UCSP Q2 Week 1 & 2 Past Paper PDF

1 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics MANGALDAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Mangaldan, Pangasinan...

1 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics MANGALDAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Mangaldan, Pangasinan S.Y. 2021 – 2022 Senior High School Department Humanities and Social Sciences UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Quarter II – Week 1 Lecture No. 1 MELC: Explain the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions. Objectives: 1. Identify different nonstate institutions 2. Differentiate functions of state and nonstate institutions in society. 3. Explain state and non-state institutions as set of norms and patterns of behavior. STATE  State is an organized political community that is living under a system of government.  A community or society politically organized under one independent government within a definite territory can be called a State. The state is a special institution, which serves the interest of the whole community, or a class of society. The state emerges at a definite stage of social development, and in order to understand the state. Essential Elements of State: 1. Population: is a community of persons. It is a human political institution. There is no definite limit for the size of population essential for a State. 2. Territory: A definite and more or less permanent territory is also regarded as an essential element of the state. In modern times, the citizens are bound together by residence on a common territory. Land, water and air space comprise the territory of a state. 3. Government: A people occupying a definite territory cannot form a state unless they are politically organized i.e., unless they possess a government. Government is the political organization of the state. It is the concrete and visible instrument of state power. Three Branches of the Government o Legislative – make laws (Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate) o Executive—Carries out laws (President, vice president and o Judiciary – Interpret laws ( Supreme court and other courts) 4. Sovereignty: By far the most important characteristic of the state is its sovereignty. It is the characteristic which distinguishes the state from all other associations. It denotes the supreme power or the final authority from which there is no appeal. Sovereignty has two aspects internal and external. Internally viewed, the state has supreme power over all individuals and associations within its fixed area. It can compel obedience of its people to its laws and commands. Externally viewed, the state is free from control of any foreign state or alien rule. NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS  These are institutions that are not owned or controlled by the government or by the State.  Some non-state institutions are for profit and others are nonprofits and some are for personal investments and for financial help. I. BANKS Humanities and Social Sciences 1  2 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics These are places or institutions where people place or deposit their money or savings with corresponding interest on a given period of time and, or assets for safekeeping. Banks are in operation mainly for their deposit and lending function. Banks also provide loans, at a higher interest rate, to customers who need money either for personal consumption or for investment and businesses. This process of taking in deposits and lending them to customers in need is called financial intermediation. Other bank functions include currency exchange, allowing customers to convert foreign currencies to another currency they need and safety deposit boxes, which provides customers a safe place to keep their priced possessions (e.g. gold, silver, or jewelries). Due to the countless services that banks provide, there are types of bank which only specialize in a specific bank function. However, there is no clear line categorizing banks to a classification since one bank may engage itself in several functions. In this case, a specific bank can be classified into two or more bank types. Some of the most common types of banks are as follows:  A retail bank is a type of bank that focuses on consumers or the general public as its customers. One’s personal bank account, like checking and savings account, are usually in a retail bank. Retail banks can be considered to be the most common and widespread of all the types of banks.  A commercial bank also provides the same services as a retail bank; however, it focuses on businesses and businessmen as its main customers. Commercial banks provide short term loans for businessmen to be used for investment purposes.  An investment or an industrial bank provide medium and long-term loans and deposits to business industries.  Agricultural banks, as the name suggests, caters to the financial needs of farmers and the farming industry. They provide short-term and long-term loans to facilitate agricultural activities II. CORPORATION A corporation is a legal entity created by individuals, stockholders, or shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit. Corporations are allowed to enter into contracts, sue and be sued, own assets, remit federal and state taxes, and borrow money from financial institutions. (https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/what-is- corporation-overview) There are different types of corporations that are classified based on specific factors like the corporation’s purpose, manner of taxation, and number of shareholders.  A business corporation is created to operate and to generate profit. Companies like McDonald’s and Starbucks are examples of a business corporation.  