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Questions and Answers
What did St. Augustine believe was essential for the existence of the past and future?
What did St. Augustine believe was essential for the existence of the past and future?
- Self-awareness
- Memory and expectations (correct)
- Introspection
- Direct experiences
According to Descartes, what is the essence of the self?
According to Descartes, what is the essence of the self?
- An illusion with no reality
- An external entity separate from the body
- A thinking thing or mental substance (correct)
- A physical substance
What role does introspection play in psychology according to the content?
What role does introspection play in psychology according to the content?
- It's irrelevant to self-awareness.
- It's primarily a physical inquiry.
- It pertains to the inquiry of the mind and consciousness. (correct)
- It is focused on behavioral observation.
How does self-consciousness differentiate humans from other organisms according to the passage?
How does self-consciousness differentiate humans from other organisms according to the passage?
What does the phrase 'mind-body dichotomy' refer to in Descartes' philosophy?
What does the phrase 'mind-body dichotomy' refer to in Descartes' philosophy?
According to the content, what is the significance of memory in comprehending time?
According to the content, what is the significance of memory in comprehending time?
Why does Descartes claim that the self is distinct from the body?
Why does Descartes claim that the self is distinct from the body?
What did St. Augustine mean by self-consciousness extending backward and forward?
What did St. Augustine mean by self-consciousness extending backward and forward?
What does the 'I' in George's dimensions of self represent?
What does the 'I' in George's dimensions of self represent?
How does the 'Me' in George's dimensions differ from the 'I'?
How does the 'Me' in George's dimensions differ from the 'I'?
What is the primary focus of the Looking Glass Self concept?
What is the primary focus of the Looking Glass Self concept?
What stage begins during the early school years in relation to self-awareness?
What stage begins during the early school years in relation to self-awareness?
Which philosopher associated the postmodern view of self as a product of modern discourse?
Which philosopher associated the postmodern view of self as a product of modern discourse?
In which dimension of self does a person become aware of external expectations?
In which dimension of self does a person become aware of external expectations?
What characteristic is associated with the ‘I’ dimension of self?
What characteristic is associated with the ‘I’ dimension of self?
What aspect does postmodernism imply about the self?
What aspect does postmodernism imply about the self?
Which of the following best describes the first core property of human agency as identified by Bandura?
Which of the following best describes the first core property of human agency as identified by Bandura?
What does the property of forethought primarily refer to in Bandura's theory?
What does the property of forethought primarily refer to in Bandura's theory?
Which core property emphasizes the role of self-regulation in achieving higher goals?
Which core property emphasizes the role of self-regulation in achieving higher goals?
In Bandura's concept of self-reflection, individuals are capable of:
In Bandura's concept of self-reflection, individuals are capable of:
How does Bandura's view on the self contrast with the traditional perspective?
How does Bandura's view on the self contrast with the traditional perspective?
What is NOT a characteristic of self-reactiveness in Bandura's theory?
What is NOT a characteristic of self-reactiveness in Bandura's theory?
What role does self-awareness play in the context of human agency?
What role does self-awareness play in the context of human agency?
Which statement best reflects the significance of self-reflection within Bandura's framework?
Which statement best reflects the significance of self-reflection within Bandura's framework?
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Study Notes
The Self and Social Perception
- Role-taking allows individuals to understand how others perceive and judge them, resulting in the formation of the self.
- The concept of the Looking Glass Self describes the self as influenced by perceptions of others' judgments.
Stages of Self Development
- The Game Stage begins in early school years, enabling children to understand social positions of those around them.
- The self becomes pronounced during this stage through interactions and social roles.
Two Dimensions of Self (George Herbert Mead)
- The "I": Represents the spontaneous, subjective side of the self, reflecting immediate reactions and uniqueness of the individual.
- The "Me": Represents the internalized expectations and attitudes from society, forming awareness of social demands.
Postmodern View of the Self
- Postmodernism examines self as a cultural construct influenced by historical context rather than strict philosophical doctrine.
- Michel Foucault views the self as shaped by social and historical conditions.
Time and Memory
- Time is perceived as a mental construct rather than a physical entity, with memory allowing perception of past, present, and future.
- St. Augustine emphasizes that existential aspects of self are derived from memory and anticipation.
René Descartes’ Perspective on Self
- Descartes defines the self as a "thinking thing," distinguishing it from the physical body, asserting real existence of the self in contrast to mere illusions.
- He posits a mind-body dichotomy where thought (mind) precedes physical action (body).
Human Agency
- Four Core Properties:
- Intentionality: Formulating intentions and action plans.
- Forethought: Positioning actions within future contexts.
- Self-reactiveness: Self-regulating and striving towards challenging goals for self-actualization.
- Self-reflection: Capability of self-examination regarding one’s functioning and behavior.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Individualistic cultures emphasize personal autonomy, while collectivistic cultures prioritize loyalty to the in-group for overall welfare.
- Collectivism emphasizes the communal and relational aspects of existence over individualistic distinctions.
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