Basic Maintenance Hand Tools (Level 1)

PREPARED BY: ABDULHAMID HAMAD OGTS-M08 LEVEL 1 Basic Maintenance Hand Tools PROJECT 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  HSE and Protocols for the Course 24 June 2019 / ‹#› ❑Alarms and Escape Routes ▪There are no planned alarms ▪Any alarm must be treated...

PREPARED BY: ABDULHAMID HAMAD OGTS-M08 LEVEL 1 Basic Maintenance Hand Tools PROJECT 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  HSE and Protocols for the Course 24 June 2019 / ‹#› ❑Alarms and Escape Routes ▪There are no planned alarms ▪Any alarm must be treated as ‘live’ ▪Leave the room in an orderly manner ▪Proceed to the Muster Point ▪Await further instructions ❑Mobile Phones ▪Please turn them off ▪If you are ‘On Call’ turn to Vibrate ▪Please leave room to answer ▪Please decline social calls ❑Comfort Breaks ▪We will take a 15 minute break every 1.5 hour ▪Please return promptly so we can finish on time  OBJECTIVES 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Learning Activity Objectives: Upon completion of this course, participants should be able to: Identify the name and the function (application) of different Hand Tools which are commonly used in the workshop and in the plant. Describe the required safety precautions for these tools Care and Proper Use of Hand Tools Identify the name and the function (application) of drill Power Tools which are commonly used in the work shop and in the plant  HAND TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Learning Topics: ▪ Holding Tools ▪ Cutting & Shaping Tools ▪ Cutting Threads ▪ Striking Tools ▪ Fastening & Removing Tools  Hand tools Safe Use 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Handtools Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)  Always ware the correct minimum PPE for working safely on site or in the workshop.  Head Protection.  Eye Protection  Hand tools Safe Use 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Handtools PPE Cont’d  Hand Protection.  Foot Protection  CUTTING TOOLS OPITO OUTCOMES COVERED KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA K 1.1 Component parts, uses and care of hacksaws  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws A hacksaw is a type of hand tool designed specifically for cutting through materials such as plastic, steel, and other metals. Hacksaw Frames Hacksaw frames, also known as blade holders Two designs are there: Fixed Frame Adjustable Frame Adjustable Frame Fixed Frame  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Frames supplied with pins for attaching new blades. The frames are typically made from steel or aluminium and can be adjusted to accommodate different sized blades.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Hacksaw Handle There are 2 types of handles used here: Straight handle Pistol handle  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Hacksaw Blades Blades are mounted onto hacksaw frames via pins which are inserted into holes at either end of the blade. The distance between these holes is used to determine the length of the blade.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Non Sparking Blades Copper Beryllium (CuBe) only  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Hacksaws are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes to support a range of applications and industries. The main types of hacksaw include: 1. Full-Sized Hacksaw 2. Junior Hacksaw 3. Mini Hacksaw 4. Power Hacksaw  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 1. Full-Sized Hacksaw Also known as senior hacksaws, Full-sized hacksaws are large, They are compatible with 12, 18, 24 and 32 teeth per inch blades.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Blades Teeth Per Inch: The coarseness of saw blades is measured as the number of Teeth per Inch - or TPI. This is measured between the bottoms, or gullets, of the teeth. Illustration of Teeth per Inch (TPI) and Points per Inch (PPI)  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Teeth Arrangement If you turn a junior hacksaw blade on its side, you will see that the teeth are set in a wavy line. Double Alternate Set Wave Tooth Set Zig-Zag Single Tooth Set The teeth are set in this way in order to make a cut that is wider than blade, in order to prevent it becoming stuck in the material. One tooth is left straight to helps in clearing the slot of metal particles.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Blades Coarse Pitch Teeth : The course pitch blade has 14-18 teeth / 25 mm. It is used to cut thick and Soft work pieces  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Blades Medium Pitch Teeth : The course pitch blade has 18-24 teeth / 25 mm. It is used to cut medium hard steel and copper alloys  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Blades Fine Pitch Teeth : The course pitch blade has 24-32 teeth / 25 mm. It is used to cut thin and hard work pieces.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hacksaws : Blade Selection based on Specimen martial and thickness  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Blades Blade Material: Blades are made from two types of martials: 1. High Speed Steel HSS 2. Carbone Steel High Speed Steel (HSS) blades are used for tough, resistant materials , whilst High Carbon Steel blades are for general cutting.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw Blades Blade Selection : Selecting the correct blade for the material to be cut is important when setting up a hacksaw. Selecting the correct number of teeth per inch (25mm) is important. The general rule is that at least three teeth should extend across the surface of the material to be cut.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws How to use Hacksaw 1. The material should be carefully marked out. This normally involves using an engineers try square and scriber.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws How to use Hacksaw 2. One hand holds the hacksaw handle. Notice how the index finger is used to support the handle and also points in the direction of cutting. 3. The other hand holds the frame, near the wing nut. 4. Cutting/sawing should be carried out close to the jaws of the vice. This ensures that the metal does not flex or bend under the force of the hacksaw and the sawing motion. Saw vigorously, taking care to direct the cutting movements away from your body  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws How to use Hacksaw 5. When the metal has been cut, it will need filing. This removes sharp ‘burrs’ so that the metal can be handled safely, without the possibility of cuts to the hands.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 2. Junior Hacksaw The Junior hacksaw is a small scale version of a full size hacksaw. Two hands are required to use the full size hacksaw, whilst one hand is needed for the junior hacksaw. Half-sized blades Not suitable for cutting harder substances. Junior hacksaws are compact, They are available in a range of designs and two are seen here.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw Handle Most junior hacksaws have what’s known as a straight handle. This type of handle is usually found on saws used for delicate or precise work, such as back saws or coping saws. straight handle The handle can be turned freely in the user’s hand, meaning you have greater control over the cuts you make.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : Purpose of Junior Hacksaw Used when space is limited, Used when more precise cutting is required. A junior hacksaw is designed for cutting very thin metal and plastic. Junior hacksaws are commonly used for cutting through metal pipes or plastic tubing.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws Junior Hacksaw : Blades The blade of a junior hacksaw is much smaller than a regular one, so the tool can be used for more precise cutting or for applications that require a neater finish. Like a regular hacksaw, the blade on a junior hacksaw can be removed from the frame Blade for Junior hacksaw come with integrated pins at each end  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw :Blades Selection Description Suitable Teeth Teeth for per cm per inch TPI Universal Blades Iron 10 25 Aluminum Wood Plastic Metal Blades Iron 12 32 Copper Aluminium Fine Metal Blades Iron 20 50 V2A-Steel Copper Wood Blades Wood 5.5 14 Plastic  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : Blade Selection Select the blade most suited for the material being cut. It is recommended that High Speed Steel blades are used, although these are more expensive. Also, determine the TPI (teeth per inch), suitable for the material.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : Cutting Stroke A junior hacksaw cuts on the push stroke, which means the blade should always be placed in the frame with the teeth pointing away from the handle.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : How to replace Blade of a Junior Hacksaw The blades tend to be ‘fine’, potentially giving a precise cut and fit the junior hacksaw frame, with the aid of ‘pins’, at each end. The pins lodge firmly into ‘slots’, in the frame of the saw.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : How to replace Blade of a Junior Hacksaw To fit the blade, pressure is applied to the frame, shortening the distance between the ‘slots’ and allowing the blade to fit in place. When pressure is released, the frame flexes back to its original shape, tensioning the blade.