A non-profit corporation is established with a purpose of serving the public rather than pursuing profits. A corporation whose income is taxed through the corporation itself is a C-corporation. An S-corporation is taxed through its shareholders. An S-corporation can only have less than 100 shareholders, unlike a C-corporation which can have an unlimited number of shareholders. Humanities and Social Sciences 2  3 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics III. COOPERATIVES Cooperatives are people-centered enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. Cooperatives bring people together in a democratic and equal way. Whether the members are the customers, employees, users or residents, cooperatives are democratically managed by the 'one member, one vote' rule. Members share equal voting rights regardless of the amount of capital they put into the enterprise. Cooperatives allow people to take control of their economic future and, because they are not owned by shareholders, the economic and social benefits of their activity stay in the communities where they are established. Profits generated are either reinvested in the enterprise or returned to the members. (https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/what-is-a- cooperative) There are several types of cooperatives, depending on its specific function and purpose.  A credit cooperative provides financial services to its members, including securing savings and creating funds to be used for issuing loans.  A consumer cooperative operates mainly to obtain and distribute products and commodities to its customers, both members and non-members.  Producer cooperatives aids those in the sector of production, either agricultural or industrial. A subtype of a producer cooperative is agricultural cooperatives which help producers or farmers in marketing their crops as well as in purchasing supplies needed for further production.  A service cooperative (or a worker cooperative) concentrates on helping workers in the service-oriented occupations (i.e. health care, transportation, labor) by creating employment opportunities and other benefits to its members.  A multi-purpose cooperative undertakes two or more functions of different cooperatives. For example, multi- purpose cooperative could act as a consumer cooperative and establish a supermarket. At the same time, it could also provide financial services like a credit cooperative. IV. TRADE UNIONS Refers to an organization of workers whose main objective is to protect the welfare of its members. Part of the universal human rights of every individual is his right to organize and form associations that would protect his rights as a worker; the embodiment of this right is trade unions. A trade union or labor union is an organization with a membership composed of workers or employees from related fields, which aim to represent the interests and rights of its members, both in the workplace and in the society. While an individual has the capacity to demand better conditions from his employer, trade unions recognize that a unity of several employees would act as a more powerful tool in advancing these interests. This is how trade unions became the voice of the workers to the management; they serve as link between employees and their employers. Trade unions work to improve certain issues like wage adjustment, good working environment, and rewards and other benefits. There are different types of trade unions according to its members.  A general union represents workers with a range of jobs and skills, from different industries and companies. An example of this type of union is a trade union of drivers, janitors and office workers.  Industrial unions are composed of workers from one particular industry, across different levels of the hierarchy. A trade union of all employees who work in the mining industry (with different levels and positions) is an example of an industrial union.  A craft union seeks to represent skilled workers doing the same work who may be employed in different industries. A craft union of carpenters is one example.  A white-collar union is composed of professionals doing similar jobs across different industries. A trade union of teachers and professors is an example of a white-collar union. Although there are many types of trade unions, these classifications still perform the same functions expected from a trade union. In addition, a trade union may not only be limited to a particular company. here are unions in the Philippines which are composed of several workers from different companies. Humanities and Social Sciences 3  4 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics V. DEFINING TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS The word ‘transnational’ denotes something that goes beyond one’s national borders. ‘Advocacy’ can be defined as issues or causes that are being defended or supported by a certain group of people known as advocates. A ‘group’, as you were familiarized in previous lessons, is generally defined as a collection of individuals with significant relations among each other. The main function of a transnational advocacy group is the creation and development of advocacies and campaigns about certain causes, issues, ideas, values and beliefs. These campaigns aim to motivate changes in policies, which are necessary for the betterment of people involved. Since this non-state institution do not have inherent power to make instant policy changes in the state, they use, instead, the power of information dissemination, together with other strategies, to influence state actors who are in legitimate position to create such changes. VI. