Traffic Accident Lecture 1 PDF

TRANSPORTATION -is an act or process of conveying from one place to another -from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across or and move and “Portare” means to carry TRAFFIC – the movement of a pedestrian, motor vehicle and goods from point of origin to point of destination. ...

TRANSPORTATION -is an act or process of conveying from one place to another -from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across or and move and “Portare” means to carry TRAFFIC – the movement of a pedestrian, motor vehicle and goods from point of origin to point of destination.  TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC 1. KEEP RIGHT - (two lanes, two ways) in case of one way the left lane shall be the fast lane and the slow lane is the right. 2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yield to emergency vehicle, pedestrians, trains, vehicle with right of way, vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum, straight traffic, and traffic signs. Emergency Vehicles: Vehicle with physician Ambulance on emergency call Vehicle with wounded or sick person AFP/ PNP vehicle on official call Vehicle in pursuit of criminals A police or fire on call 3. RIGHT OF WAY RULE the right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or pedestrian Intersection- when two or more vehicle is entering an intersection the one on the left will give way to the right vehicle. Pedestrian- drivers should yield to pedestrian crossing except at intersection whereas the movement of vehicles is regulated by a police officer. Through highway/ railroad crossing- the driver shall bring to a full stop before traversing to an intersection. If there is no hazard the driver may slowdown to 5mph. Police /emergency vehicle- all drivers should yield to emergency to emergency vehicle except as directed by traffic enforcer. Fire trucks are accepted to speed limit but they are prohibited to have unnecessary speed. From private road to highway- vehicle from private road must yield to that on a highway. PROHIBITED PARKING Places where parking is prohibited: Near an intersection Crosswalk/ pedestrian lane Within 6 meters from drive way of any response installation, fire hydrant and private roads Double parking Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge Places wherein official signs are posted 4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE. - overtaking lane is the lane to the left of overtaken vehicle going in the same direction, overtaken vehicle is the privileged vehicle CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE: Signal the intention. Make sure that the overtaking lane is clear and free of oncoming vehicle for sufficient distance to facilitate proper overtake. Maneuver at own risk, the vehicle being overtaken is the privileged vehicle. Drivers keep his lane, maintain speed and yield to overtaking vehicle. He shall increase his speed until the overtaken vehicle has cleared the way In a two lanes, on a divided roadway, they may use either of the lanes. In an expressway with fast and slow lanes, on a divided roadway, they may use either of the lanes. Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a grade curve, railway crossing, at the intersection and between construction and caution. 5. THE BUS STOP RULE The buses queue up in a single file in their order arrival. Lead bus moving toward the center of column of busses lining on the bus stop zone, and remain until zone is filled with busses, but longer than three minutes. 6.RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS - Keep lanes and intersection open in heavy and slow traffic to avoid overtaking. In a construction, vehicles should merge alternately. 7.OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES - Observe and obey traffic notices sign like notices and pavement markings. 8.THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER - Motorist should observe equity of the lead vehicle, doctrine of the last clear chance on rotunda drive. 9. ON PEDESTRIAN - Keep off the roadway except when crossing on crosswalk. Wait embark and alight at bus or jeepney stop. 10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY REMINDER- “SAFETY FIRST” KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS Traffic Arrest - the taking of a person into custody of the law. It is made when: a) the offense is serious; b) detention is needed to avoid continued violation; and c) there is reasonable doubt that violators may not appear in court. Traffic Citation - made to compel violators to appear in court in absence of arrest. Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his violation in order for him to not do it again. No arrest or citation is made. TYPES OF WARNING Visual warning - using gestures and signals. Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is newly enacted law Written warning - combination of two preceding types with written note of citation. TRAFFIC PATROL -part of traffic supervision by patrolling to ensure public obedience OBJECTIVES: Deterrence of violators Detection and apprehension Observation and reporting of traffic condition and road condition Providing certain services to public TYPES OF PATROL Line patrol- it is assigned to a particular place Area patrol- type of patrol assigned to an area of vicinity TRAFFIC OBSERVATION Stationary traffic observation - officer is assigned at specific place Conspicuous traffic observation - officer attracts attention Visible traffic observation - stationary observation that the observer is in full view Concealed traffic observation - observer is not visible to the public THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PURSUIT AS TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT Decision - nature of violation Pursuit technique Safety driving technique  STOPPING AND TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK APPROACHING TRAFFIC -It is done to inspect the VIOLATORS following: It must be done with Faulty vehicle equipment consideration to safety of both Registration and licensing parties engaging procedure Upon approaching officer must Intoxication or cargo check be from the left side from the