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : How to replace Blade of a Junior Hacksaw To fit the blade, the pins at either end, fit into the slots. Tension is applied by turning the knurled ‘nut’.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : How to Use Junior Hacksaw Place the material in an engineers vice. Use a scriber and try square or a straight edge, to mark out the surface of the material.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : How to Use Junior Hacksaw The junior hacksaw is held in one hand and then pushed forward (the teeth of the blade face forward, away from the handle). The ‘cut’ only takes place on the forward stroke. The first few ‘cuts’ should be taken with care, until a grove is cut in the metal, which guides the saw blade and then more rapid sawing can take place.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : How to Use Junior Hacksaw After cutting the material (especially steel / aluminium), remove burrs by filing with a hand file.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : Types of Frames Handy little bow saw in 6 mm steel rod The bow allows a cutting depth of up to 50 mm. It takes up very little space in any tool box blade 150 mm long. Total length 260 mm  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Hacksaws 2. Junior Hacksaw : Types of Frames Rigid small handsaw Plastic hand grip in plastic. Rectangular-section bow in 10 x 5 mm galvanized steel. Blade 150 mm long. Blade is inserted into slots and tensioned using the knurled nob in the handle. The depth of the bow allows cuts up to 68 mm deep. Total length 260 mm  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 2. Junior Hacksaw Junior hacksaws are a smaller variant of Hacksaws Used when more precise cutting is required. Half-sized blades Not suitable for cutting harder substances. Junior hacksaws are compact, 150 mm long saw blade. The depth of the bow allows cuts up to 68 mm deep. Total length might reach 260 mm  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 3. Mini Hacksaw Mini hacksaws are light and compact models Lightweight but very solid aluminum alloy frame hacksaw for easy use, ergonomic double injection anti-slip grip HSS blade Loosen and fix screw to change and replace blades. Blade holder accepts 10 inch and 12 inch hacksaw blades. 2.5 Inch Cut Depth  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 3. Mini Hacksaw Designed for cutting in particularly confined spaces and accessing hard-to-reach areas such as domestic pipework. Ideal for wood, PVC, plasterboard, metal sheet and foam cutting.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 3. Mini Hacksaw Adjustable frame that can accept 10 inch 0r 12 inch length of blades  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 3. Mini Hacksaw  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 3. Mini Hacksaw Alternative Mini-Hacksaw designs  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws Types of Hacksaw 4. Power Hacksaw Power hacksaws, also known as electric hacksaws, Normally feature built-in electric motors to power their blades They can also be attached to separate motors or engines. Powered hacksaws normally automatically elevate their blades on the return stroke. Typically, power hacksaws are stationary devices. Some of them handheld models. Coolant pumps are another common inclusion to help prevent the blades from overheating during use.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 1. Hacksaws How to Maintain a Hacksaw Regularly maintaining your hacksaw and keeping it in good condition will not only ensure a quality cut but it will also reduce the risk associated with using the tool. When conducting hacksaw maintenance, consider the following fundamentals: You should regularly inspect hacksaw blades for signs of damage including warping or blunting If blades do show signs of wear and tear, replace them Apply oil or lubricant to the blade to prevent overheating when cutting Minimise the risk of breakage when cutting harder materials by cutting more slowly Regularly clean hacksaw blades to keep them in good condition for longer  CUTTING TOOLS OPITO OUTCOMES COVERED KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA K 1.2 Classification, shapes, uses and care of files  HAND TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Files are classified as multi-point cutting tools and cut by means of abrasion. They have a large number of small teeth that scrape against the surface of the work and wear it away.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files File Dimensions  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files File Classification  Files are classified by :  Length (Point to shoulder)  Cut (Single or double)  Grade (Bastard, second, smooth)  Shape (Flat, round, square)  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files File Cut Descriptions of files will frequently refer to ‘cut’, which describes the pattern of the teeth on the working part of the file (usually the face). Single Cut Double Cut Curved Tooth Rasp  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files File Grade The different grades of files commonly available as rough, bastard, second cut, smooth and dead smooth. Rough Bastard Second Cut Smooth Dead Smooth  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Types of File  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Files Types of File : Non Sparking Files  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Diamond files Instead of having teeth cut into the file's working surface, diamond files have small particles of industrial diamond embedded in their surface Diamond files are also the only type that may be used with a back-and-forth motion without damaging the file Diamonds allows the file to be used effectively against extremely hard materials This file is good to file : Stone, Glass Hard metals such as hardened steel Carbide against which a standard steel file is ineffective.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Needle files (escapement files) Needle files are small files that are used in applications where the surface finish takes priority over metal removal rates. They are most suited for smaller work pieces. They are used where a great degree of precision is necessary, They are often sold in sets, including different shapes. Needle and escapement files tend to be between 100mm (4″) and 137mm (51/2“) long, although they can be longer.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Riffler files Riffler files are small to medium-sized files. The varying profiles and shapes enable them to be used in hard to reach, or unusually shaped areas.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Slitting and Slotting files Slitting and slotting files are machinist’s files that are characterised by a diamond- shaped cross section.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Slitting files Slitting files are diamond-shaped, blunt and cut on all faces. As diamonds have two obtuse angles and two acute angles, this makes slitting files versatile when it comes to creating grooves Slitting files are used for deburring inside acute angles with limited space. Slitting files are usually available in lengths from 137mm (51/2 inches) to 162mm (61/2 inches).  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Slotting files Slotting files are similar to slitting files in all respects, but for the fact that they are only cut on their edges. All other faces are safe. Slotting files are used to create the slots in heads of screws. Their safe faces allow for slots to be filed to a specific depth and to keep a rectangular shape. Slotting files are smaller, and are usually 100mm (4 inches) long.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Pillar files Pillar files have safe edges, and are useful when filing rectangular slots and grooves.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Thread restoring files Used to restore damage or worn external threads on bolts, pipes, etc.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Thread restoring files Restores rusted or corroded fasteners.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Thread restoring files  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files How to use Thread restoring files To use a thread restoring file, you need to: Ascertain the screw's or the bolt's threads per inch (TPI) with a thread pitch gage. The gage edge will fit perfectly into the remaining threads when you have the correct gage blade selected (there will be no gaps between the gage's teeth and the edge of the screw's or bolt's remaining threads).  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files How to use Thread restoring files 1. Find the appropriate TPI pitch on the thread file. Find the appropriate TPI pitch on the thread file (10 TPI in this example)  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files How to use Thread restoring files 2. Install the handle on the opposite end and side from the correct pitch. Find the appropriate TPI pitch on the thread file (10 TPI in this example)  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files How to use Thread restoring files 2. Install the handle on the opposite end and side from the correct pitch.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files How to use Thread restoring files 3. Mount the damaged screw or bolt in a vise or chuck so it remains secure.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files How to use Thread restoring files 4. With the correct pitch facing towards the screw, file at the same angle as the threads.