senses, and intuition. 1. SIGMUND FREUD - He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS of psychoanalysis. - It refers to all information stored in a person’s - For Freud, the psyche is composed of three mind that are readily accessible to consciously parts – the if, ego and superego. recall. ID THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS - It exists since birth, pertaining to instinct. - It refers to the unconscious mind shared by all - It serves as a storeroom of wishes and human beings such as instincts and obsessions related to sexual and aggressive archetypes. desires. - It operates on the hedonistic or pleasure principle – seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. - It is driven by the so-called libido (sexual energy). - If it is dominant, an egoistic, boorish, and barbaric brute emerges.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal 3. ALBERT BANDURA’S AGENTIC THEORY OF THE SELF - Bandura is a Canadian American psychologist. - The social cognitive theory makes use of the agentic theory of the self. - To be an agent means to be capable of intentionally influencing one’s own functionality and life circumstances. - For Bandura, people are not merely passive entities molded by environmental forces or driven by inner influences. - This theory rejects the notion that the selfhood is culturally influenced or controlled by urges, rather, it looks upon every human being as capable of thinking, deciding, foreseeing, and controlling his or her actions, free to decide for himself or herself. - This capability is termed by Bandura as Human Agency. FOUR CORE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN AGENCY 1. INTENTIONALITY – is manifested in how an individual forms intentions with action plans and strategies to realize them. 2. FORETHOUGHT – refers to how an individual positions his or her plans in the future. 3. SELF-REACTIVENESS – shows that agents are not only planners and fore-thinkers but also self- regulators. The goals that the person wants to reach should be clear and specific. Self- regulation allows the person to set goals that are better and higher than the former, challenging his capabilities and making him a wiser and self-actualized individual. 4. SELF-REFLECTION – signifies that people are capable of self-examining their own functioning. Bandura’s theory views the self as a person and not as a distinct entity responsible for bearing information and regulating behavior.  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal L4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHTS COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES - Gives more importance to loyalty to the in-group, INDIVIDUALISM VS COLLECTIVISM which in turn takes care of the individual’s welfare. INDIVIDUALISM EASTERN CONCEPTION OF THE SELF IS - It is an orientation concerned with the COLLECTIVISTIC independence and self-reliance of the individual. - It prioritizes the needs and goals of society over - People who belong to the individualistic culture the needs and desires of every individual. might describe themselves in terms of personality - It puts more importance on belongingness to a traits and characteristics. Ex. I am generous, kind large and emphasizes social obligations. and funny. - Individual behavior is guided by adjustments to - Individualism does not promote isolation. social demands and situations. - An individual has the capacity to consider his or - It is others-oriented because it encourages her own best interest. people to be kind, benevolent, charitable, - Everyone is free to decide whether to take part or dependable, and sensitive to the needs of not in solving societal problems. others. - Countries with generally individualistic cultures: - Collectivism stresses that an individual has New Zealand, Germany, Austria, Greece, Poland, “many selves” instead of having a one Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain and Finland. knowable self. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES THE FOUR GREAT SYSTEMS OF EASTERN - Puts more emphasis on promoting the individual THOUGHTS and the immediate family’s welfare. WESTERN CONCEPTION OF THE SELF IS INDIVIDUALISTIC 1. BUDDHISM - There is no such thing as the ATMAN (self). - An independent self that is free from the influence - The ATMAN is impossible to perceive by one’s of culture and environment and from the senses for it does not actually exist in any expectations and welfare of society. It emphasizes metaphysical, material and spiritual level. the uniqueness of every individual and is - It is regarded as an illusion, an imaginary predicated on egoism or self-orientedness. concept born as a product of evolved - Individualism foregrounds that a human being has consciousness and misguided thinking of a self, is an individual, and is a person. humans. - Humans have no real knowledge of a