rear, be alert OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK VIOLATORS Faulty vehicle Immediate objective- to act Officer directing road check against the person Ultimate objective- to change the future of a person  CONSIDERATION IN ROAD POINTS TO REMEMBER CHECK Violators are diversified Minimum delay to motorist Conflicts arises in violators Thorough checking procedure You are professional officer, Protection and safety of parties there is no professional involved violator Timing and location and Be alert for an unexpected frequency  TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL - It is the control direction of traffic units according to proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to maintain smooth flow of traffic. MEANS OF DIRECTING WHISTLE SIGNAL Signaling One long blast for STOP Whistling Two short snappy blast for GO Gestures Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR ASSISTANCE HAND SIGNAL Use hand signals Hang your hand when not in use Use uniform signals Constant waving of hands causes It must be clear confusion Don’t make verbal Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body Be alert, stand erect When stopping point to a man you Look to the person when signaling want to stop Arm signal should be shoulder high Hand signal should Supplement it with whistle  TECNIQUES IN TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL Keep intersection open Don’t allow motorist to cross without exit Stop motorist at their lane Prefer to stop the last moving vehicle TRAFFIC JAM -It is caused by such factors as vehicular accident, stalled vehicle, absence of traffic enforcer and road construction. PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM Determine the cause In case of accident conduct fast investigation In case of engine trouble assist the motorist in pushing car to place Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow of traffic Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not repeat procedure no. 1 Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam  ACCIDENT -that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property damage TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT -event resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its load  KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the traffic investigator to know the kinds of accidents occurred in order to map out the necessary activities to be done when responding and investigating. a. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion (ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic way) b. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way (ex. Accident on a private driveway) c. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way (ex. Collision between automobiles on a highway)  CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident about to happen START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids a hazard MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision; the force between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided; the force between the object ceases at this time STOPPING – this is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the accident situation INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not necessarily occur after the accident but within any of the chain of events; it may also happen right after the evasive action taken by the drivers involved or during the initial contact  STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT CHECK THE FOLLOWING What happened Who are involved Where and when it happened How it happened Why it happened STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL 1. Preliminary question to driver - who is driving - ascertain sign of nervousness 2. Gather clues for identification 3. Ask other witnesses 4. Examine driver’s condition - check the license and other record - check registration - verify ownership -account step by step events 5. Position and location of vehicles - lights - gear position - mark the position of vehicle - look for the unusual things inside the car 6. Form preliminary opinion 7. Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring 8. Record place in which person/ damaged vehicle is placed STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCE Make a test skid Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to arrest Complete examination of vehicle Locate key event or point of impact Additional photographs - vehicle damages - view obstruction - present condition - control devices Measure scale or diagram Get additional facts at the scene Report to station by radio STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE Get the medical report Notify the relatives Develop the photographs Analyze the specimen Complete accident report, made copies and file. Complete data on the investigators’ report Reconstruct the accident Complete the investigation and file it STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT 1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case. 2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data 3. Make a pre-trial conference 4. Testify in court 5. Arrange the file for future purposes  IN CASE OF INJURIES: CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE Stop arterial bleeding ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY Ask for help Fatal Protect the wound for exposure Non Fatal Cordon the place Property Damage CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT 1. Running off road 2. Non-collision on road - overturning 3. Collision on road of vehicles with the ff: - pedestrian - bicycle - moving vehicle - railroad train - parked vehicle - fixed objects  CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS Road condition Driver’s attitude Weather condition B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS Unsafe greater speed Defective vehicle C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR Road hazard driver’s non compliance D. PERCEPTION FACTOR driver’s inability to react driver’s faulty action to escape  HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION -This applies to drivers who failed to stop at