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files Other types of File Machine files Files are produced specifically for use in a filing machine, which is similar in appearance to a scroll saw with a vertically reciprocating file mounted in the middle of a table. A workpiece is manipulated around the file's face as the shape requires. Filing machines are rarely seen in modern production environments, but may be found in older toolrooms  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 2. Files FILING There are three basic filing operations: Cross filing Draw-filing  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Filing Techniques Cross-Filing Cross filing, also known as straightforward filing, is the most commonly used filing technique and can be executed with any type of file. This technique involves pushing the file across the edge of the material. It can be used for finishing, shaping or sharpening.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Filing Techniques Cross-Filing Advantages Useful for smoothing, finishing, sharpening and deburring. Can be used with any type of file. Can be used on small components Disadvantages Difficult to master and can result in an undesirable sloped surface on thicker workpieces.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Filing Techniques Draw-Filing For draw filing, single-cut files are better than double-cut as they are less likely to scratch the work. draw filing is done by grasping the file at each end and moving it sidewise across the work The amount of stock removed by this process is usually very small, the object being to lay the file marks parallel to the length of the work.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Filing Techniques Draw-Filing Advantages Very effective at creating a smooth surface. Disadvantages Only works with single-cut files. Cannot be used in tight spaces.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal Be sure to select the right kind of file for the job, and keep it clean and oiled. You can straight file, cross file, or draw file, depending on whether you want to: Remove material Do detail work, or Create a smooth surface.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 1. Select a file size. Large files are relatively coarse: They leave a rougher finish, but remove more stock Smaller files are finer : They remove less stock, but leave a smoother finish  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 2. Choose a file shape. Use a flat file for general purpose work, a square file for enlarging rectangular holes, a round file for enlarging round holes. a triangular file on acute angles, a half-round file to smooth curved faces of grooves.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 3. Determine the degree of coarseness needed. A bastard-cut file has the highest degree of coarseness, A second-cut file has a medium degree of coarseness. A smooth-cut file is the least coarse option  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 4. Pick the right tooth geometry. For fast removal of stock, choose a double-cut file. For finishing, use a single-cut file. Choose a rasp-cut for rough cuts of soft materials, A curved-cut file for automotive body work. Use a double-cut file to file brass, bronze, copper, and tin. These tough metals should be filed with a double-cut file as they are strong enough to withstand the metal and/or alloy. Rasp-cut files can be used for wood as well as lead and aluminum. This file has a series of individual teeth and produces a rough cut.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 5. Check the quality of the file. Be sure that the file you choose to use is whole, rather than broken or chipped. Ensure the handle is intact and not loose. Check the teeth to be sure they aren’t broken, and look for rust, which should be removed before using the file. Soak your file in distilled white vinegar overnight to remove the rust. Then wipe off any residue and thoroughly dry the file before using it.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 6. Clean the file. There should not be any pins (bits of filed metal) stuck in the teeth. If there are, clean them out with a file card, stiff wire brush, or a piece of skinny wire or sheet metal. You can also use a scrap piece of hardwood to clean your file by pressing the wood against the file and scraping it along the grooves You should clean your file often while you are working as well. Aim to stop and clean your file every 15 strokes or so to prevent pinning  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files How to File Metal 7. Apply chalk, oil, or tallow to the file. Rub chalk, or a small amount of tallow or general-purpose oil, into the teeth of the file. This makes the file less likely to become clogged with pins in the future, as well as reduces the amount of metal dust when filing, and also protects the file. You may want to wear gloves when applying chalk, oil, or tallow to your file to keep your hands clean. Tallow: is a semi-solid white fat product obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of a cattle  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Using The Right Techniques 1. Secure your work. It is important to secure your work with a vise or other clamp to keep it from moving around while you are filing.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Using The Right Techniques 2. File in only one direction. You don’t want to use a back and forth motion with your file, as this will damage the file and likely your workpiece as well. Instead, only apply pressure on the forward stroke and lift the file away from the workpiece on the return stroke.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Using The Right Techniques 3. Cross file to remove material. For heavy cross filing, grab the handle of the file with the dominant hand and place the palm of the other hand on the end of the file. Angle the file diagonally to the work and press down firmly so that the file digs in and cuts the metal. Make long, slow strokes away from your body. Lift the file away from the surface on the return stroke to prevent dulling the file.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Using The Right Techniques 4. Straight file for detail work. For straight filing, use a small file rather than a large one. Grab the handle of the file with the dominant hand and place the fingers of the other hand on the end of the file. Point the file away from you and press it down firmly on your workpiece. Make long, slow strokes away from your body, and only file in one direction, rather than back and forth  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2. Files Using The Right Techniques 5. Draw file to finish a surface. For draw filing, place your hands on either side of the file with a gap slightly larger than your workpiece. Hold the file horizontally and make long, slow strokes away from your body with a firm pressure. Remember to only apply pressure on the forward stroke, and to remove the file on the backward stroke.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Cleaning File The particles of metal removed by a file frequently remain in the teeth and diminish their cutting qualities. In the case of hard metals, these particles, or "pins", often scratch the work. It is necessary, therefore, that files be frequently cleaned. This may be done in a measure by striking the edge of the file lightly against the bench or vise, It is more effectually performed by using a stiff brush or a piece of card clothing card clothing file card  STRIKING TOOLS OPITO OUTCOMES COVERED KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA K 1.3 Types, uses and care of engineers hammers  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS Hammers A hammer is a tool, most often a hand tool, consisting of : 1. Head 2. Handle The weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. The impacting surface of the tool is usually flat or slightly rounded; the opposite end of the impacting mass may have a ball shape, claw or other shapes that serving certain purpose.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammer The flat face is for hammering, and the pein is for rounding off rivets or similar jobs.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammers Purpose of the Hammers Hammers are used for a wide range of : Driving Shaping Breaking Non-destructive striking applications. The essential part of a hammer is the head, a compact solid mass that is able to deliver a blow to the intended target without itself deforming. The impact between steel hammer heads and the objects being hit can create sparks, which may ignite flammable or explosive gases. These are a hazard in industries such as underground coal mining and Oil & Gas industry  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammer Hammer Material and shape: Head : The modern hammer head is typically made of steel which has been heat treated for hardness The peen (also spelled pein and pane) is the part opposite to the Face of the head, shown here are: A. Ball-peen hammer B. Cross-peen hammer C. Straight-peen hammer A B C  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammer Hammer Material and shape: Handle: handle (also known as a haft or helve) is typically made of : wood plastic metal.