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES These are local or international groups committed to pursuing specific developmental agendas of the state. The establishment of development agencies can be found in history. In the Second World War, many countries had been grounds for attacks and bombings which resulted to crises such as starvation and food scarcity, among others. Because of these, many European countries saw the need for the creation of an organization that would attend to the crises brought about by the war. Development agencies were formed as a response to crises like war damage and industrial decline. In some countries, such agencies were established with the hope of stimulating economic development, post- war. Development agencies have come a long way since they were first established, as thousands of them are currently operating within the globe. Roles of Development Agencies As mentioned earlier, development agencies have a range of tasks. It is, however, important to note that it is up to the organization to decide which among the wide array of tasks they will pursue. Normally, specific tasks of a development agency are dependent on the aspect of development it focuses on. In a research commissioned by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the roles of development agencies may include; a. strategic roles, such as coordinating with local actors and international donors, monitoring the local economy, and strategic planning for economic and local development; b. asset and investment roles, such as land and property management, funding and investing in local development projects, income generation, and provision of grants or donations for other organizations; c. innovation, enterprise, skills, and employment roles, which include workforce and skills development, employment creation, and support of small and medium scale businesses; d. promotional roles, like foreign investment promotions and project management; and; e. capacity building roles which include providing technical assistance to other local development organizations and informing them of good practices and models. VII. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS International organizations provide an avenue for different countries and states to connect. This connection among countries helps form international laws, norms, and ideas, which in turn strengthen the relationship among member states. These norms also serve as guides on how to regulate and manage these member states. Humanities and Social Sciences 4  5 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Through the development of these norms, states are guided in their actions both locally and internationally. Due to the presence of an independent international institution, issues that are present across different national borders will be addressed and recognized. There will be a body to monitor actions of member states and investigate those actions against humanity (e.g. human rights violation). In the end, we can claim that international organizations have been embedded in the lives of people, as they perform multiple functions— tasks that aim to improve the lives of people by pursuing different development agendas. ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS An economic institution provides the distribution of goods and services to the members of the society. In societies with recognized economic system, five parts are essential for the economic system to functions accurately. 1. Production System 2. Service System 3. Distribution System 4. Consumers System 5. System of Exchange The most important function of economic institution is the production and distribution of goods and services. However, the economic institutions also causes some socialization that brings about distribution of power. It also influences the culture and affects social stratification. Modes of Exchange in Cultural Anthropology 1. Reciprocity – refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labor ranging from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually expected. 2. Transfer – refers to a change of ownership of an asset or a movement of funds and/or assets from one account to another. It may involve an exchange of funds when it involves change in ownership, such as when the investor sells a real state holding. 3. Redistribution – refers to a system of economic exchange involving the centralized collection of goods from members of a group followed by the distribution of those goods among members. In modern mixed market economies, the central form of redistribution is facilitated through taxation by the state. 4. Market Transaction – the exchange of goods and services through a market is called market transaction. An actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade goods, services, or contracts or instruments, for money or barter is called a market. References: (Balena, Lucero and Peralta, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 2016) https://www.preservearticles.com/political-science/what-are-the-important-elements-of-the-state/12783 Humanities and Social Sciences 5  6 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics MANGALDAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Mangaldan, Pangasinan S.Y. 2021 – 2022 Senior High School Department Humanities and Social Sciences UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Name: __________________________________ Section: ____________________ Name of Teacher: _______________________ Date of Submission: __________ Quarter 2 – Performance Task 1 Score: _______ HPS: 30______ PART I - DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below by writing the functions of each nonstate institution in the second column, then give 3 examples on the third column. FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES 1. BANK 2. 1. CORPORATION 2. 1. COOPERATIVE 2. 1. TRADE UNIONS 2. TRANSNATIONAL 1. ADVOCACY GROUPS 2. PART II – DIRECTIONS. Mula sa mga nabanggit na modes of exchange, pumili lamang ng isa at magbigay ng isang halimbawa base sa iyong naging karanasan. RECIPROCITY TRANSFER REDISTRIBUTION Humanities and Social Sciences 6