a road accident LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED: COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND- Abandonment of one’s victim RUN Failure to lend assistance Ran over pedestrian Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide Sideswiped pedestrian Reckless imprudence resulting to Collided with moving vehicle while damage to property overtaking Failure to render assistance to Collided with moving vehicle while victim overtaking on opposite direction Violation of section 55 of RA Damaged parked vehicle 4136 Crushed police road block Civil liability Bumped by stray animal  INVESTIGATING FOR UNKNOWN FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION FACTS Send the corpse to laboratory after Victims identity investigating Kind of vehicle Obtain fingerprint and other specimen and The make of vehicle send it to laboratory The driver Splintered glass can be a lead The eyewitnesses Broken headlamp manifest a run over Paints might stick at victim belonging Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED initial note taking VEHICLE Recover physical evidence immediately INVESTIGATION AID FOR TRAFFIC Measure the vehicle ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION Photograph the vehicle, debris and Motor vehicle certified registration chipped off part Repair shop Check the interior of the car for Department records driver’s identity DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN OF DEATH CASE OF INJURY Referral slip Memorandum of preliminary Arrest report investigation Traffic accident report (TAIC) TAIC Affidavit of parties involved Estimated amount of damage, it is made by authorized repair shop Witness’ statement Affidavit of parties involve Photograph Witness statement photograph  DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS Stop immediately. Show the license to the victim and give the true name, address and contact number. Driver is not allowed to leave the scene without aiding the victim. PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION To Instill awareness of one's legal and moral responsibilities in traffic; and To teach abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.  POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESS FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS DETECTION - wholly police activities and entails looking for defects in the behavior motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition. APPREHENSION - a police responsibility wherein the police are required action to prevent continued and future violation. PROSECUTION - it is a court function, the police also provides corresponding influence through preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecution office. ADJUDICATION - it is court function, the police provides influence on this step by as a witness to the prosecution by supplying additional evidence. It determines the guilt or innocence of the accused. PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty upon the accused. Penalty can be influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by the police. REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE Certificate of Official Receipt of Registration Payment NUMBER PLATES NUMBER PLATES NUMBER PLATES ATTACHMENT UHT 690 PHILIPPINES 2000 UHT PHILIPPINES 2000 690 FRON REA T R NUMBER PLATES ATTACHMENT Complete Name Type of License Birth date Address Expiry Conditions License Number Restrictions CLASSIFICATION OF DRIVERS’ LICENSE PROFESSIONAL Required when operating for hire vehicles when use for employment or monetary considerations. NON- PROFESSIONAL Required and may be used when operating private motor vehicles only.  A. B. C. D. Can Overtake Cannot Can Overtake No Overtaking on both lane Overake With Care On Both Lanes  INTERSECTION Tawiran Liliko sa kaliwa Diretso Rule: No swerving 30 meters before the intersection RIGHT OF WAY  Inner Circle of Rotonda Sino ang may Right of Way?  SLOW MOVING VEHICLE IN JOINING THE MAJOR ROAD Enter the Slow Lane  Keep Right Use side mirrors & rear  Passenger Jeeps mirror Give signal 30 minutes  Trucks before intersection  YELLOW BOX Remember: Violation: “When approaching an OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC intersection, slow down 30 meters before & be ready for changes/ stop” No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances: 1.If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of the accident; 2.If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or 3.If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.  General Classification WARNING SIGNS SENYAS NA NAGBABALA NG PANGANIB REGULATORY SIGNS SENYAS NA NAGBABAWAL O NAGTATAKDA Mexico SM Big R INFORMATIVE SIGNS SENYAS NA NAGBIBIGAY NG IMPORMASYON San Fernando  Warning Signs MAGKASALUBONG NA DOBLE KURBADANG TRAPIKO DELIKADO SA KALIWA PANGANIB SA GINAGAWA ANG NAHUHULOG NA BATO KALSADA PAPALAPIT NA MADULAS ANG KALSADA SA PAPAIKOT NA KALSADA PAPALAPIT SA ILAW TRAPIKO TAWIRAN NG TAO SASANIB SA TRAPIKO PAPASOK SA PAGPASOK SA SANGANDAAN SANGANDAAN WARNING SIGNS  Regulatory Signs BAWAL PUMASOK ANG ANUMANG SASAKYAN NA BAWAL BUMUSINA HIGIT SA 5 TONELADA ANG BIGAT BAWAL PUMASOK ANG HUMINTO KA TRAK BAWAL BAWAL PUMASOK ANG PUMASOK ANG ANUMANG SASAKYAN NA LAHAT NG HIGIT SA 3.5 METRO ANG KLASE NG TAAS SASAKYAN BAWAL ANG LIKONG BAWAL ANG LIKONG PAKANAN PABALIK  Informative Signs H Hospital ROAD Lugar ng Ospital CLOSED Gasolinahan ONE WAY Sarado ang Kalsada Isang Direksyon lang San Fernando 1 km Layo bago umabot sa nabanggit na lugar INFORMATIVE SIGNS  Ano ang safe following distance? SAFE DISTANCE RULE  Pagitan ng 1 Sasakyan = Kung tumatakbo ng 20 KPH  Pagitan ng 2 Sasakyan = Kung tumatakbo ng 40 KPH  Reaction Time is ¾ sec.  Paano makakaiwas mabanga sa likuran? Ito’y maiiwasan sa pamamagitan ng: Pagbibigay ng tamang signal: Halimbawa= liko sa kanan Pagbibigay ng signal na ikaw ay babagal o hihinto sa pamamagitan ng pag-apak ng magaan sa preno.  SAFETY DRIVER HAS... 1. Driving Skills 2. Knowledge (Road Signs, Rules) 3. Road Courtesy 4. Decision Making Skills Road Safety MOTTO: “promotes the virtue of patience and being considerate to others”  END of Lecture To GOD be the Glory…