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammer Hammer Types: Hammers vary in shape, size, and structure, depending on their purposes. Based on their utility, hand hammers are of two categories: A. Standard Types Hammers B. Special Types Hammers.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammer Types: A. Standard types of hammers: 1. Ball Peen hammer 2. Sledgehammer 3. Claw hammer 4. Club hammer 5. Dead blow hammer 6. Tack hammer 7. Rubber mallet 8. Framing hammer  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hammer A. Special types of hammers 1. Brass hammer 2. Brick hammer 3. Electrician hammer 4. Blacksmith hammer 5. Bushing hammer 6. Cross peen hammer 7. Drywall hammer 8. Chasing hammer 9. Engineers hammer 10. Hatchet hammer 11. Mechanic hammer 12. Planishing hammer 13. Power hammer 14. Welding hammer 15. Pin hammer 16. Straight peen hammer 17. Rip hammer  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS Engineers Ball Peen These types of hammers are most widely used in workshops. On one end of this ball pane hammer, a plain face is made, and on the other end, a pane of 3/4 like a round ball is made. It is used for setting the rivet. It is also used to strike blows on a metal sheet up to a certain depth. Its weight is between 0. 11 to 0.91 kg.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS Engineers Ball Peen Applications of a ball peen hammer include: Peening (metal surface strengthening) Blacksmithing and knife making (compressing metal to make it harder) Shaping metal Riveting Automotive repair Chasing Construction Jewelry making Woodworking (driving small nails and aligning joints)  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Engineers Ball Peen Applications of a ball peen hammer include: Riveting The images below show cold riveting using a ball pein hammer. Both faces of the hammer head need to be used. The ‘ball’ face is used to form the head of the rivet and the flat face applies the force to the rivet set, closing the gap between the two steel plates. Rivet set  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Engineers Cross Peen Applications of a cross peen hammer include: Hammering nails The hammer is ideally weighted and balanced for this type of work. If hammering a nail in a restricted space, the cross pein can be used. Greater care is needed if using the hammer in this way, as it is more likely to slip off the head of the nail and damage the surface of the material or hit hands and fingers.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Engineers Straight Peen Applications of a cross peen hammer include: Hammering nails The straight pein hammer has exactly the same uses as the cross pein. However, there are times when a straight pein is suitable, because of the nature of its design.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Engineers Claw Hammer Applications of a cross peen hammer include: Hammering nails Removing nails Hickory is used for the handle, as it absorbs shocks and vibration. Some versions of this hammer have metal handles, with rubber grips.. One use of this hammer is the removal of nails, using the ‘claw’ as a lever  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS Mallets Mallets are soft-faced hammers and are used instead of steel hammers to protect machined surfaces or fragile parts. They are used especially for assembling or dismantling parts so that the finished surfaces are not harmed. These hammers are commonly made of copper, rawhide, plastic, nylon, or rubber. Copper Hammer Plastic Hammer Nylon Hammer Black Rubber Mallet  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Nylon Hammer Applications of a nylon hammer include: Motor rewinding arrangement A Nylon / Rubber hammer is used, when force is needed, but the surface being ‘hit’, must not be damaged.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Copper Hammer Applications of a copper hammer include: Motor rewinding arrangement A Copper hammer is sometimes used, to apply force to steel, but with a reduced risk of damage to its surface. It can be used to apply the final tightening force to a heavy duty machine vice  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers Types of Material Materials such as : Aluminum-bronze alloys Beryllium-copper alloys Are employed in the careful construction of non-sparking hammers, making them ideal for usage in hazardous environments due to their inherent spark-resistant features. These materials are selected for their unique compositions that effectively prevent the creation of sparks. The widely-preferred choice for making these tools is aluminum-bronze alloys, owing to their outstanding : Endurance and Non-sparking capabilities.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers It is a hammer made of a non-ferrous alloy to reduce the chance of sparks being thrown from the hammer and surface during use. Brass Hammer Copper Hammer Nylon Hammer  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers Not only Hammers but Anvil blocks can be made from the same material to be used with hammers and become non sparking tool. Brass Anvil  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers Typical Non-Sparking Hammer Specification Non-sparking, non-marring brass-head hammers Fiberglass handle includes TPR overmold for extra comfort Built-in overstrike protector absorbs shock and vibration when overstrike occurs Large sweep at base prevents loss of grip Head is securely epoxied to prevent detachment Does not contain beryllium overstrike protector TPR : Thermoplastic Rubber (TPR) is a material that combines the characteristics of both rubber and plastic.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers Utilizations Non-sparking hammers are utilized in a number of industries including: oil and gas refineries, chemical processing facilities, mining sites. The ever-present risk of fire or explosion in these places underscores the importance of these hammers as indispensable safety tools.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers Typical Non-Sparking Hammer Specification Beryllium Hazards Beryllium poisoning can indeed be dangerous. It manifests in two forms: Acute Beryllium Poisoning: This occurs due to exposure to soluble beryllium salts. It’s usually a result of short-term exposure. Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD): Also known as berylliosis, this condition arises from long-term exposure to beryllium oxide, typically through inhalation. CBD affects the lungs. However, contact with solid beryllium is not expected to produce health effects. If you suspect exposure to beryllium, it’s essential to seek medical attention promptly.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Non Sparking Hammers Typical Non-Sparking Hammer Specification Beryllium Hazards Is Beryllium Copper alloy toxic? Beryllium copper alloys, including copper beryllium (CuBe), can indeed pose health risks. Copper beryllium in solid form, as contained in finished products, presents minimal health risks. However, subsequent operations like: - grinding, - melting, or - welding Activities above can produce hazardous dust or fumes that can be inhaled or come into contact with the skin or eyes  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Air Hammer An air hammer is a handheld tool powered by compressed air (pneumatic). As their name suggests, they are percussion tools. They are the modern version of sledgehammers, and they are available in all sizes Note: A percussion tool is a power-driven tool that operates by striking rapid blows You can see in the image that a retainer spring which is screwed on the thread on the body of the air chisel, holds the hammer bit in place. Without this spring, the tool bit will be thrown out of the socket during working and could cause accidents. The more expensive models come with a quick retainer chuck which eliminates the need to unscrew the spring whenever you want to change the tip.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Air Hammer Retainer spring Check Quick Retainer Check  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Air Hammer The compressor The compressor’s size and capacity determine the efficiency and power of the tool. An air hammer needs an air compressor that can deliver about 90 PSI of air pressure and no less than 4 cfm (cubic feet per minute) to work continuously.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Scaling Hammers Single Head Handheld Scaling Hammers Features: Vibration reduced single head model to reduce risk of vibrations related injuries Optional spark-resistant copper beryllium replacement heads reduce risk of explosion in potentially hazardous areas Blows Per minute is 4650 Single Head Triple Head  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Scaling Hammers Single Head Handheld Scaling Hammers Operating Pressure: Correct operating pressure for this tool is 6.2 bar (90psi) Do not let the operating pressure fall below 5.5bar (80p.s.i.) or rise above 6.9bar (100 psi) absolute maximum. Always refer to the manufacturer operating manuals  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Scaling Hammers Single Head Handheld Scaling Hammers Application Ideal tools for the removal of : Thick scale, Heavy corrosion and Hard coatings Applications include: Pipes Ship Decks Oil Platforms Storage Tanks Bridge Structures  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Scaling Hammers : Non –Sparking  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Air Hammer What is BPM in an Air Hammer? The BPM stands for Blows Per Minute, which is the number of strikes it can make in a minute. How many hammer strikes can you make by hand? 30? 