self or a COLLECTIVISM clear proof of claiming that there is a self. - Everything is just an illusion, a flux of - It is an orientation characterized by belongingness momentary perceptions, thoughts and feelings. to larger groups or collectives. What is perceived by one’s sense becomes - People who belong to the collectivistic culture one’s reality. would more likely describe themselves in terms of - The Buddhist Philosophy refutes the idea of social relationships and roles. Ex. I am a kind having an enduring self. son/daughter to my parents. - Buddhism does not consider humans as - Collectivism is an idea that man should think, live individuals with a fixed and unified identity. and act toward certain goals that benefit the group. Instead, a human being is a product of five - An individual decides according to the interest of changing processes that experiences them all: the group. Physical Body - Countries with generally collectivistic cultures: Feelings Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Indonesia, Perceptions Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Responses Portugal. The Flow of Consciousness  UNDER4SELF 1 Semester, S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ST 1st Year | Bachelor of Science in Transcribed by: Ma. Gerecel May C. Fernandez Accountancy Professor: Ms. Ma. Katherine M. Sangal - In Buddhism, the “I”, “Me” and “Myself” which are and that balances, orders, unifies and connects processes of identification are believed to be them. hidden from awareness. - Knowledge of the universe or nature can be - Instead, one can identify with his or her body, attained by studying the self because Taoists feeling, and thoughts, or with images, patterns, regard the human body as the miniature of the roles and archetypes. This is when the self- universe, as an extension of the cosmos. arises. - Taoism does not support the philosophical - In Buddhist terms, the ANATA (no-self) is not a teachings of Confucius about self and society. denial of existence, - It is a conviction that no words can define the 4. HINDUISM essence of this present moment of existence. - The Hinduist view about the self was written in - Buddhism tries to reject that the conception of the Upanishads, “Story of Creation”, which tells self as unchanging and separate unto itself. about the origin of the universe and of humans. - The Buddhist version of the creation of human - The ATMAN, which is referred to as the self, being is taken from the Hinduism’s “Story of spirit, or soul, is the same self-described in the Creation” in the Upanishads. creation. - In Hinduism, the ATMAN is one with the 2. CONFUCIANISM BRAHMAN which means the absolute, - It is a way of life that was propagated by transcendental power. Confucius. - By being identified with the BRAHMAN, the - It regards an individual as a member of a larger ATMAN indicated true self which underlies one’s whole, not as a separate being. existence. - The ethical teachings of Confucius are based on human relationships as reflected in his concept of STORY OF CREATION Five Cardinal Relationships or Five Bonds: In the beginning this was Self alone, in the shape of a The King and His Subject person which was called Purusha, He looked around and Father and Son saw nothing but his Self. He first said, “This is I; therefore, Husband and Wife he became ‘I” by name. Therefore, even man is asked, he Between Brothers first says, ‘This is I’ and then pronounces the name which Between Friends he may have” - According to Confucius, individual identity is defined by membership in the reference group to From this story of creation, the Self which is Purusha which one belongs. created a wife out of himself. The wife bore Man and then - This identity is called “The Relational Self”. transformed herself into a cow, which prompted Purusha - While The Subdued Self is the condition to to transform into a bull. Then the wife transformed into a respond to perceptions, not of its own needs and mare, while Purusha into a stallion. aspirations but of social requirement and These continuous transformations imply the belief that all obligations. creation is made up of the same self as everything - To subdue oneself means to practice REN. originated from Purusha. This also implies that the creator - Ren means human-heartedness, the hallmark is the same as the creation. of Confucian ethics. - Ren is a Confucian virtue characterized altruistic behavior that must be nurtured in every person. 3. TAOISM - It emphasizes living with harmony with TAO (way or path), is a religion and a philosophy at the same time. - Tao is nothing but the expression of the unity of the universe and of the path which human beings must take to preserve that unity. - Tao is the core concept of Taoist beliefs and practices. - It is referred to as the life force that surrounds and flows through all living and non-living things,