Types Of Speech Act PDF

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT Speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. Examples: 1. Thanks 2....

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT Speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. Examples: 1. Thanks 2. Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it. “I am hungry”. Remember: Through the interaction of the two people, something was achieved. In making speech acts, the same idea applies: when a speech act is uttered, an action is carried out. THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT 1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering; occurs when the speaker performs an utterance Example Please do the dishes. 2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said. It is an act of saying something with the intension of stating opinion, confirming, denying, requesting, making order etc. Example By uttering “Please do the dishes,” the speaker requests the addressee to wash the dishes. 3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. The effect is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned. Example ” Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the dishes.  LESSON HIGHLIGHTS Different types of speech act are used to express different kinds of intentions. Communicative competence is needed to understand a language and to be able to understand speech acts  INDIRECT SPEECH ACT Indirect speech acts occur when there is no direct connection between the form of the utterance and the intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e., intention) from the inferred speech act.  INDIRECT SPEECH ACT Ex. “Can you pass the rice?” Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the rice? Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.  INDIRECT SPEECH ACT Examples: 1. “Can you check the cabinet for my phone?”- indirectly asks the listener to check the cabinet 2. “Do you know if he/she got a 100 on the recent exam?”-indirectly asks the listener what someone’s grade is. 3. “The window is still open”.-indirectly asks the listener to close the window.  PERFORMATIVES 1. a couple wed by a judge 2. a couple wed by a beggar In which scenario is the couple legally declared as husband and wife? Performative utterances are statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it.  PERFORMATIVES Example The phrase “ I now pronounce you husband and wife,” when uttered by an authorized person such as judge will have the actual effect of binding a couple in marriage. However, if the same statement is uttered to the same couple in the same place by someone who is not authorized to marry them-as in the case of accompanying picture, a robot-then there is no effect whatsoever because a condition was not met. Other examples of performatives are: baptisms sentencing of convicted felons  SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ™The conditions that have to be met for a statement to be classified as a performative act are called “felicity conditions.”  SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Austin lists three felicity conditions: 1) there must be a conventional procedure with a conventional effect (such as in wedding two people; the frozen ritual and the effect of the couple getting married); 2) the circumstances and the persons must be appropriate (a teacher cannot sentence a convicted felon to prison because she does not have the correct qualifications); and 3) the procedure must be done correctly and completely (if a priest weds two couples, but in an informal setting, it is not considered a performative act).  SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT 1. Assertive-a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. Example: No one makes better pancakes than I do. 2. Directive-a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. Example: Please close the door. 3. Commissive- a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. Example: From now on, I will participate in our group activity. 4. Expressive- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. Example: I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work. 5. Declaration-a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating. Example: You are fired!  LESSON HIGHLIGHTS Different types of speech act are used to express different kinds of intentions Communicative competence is needed to understand a language and to be able to understand speech acts