60? If you are really fast, you could do over 100 short strikes. A typical pneumatic hammer can strike thousands of blows per minute. This is why the tasks that could take you hours can be done in seconds with an air hammer.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Air Hammer How to Use an Air Hammer Safely Below a list of safety precautions you should always take when using a power hammer: Always work in a ventilated, clean, and well-lit space. Wearing safety glasses is a must and earplugs in addition to anti-vibration globes that they can help to prevent wrist and joint strain caused by vibration. Never hold the work with your hand or against the body. Use the proper tip for the appointed job. Always detach the compressed air hose from the tool before changing accessories or making any adjustments. Don’t over-pressurize your air tool. Any pressure exceeding 200 PSI is dangerous and can result in serious injury. Always check the user manual to check the recommended air pressure and other important safety instructions. Use compressed air only. Other gasses, such as bottled gas, oxygen, or carbon dioxide, are explosive and extremely dangerous.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal Most frequently, expensive sheet metal bending tools, called brakes, are used to bend sheet metal, but you can also complete this task using hammer. Bending sheet metal by hand is a manageable task if the piece of sheet metal is small and thin enough to handle. 1. Gather your materials. To bend your sheet metal with a vise and hammer, you will need: 2 wooden or metal form blocks Block of hardwood and heavy-duty hammer or mallet Calculator or online bend calculator Marker Protractor Rubber, plastic, or rawhide mallet Ruler or tape measure Sheet metal Vise  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 2. Determine the thickness of your sheet. You can use a tape measure or ruler to measure the thickness of your sheet metal. This measurement will be necessary for calculating your bend allowance.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 3. Calculate your bend allowance. The bending you will be doing will warp your sheet metal so that it is physically bigger.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 3. Calculate your bend allowance. To calculate the expansion that will take place on the outside of your bend angle, you will need to know your bend allowance. You can find your bend allowance with the following formula: (π/180) x B x (IR + K x MT) = bend allowance (BA), Where: B is the angle complementary to your desired bend angle (1 to 180 degrees), MT is the thickness of the material, IR is the inside radius, K is the K-factor.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 3. Calculate your bend allowance. (π/180) x B x (IR + K x MT) = bend allowance (BA), Where: B is the angle complementary to your desired bend angle (1 to 180 degrees), MT is the thickness of the material, IR is the inside radius, K is the K-factor. Example: if you want to bend 22 gauge sheet metal at a 90° angle, the calculation would be: 0.017453 x 90 x (0.020 + 0.448 x 0.03) = 0.0525265488 inch bend allowance Keep in mind that some metals are more brittle than others. Bending a brittle metal beyond its limits could cause the metal to snap and break.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 3. Mark your bend lines. Now that you know your bend allowance BA , take your protractor and draw a clear line with your marker across the point at which you will bend your sheet metal. Then use your bend allowance to draw your second bend line, the intervening distance between your bend lines (bend radius). The space between your bend lines will expand with the application of your bend.  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 4. Cut your sheet to size. You should leave a little trim to your sheet, approximately ¼" is recommended. Be sure you file and smooth your sheet 5. Place your forms in your vise. One edge of your form will typically be rounded to the degree of your bend radius, thus helping you achieve your desired bend  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 6. Clamp your sheet metal in your vise. Now that your forms are placed, you should clamp your sheet between your form blocks very firmly. Take care to keep your bend line even with the guide angle of your forms. 7. Support your excess sheet metal. If you have sheet metal hanging a considerable distance outside of your form blocks, you will need to support this segment so that it does not bounce too wildly and negatively impact your bend  STRIKING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› STRIKING TOOLS APPLICATION How to Bend Sheet Metal 8. Bend the metal with your mallet. To prevent damage or unsightly dents, it's best to use a rubber, plastic, or rawhide mallet to gently tap the metal. Do this until it bends toward the form block and achieves your desired angle gradually and evenly. Slowly work back and forth between your bend lines until the sheet metal is bent to the desired angle.  HOLDING TOOLS OPITO OUTCOMES COVERED KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA K 1.4 Construction, component parts, uses and care of engineering vices  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice An Engineers vice / Fitters vice, is a basic and yet very important piece of equipment. There are a variety of versions, the one below being the ‘plain’ version. The main body is manufactured from cast iron or steel, with the cast iron version being cheaper. The jaws of the vice are hardened steel, to reduce wear and tear from every day use.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice The Vice size The size of the vice is determined by the distance across the jaw (and not the distance between the open jaws,  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice The Jaws are held in position by two countersunk machine screws. The jaws shown here, are patterned / serrated to add grip, although smooth jaws can be purchased. The type of jaws fitted to the vice, is determined by the type of work being carried out.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice If the serrated jaws are fitted to a vice, a quick way of protecting the materials to be held between them, is by placing vice fibre grips over the jaws. These are supplied in pairs, one for each jaw and they prevent the material being marked / damaged by the serrated pattern, machined into the steel jaws. Some vice grips are manufactured from a soft metal such as aluminium  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice How to use Standard Engineering Vice To apply pressure between the jaws of the engineer’s vice, simply turn the handle / tommy bar rotating the thread inside the vice, through an internal nut.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice How to Care of Standard Engineering Vice Never over tighten standard engineer’s vice, by either hitting the handle with a mallet, or by applying too much hand pressure. This can damage the vice  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice How to Care of Standard Engineering Vice At the end of the working day, untighten the handle a couple of turns. The reason for this, is that it releases pressure on the thread and nut. Also, during cold nights, the temperature will drop, causing the steel thread and the vice body to contract, which can damage the vice and even break it.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Swivel Vice An alternative of engineers vice is shown below named Engineers Swivel Vice. This version has a scale that allows for the main body to be set at an angle. How to Adjust : 1. The adjusting nuts are loosened and the body is ‘swivelled’ to the required angle. 2. The nuts are then tightened, locking the vice at its new angle.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice To work safely, correct height to be checked:  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice Application An engineers vice can be used to This diagram shows the machine hold equipment, such as a set of vice, holding the folding bars, whilst a folding bars. mallet is used to help ‘fold’ a box form, from sheet aluminium. Here, the folding bars are held in the vice and used to ‘fold’ (bend) a piece of sheet steel.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Engineers Bench Vice Application The engineers vice is normally used, when cutting and filing is taking place.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice They are made of cast steel with wood faced jaws , the wood faces are used to protects the workpiece secured between the jaws.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice The size of the jaws will determine how wide of a board you can clamp, while the opening will determine how thick of a board you can clamp. Generally, there are many recognised sizes of woodworking vice: Width of 175 mm (7 inch) Width of 200 mm (8 inch) Width of 225 mm ( 9 inch) Width of 250 mm. (10.6 inch) (13 inch) The larger the width, the longer the opening distance between the jaws. Vises are commonly sold by the jaw size in inches. For instance, a 2″ benchtop vise has a 2-inch-wide jaw.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice Wood workers Vice Operation: The jaws are operated through the rotation of the handle, which rotates a thread, opening the distance between the stationary and moving jaw.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice Fast opening and closing Lever: Some vices have a quick release lever, which disengages the thread, allowing for fast opening and closing of the jaws, saving time.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice The ‘dog’ of the woodworking vice has been raised and fixed in position by tightening the wingnut. The ‘dog’ prevents movement of wood being planed. The ‘dog’ is a simple but effective way of securing the material.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Woodworking Vice The plan view of the wood working bench, shows the ‘dog’ holding the wood being planed, in position  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Hand Vice A hand vice is extremely useful, when holding sheet metal and thin metal sections. This is especially the case when drilling. Application: A hand vice is designed for holding thinner materials, with the jaws clamping the top and bottom surfaces (not the edges).  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Hand Vice This diagram below, clearly demonstrates, why a machine vice is not suitable for holding sheet metal whilst drilling. The magnified view shows, the sheet metal bending under pressure, applied by tightening the vice. If drilling goes ahead, the drill bit will slip from the correct position and it is likely that the metal will spin ‘dangerously’ out of the vice.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Hand Vice The hand vice, shown below, is one safe way of holding the sheet metal whilst drilling. The sheet metal is held firmly in the hand vice.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Machine Vice Machine vices are supplied in a range of sizes, from light duty to heavy duty vices. 1. The light duty vices: are designed for general drilling, such as drilling a hole on a pedestal drill. 2. Heavy duty vices: are designed for holding materials to be machined, for example, on milling machines or for drilling substantial holes in resistant materials such as steel. Both types of machine vice, tend to be supplied with a handle or a tommy bar, helping to apply leverage, when closing the jaws on the material.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Machine Vice : Heavy Duty Machines In the diagram below, the heavy duty machine vice, is bolted to the vertical milling machine. The handle of the machine vice is first tightened by hand and then a wood / hide mallet (leather mallet) is used, to apply further force.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Machine Vice : Heavy Duty Machines This heavy duty machine vice can be This machine vice has both horizontal set at a variety of horizontal angles. and vertical axis, alloying for a range of angles to be achieved. The ‘small’ bolts are loosened, allowing the main body of the vice to swivel 360 degrees  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Machine Vice : Lightweight Machines The lightweight machine vice seen below, has been bolted to the table of the drilling machine. This means it is secured in the correct position and will not move, even if the drill bit ‘grabs’ the work.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Leg Vice The Leg Vice is for heavy duty work, Manufactured from wrought iron or mild steel, with cast steel jaw pieces. It is often used during forge work. The long ‘tommy bar’, allows for forceful leverage. The vice is used for hot and cold forming of metal. They are used when an engineers vice would be damaged, by the nature of the work being carried out.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Leg Vice With the exception of one position, the jaws are not parallel to each other, because of the way the front jaw rotates around the hinge bolt.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Leg Vice The leg vice is use here, to hold a substantial piece of steel, ready for forming a 90 degree angle. The steel has been heated to ‘red heat’ The heavy blows to the steel, from the ‘large’ ball pein hammer, will not damage this type of vice, but they could damage an engineers vice.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Vice Bench Clamp Table Vice A vice bench clamp, sometimes called a table vice, can be clamped to a workbench / table top. It is ideal for lighter work or when an engineers vice / fitters vice is not available. It is used to hold material in place, when filing and cutting.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Vice Bench Clamp Table Vice Vice bench clamps have advantages over fixed vices. They can be moved around a workshop and clamped to most bench tops.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Vice Bench Clamp Table Vice Advantage : Vice bench clamps have advantages over fixed vices. They can be moved around a workshop and clamped to most bench tops. Disadvantage : A vice bench clamp has disadvantages when compared to a fixed vice. It is not designed for heavy work, such as repetitive hammering. The clamp can loosen and the vice become unstable, after it has been used for a while, so it should be checked for tightness regularly. The distance between the fixed and sliding jaws is relatively small, which restricts the size of material that can be held between them.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Vice Bench Clamp Table Vice Swivel type vice bench clamp Some vice bench clamps have a swivel mechanism, that allows the vice to be set at an angle or even rotated horizontally. This can be useful when cutting or filing at an angle. The vice is less stable, because the swivel mechanism tends to loosen over time. It should be checked and re-tightened regularly.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS The Vice Bench Clamp Table Vice Swivel type vice bench clamp Using the swivel vice while doing filing operation at an angle  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Swivel type vice bench clamp  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type The pipe vice is designed to hold, pipe / tube and cylindrical sections securely. It is the ideal vice when : - Cutting Pipe - Threading Pipe - Welding Pipe.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Vice Construction  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Vice Construction The pipe vice has two ridged jaws. The moving jaw is controlled by turning the feed screw with the tommy bar and it is adjusted according to the diameter of the pipe being held. The pipe is secured between the moving and fixed jaws. The handle / hook holds the cast iron base and the yoke together.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Pipe vice and tripod stand Integrated chain vice base with up to 8” pipe capacity One-piece, steel frame easily folds for transport Includes holes and slots for bending, cutting, or attaching tools Includes ceiling brace for overhead support of the stand  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Pipe vice and tripod stand Base has handy pipe rest and bender. Crank handle is anchored to base. Jaw Width: 8"; Pipe Capacity: 1/2" to 8".  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Pipe vice and tripod stand The Tripod Vice Kits come complete with : Tripod, Yoke vise, Jaws  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Application Using Pipe Vice Cutting operation : Pip secured in hinged pipe vice. Hacksaw used to cut the pipe to the correct length.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pipe Vice : Hinged Type Application Using Pipe Vice Threading operation : 1. Select the correct size die. 2. Chamfer the end of the pipe to help start the thread. 3. Apply cutting compound / oil. 4. Slowly turn the die, using the handle of the pipe threader (clockwise). 5. Occasionally reverse the direction to remove waste metal / chippings.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps A clamp is a type of workshop tool that is used to hold material in place or to hold several materials together. They help secure these materials for precise cutting or joining. These are essentially used in applications such as: - Woodworking - Metalwork - Construction.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps Following are the types of clamps: 1.Beam clamp 15.Kant-twist clamp 29. Screw clamp 2.Bench clamp 16.Locking clamp 30.Sheet metal clamp 3.Bench vise 17.Marman clamp 31.Sliding clamp 4.Cabinetry clamp 18.Material handling clamp 32.Spring clamp 5.Cardellini clamp 19.Mitre clamp 33.Step clamp 6.Corner clamp 20.Parallel clamp 34.Toggle clamp 7.Dimide clamp 21.Picture frame clamp 35.Trigger clamp 8.Drill press clamp 22.Pinch dog 36.Web or strap clamp 9.Flooring clamp 23.Pipe clamp 37.Wire rope clamp 10.G or C clamp 24.Power or pneumatic clamp 11.Ground clamp 25.Quick grip 12.Hand screw clamp 26.Quick action clamp 13.Hose clamp 27.Sash clamp 14.Hydraulic clamp 28.Scissor clamp  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Clamps Types of Clamps Following are the types of clamps:  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Clamps Types of Clamps Following are the types of clamps:  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Clamps Types of Clamps Welding clamps:  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : G or C Clamp They are known as G clamps or C clamps because of their shape which resembles these capital letters. used to clamp two pieces of a project together or to hold a workpiece to a table. Construction: The thread of a G Cramp is made from hardened and tempered steel which means it is quite resistant to wear. The frame is normally made from drop-forged steel. Application : In wood and metal work , G or C clamps are used to hold wood pieces together while they are being glued, screwed, or clamped.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : G or C Clamp Some G Cramps have a wing nut in place of the bar making it easier to turn by hand. However, if a tommy bar is used more pressure can be applied to the thread in order to tighten the clamp.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : G or C Clamp : Non Sparking Clamps  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : F Clamp F-clamps, resemblance the letter ‘F’ (hence their name) and are also known a bar clamps. They have a similar function as G cramps, but they have a much greater ‘throat’ capacity. Both types of F Clamp have a swivel shoe on the sliding jaw. This means that angled material can be clamped effectively.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : F Clamp They are used for general clamping and are faster to use than sash clamps, but do not exert the same pressure, due to the nature of their design, especially their ‘depth’, as indicated on the diagram below.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Toolmakers Clamp Parallel Clamp A parallel clamp is designed with one-handed triggers that pressurize the clamped material by two parallel vertical jaws. Application : It is commonly used by : tool maker, watch maker, die maker and goldsmith All above using it for holding a variety of small parts for carrying some operation.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Bench Clamp These are types of clamps used to hold a piece of metal or workpiece on a bench and are commonly used in woodworking. Bench clamps are made of metal and can be available in a variety of sizes and designs. In this, the bench forms the fixed jaw of the clamp.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Cardellini End Clamp Cardellini clamps are designed to keep the tubing in place while it works. Because of the style, they can grip up to 2 inch diameter: Square Tubing Round Tubing rectangular tubing can also hold flat items in places such as plywood or sheet metal. They are used in tight spaces due to their strong, long shape and can be inserted anywhere with a range of at least two inches.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Ground Clamp These clamps are used to secure grounding wires to grounding rods and pipes. They are typically used to perform grounding  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Hose Clamp Hose clamps are small circular-type clamps made from aluminum or thin metals and can be tightened with a small screw. It is used for the purpose of holding cables together or materials of similar size. Applications : Hose clamps are used to hold hoses in place, In (HVAC) systems, hose clamps are used to hold hoses to fittings, such as those in ductwork, refrigeration lines, and exhaust systems.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Locking Clamp A locking clamp is a combination of a plier and a C-clamp. It consists of C-shaped jaw clamps and tightens the workpiece by applying pressure to the lever. The locking clamps are ideal for quick use because it has a one-handed design. Application: These clamps are often used in welding jobs and woodworking projects.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Sheet Metal Clamp These types of clamps are similar to a locking clamp, but it is designed specifically for sheet metal. The clamping mechanism of this clamp is very wide, which makes it perfect for wide but flexible materials such as sheet metal. Application: This rare design makes it useful for welding.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Marman Clamp These are types of clamps, which are circular in shape and have a grip on them. These are very similar to hose clamps, allowing the user to clamp cylinders together. Marman clamps look like rings and are available in various styles and sizes. Applications : Marman clamps are used to connect exhaust components, air ducts, and other components in aircraft.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Quick Grip The quick grip clamp can be operated with just one hand as it only has a one-handle, but it offers adjustable pressure making it easy to operate. This type of clamp is ideal for thin materials  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Sash Clamp These clamps have a long bar that is made to hold large objects tightly. A fixed jaw is provided on the long bar that can be loosened or tightened with a screw. They also have a sliding jaw that can be moved along the flat bar to secure the project at various points. Application : Metalworking applications also use sash clamps to hold metal components together while they are brazed or welded.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Sash Clamp  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Sash Clamp  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Sash Clamp Sometimes setting up the sash clamp in a vice as shown below, leaves both hands free to loosen the sash clamp and secure the work between the two slides.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Wire Rope Clamp This type of clamp and are used to fix the loose end of a wire rope loop to the rope itself. They have a saddle and some bolts that hold everything together.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : Kant-twist Clamp These are relatively small clamps that are used to hold a wide range of materials in place. Kant-twist clamps are especially useful in wood and metalworking. They are designed like “C clamps” and have an angle set so that they can hold material that does not work parallel to each other. These are : - very strong, - firm, and - easy to operate - but offer a wide range of motion.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks Vee Blocks are manufactured from cast iron and accurately machined to produce precise surfaces. Small vee blocks are sometimes manufactured from mild steel and case hardened.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks They are manufactured in pairs (which are numbered), and should be kept together, as they are identical. Usually, one vee block has a clamp, allowing round section materials to be clamp in place. The other vee block acts as a support The clamp supplied with the vee block, has a knurled head with a hole through it, for a tommy bar.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks Vee blocks are ideal for marking round section material. In this diagram a ‘key seat rule’, sits on the round section metal, making it easier to mark out.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks Some vee blocks are capable of holding square section material, as seen opposite. In this case, the thread is fed at a 45 degree angle, on to the surface of the material. The square section fits perfectly into the vee blocks own section.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks Vee blocks can be used to secure material in place, whilst being drilled. Notice, how the block is fixed to the drill table, by bolt clamps.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Clamps Types of Clamps : VEE Blocks Two vee blocks have been used to clamp round section steel, to the table of a drilling machine. The U-shaped clamp, is ideal for holding the round section in place. Before drilling, a centre punch is used to put an indentation in the surface of the round section. This helps prevent the drill bit slipping on the surface, ensuring accuracy.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle hot metal in Bronze Age Europe. Every pair of pliers has a unique set of functions, so it’s important to have a set ready that fits the needs of the activity you’re doing. What are pliers best used for? These tools can be used for : clamping crimping cutting bending  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers Parts of pliers Pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side Material Pliers are most commonly made from steel alloys containing additives such as vanadium or chromium for strength and corrosion resistance.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers Different types of pliers It is said that there are more than 30 types of pliers, some of which have multiple functions to deal with a broad range of tasks while others are exclusively designed to handle a particular application. Types These tools are often included in one of two broad categories, solid joint pliers or slip joint pliers. Solid joint pliers are fixed with a solid pin or rivet and are therefore not adjustable. Slip joint pliers are adjustable and can be either multiple-hole pliers, or tongue and groove. The slip, or adjustable joint, of these pliers allow the tool be adjust to the size of the object.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers Different types of pliers COMBINATION PLIERS Combination pliers or Lineman's pliers have a jaw that allows for wire stripping, together with a marginally concave opening that permits you to grip pipe and turn bolts and nuts. Combination pliers are so-called because they enable the user to do a ‘combination’ of jobs, as their jaws can both cut and grip. SLIP JOINT PLIERS WATER PUMP PLIERS These are pliers that, as the name implies, allow adjustment to a wider range of aperture by slipping the two parts around the rivet or pin that links them. Because their jaws are actually square, they can only handle square objects. They can’t cut wiring or anything like that.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers LONG NOSE PLIERS NEEDLE NOSE PLIERS Smoothly ground heads with cutting edges separately induction hardened to 61HRC for cutting hard wire 1.6mm and medium wire 2.5mm. The flat round jaws have serrated gripping surfaces. Plastic coated handles. it easier to work in confined or narrow spaces. LONG-NOSE COMBINATION PLIERS  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers Different types of pliers BENT NOSE PLIERS Bent nose pliers can be distinguished from needle nose pliers by their hooked jaw. They are used to bend, slice, and strip electrical wires with extreme accuracy. Their design also makes them a great choice if you’re working in confined spaces or hard-to-reach places. FLAT NOSE PLIERS They feature a stubby flat end that’s perfectly suited to tasks such as shaping wire. They’re also a great plier for gripping retaining clips and snap rings, especially in hard-to-reach areas.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers Different types of pliers DIAGONAL PLIERS DIAGONAL CUTTER WIRE CUTTER Diagonal pliers, or wire cutters, have no gripping area on the jaws but are instead v- shaped, which creates a cutting edge. ROUND NOSE PLIERS This plier type features a rounded edge on its tapered jaw, are the ideal tool for creating wire rounds or making loops in a straight wire.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers LOCKING PLIER VICE GRIPS Locking pliers are designed to clamp on objects and stay in place even when your hands are removed. A distinct feature of locking pliers is the lever mechanism, usually located on the lower handle, which locks the pliers onto an object. Adjusting the screw at the end of the handle sets the jaw capacity and clamping pressure, allowing for a customized and secure hold on various objects.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers WIRE STRIPPERS Wire strippers are essential when you need to expose the conductive material of a wire for electrical or data connections. They’re designed to neatly remove the insulation without harming the wire itself, which is crucial for a safe and effective connection.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers TONGUE AND GROOVE PLIER CHENNEL LOCKS WATER PUMP PLIERS Tongue-and-groove pliers are characterized by their long handles and serrated jaws, which are designed to grip round, flat, or irregularly shaped objects. While their primary use is in plumbing, for gripping and turning pipes, their utility extends to any situation requiring a secure grip, such as oil filter removal, opening stubborn jar lids, or holding objects steady for precision work. The design allows for a ratcheting action, making them particularly effective for tasks that require repetitive adjustment or holding power.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers CABLE CROPPER PLIER The Cable Cutting Pliers are designed with an optimized blade angle that will remain sharp when cutting through copper and aluminum cable. The cable cutting pliers offer rust protection for tough jobsite conditions. The Cable Cutting pliers feature a curved ergonomic handle with comfort grips that will not peel.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers SNAP RING PLIERS RETAINING RING PLIERS CIRCLIP PLIERS LOCK RING PLIERS These pliers are characterized by their small, notched tips, which are designed to fit into the holes of circlips, providing the leverage needed for installation or removal. They come in both straight and angled varieties, the latter of which is particularly useful for working in confined spaces.  HOLDING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLDING TOOLS Pliers CRIMPING PLIERS CRIMPING TOOL Crimping pliers are specialized tools designed for holding and joining materials with a crimped seal that ensures a strong, secure connection. These pliers feature a distinctive, wide jaw with a series of notches or crimps of varying sizes, catering to different types and sizes of connectors. The jaws are typically not meant for wide opening; rather, they are precision-engineered to deliver a concentrated crimping force to secure a connector to a wire.  CUTTING TOOLS OPITO OUTCOMES COVERED KNOWLEDGE CRITERIA K 1,5 Types, uses and care of cold chisels  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Cold Chisels Cold chisels are used to cut and shape ‘cold’ metal They are manufactured (forged) from octagonal section, cast tool steel The highest quality cold chisels are manufactured from nickel chromium steel. The cutting edge is ground and then hardened and tempered, to lengthen the life of the sharp edge. The shank is left ‘soft’, as it must be able to withstand the shock of heavy blows from a ball pein hammer.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Cold Chisels Types of Chisels : They are supplied in a range of sizes but there are four main types: 1. Flat Cold Chisel, 2. Cross Cut Chisel, 3. Round Nose Chisel 4. Diamond Point Chisel. Most cold chisels have a ‘dome shaped’ head.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Types of Chisels : Non-Sparking Chisels  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Chisels : Use of Chisels: Cross cut chisel The Cross Cut Chisel tapers slightly, from the cutting edge to the shank, making it ideal for cutting : Slots Grooves Keyways. Much of this work is now carried out on milling machines.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Chisels : Use of Chisels: Cross cut chisel The area where each type of chisels can work on: Flat Chisel : on the upper surfaces Cross cut Chisel : on the bottom of grooves The keyway on this shaft would have once been prepared by a skilled technician, using a cross cut cold chisel.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 3. Chisels CARE OF CHISELS When a cold chisel is continually hit by a ball pein hammer, it eventually creates burrs. These can be sharp and can spread out, making it more likely that the hammer will slip off the head, putting the hand of the user at risk. When burring occurs, the head should be ground to the correct shape.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 3. Chisels CARE OF CHISELS Concentration is required when using a cold chisel, as inaccurate use of the hammer, can result in ‘painful’ accidents, with hands / fingers being hit. It is quite common for a cold chisel to have a rubber holder, which makes using the cold chisel more comfortable and safer. The rubber holder makes it easier to hold the chisel and if a slip with the hammer occurs, hands and fingers are protected.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS 3. Chisels CARE OF CHISELS Sharpening the blade of a chisel "dressing". For cold chisels at least, both sides of the cutting edge will require sharpening, with each side being sharpened to an angle half that of the final cutting angle. Different angles and techniques may be required when sharpening cross cut, half round and diamond point chisels, due to the fact that they have differently shaped cutting edges.  Scrapers 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Wedges A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, a portable inclined plane, and one of the six simple machines. It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift up an object, or hold an object in place. It functions by converting a force applied to its blunt end into forces perpendicular (normal) to its inclined surfaces.  Scrapers 24 June 2019 / ‹#› Wedges Best Use of Wedges A wedge can be used in many ways: To cut (knife) To split (axe) To tighten and to hold back (doorstopper) To hold together (nail) To scrape (as a blades)  Scrapers 24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOLLOW (Hole) PUNCHES Hollow, or wad punches, are used for cutting holes in a variety of non-metallic materials. They are most useful for cutting gasket material for flanges. Various Sizes are available.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Metal Snips Perfect for cutting soft metals Snips have a single pivot point (much like a pair of scissors), so their strength is often determined by the length of the tool. Longer handles create more leverage on a single fulcrum, so it is common to find a wider variety of tin snip lengths, typically between 6 and 14 inches.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Metal Snips Types Snips The two main types of snips are tin snips and aviation snips. Both are used to cut sheet metal and other tough materials: 1. Tin Snip Type 2. Aviation Snip Type  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Metal Snips Straight Cut Types of Tin Snips Common types of snips are: Nibbler Straight Cut Snips Offset Offset Snips Pelican Snips Jeweler’s Snips Circular or Curved Snips Nibblers Jeweler’s Snips Pelican Duckbill Snips Bulldog Snips Duckbill Snips Circular or Curved Bulldog Snips  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Metal Snips Aviation Snips Sometimes additional strength is required with specific metals and gauges. Aviation snips, also called compound action snips, are appropriate for these situations. They have a pivot point at the blade and one extra pivot point on each of the handles, called linkage points, that compound the force applied, increasing leverage.  CUTTING TOOLS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› CUTTING TOOLS Straight Cut Metal Snips Types of Aviation Snips