Tourism Impacts: Chapter 2 PDF

Chapter 1 TOURISM IMPACTS DEFINITION-DIMENSION-DETERMINANTS Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Definition of Tourism Impact Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourism Impact Hall and L...

Chapter 1 TOURISM IMPACTS DEFINITION-DIMENSION-DETERMINANTS Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Definition of Tourism Impact Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourism Impact Hall and Lew (2009) defined impact as: A change in a given state over time as the result of an external stimulus. In tourism impact, the external stimulus is referred to as tourism. Tourism impact may be defined as an effect bought about directly or indirectly by tourism policies, tourism related establishment and infrastructure, and tourist behavior. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourism impacts may be categorized in terms of the: Dimensions of Scope Type Tourism Impact Direction Scale Distribution Duration of the effects Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scope of Tourism Impacts Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scope of Tourism Impact Economic Impact: consequences of tourism-related activities on areas such as employment, revenue generation, and infrastructure development. Positive Economic Impact Negative Economic Impact Revenue generation Rising costs for locals Job creation Over-dependence on tourism Small business development Job market instability Infrastructure development Strain on public resources Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scope of Tourism Impact Environmental Impact: consequences of tourism activities on the natural environment. These impacts occur when tourists visit natural areas. Positive Environmental Impact Negative Environmental Impact Protection of biodiversity Overcrowding Protection of areas and Coral reef destruction reforestation Beach erosion Education and awareness Pollution Sustainable development Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scope of Tourism Impact Social Impact: consequences of tourism activities on local communities, cultures, and the overall social structure of destinations. Positive Social Impact Negative Social Impact Community empowerment Overcrowding Capacity building of communities Gentrification Social cohesion Social tensions Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scope of Tourism Impact Cultural Impact: consequences of tourism activities on the cultural practices, heritage, and identity of a destination. Positive Cultural Impact Negative Cultural Impact Preservation and promotion of Cultural erosion and heritage commercialization Cultural exchange and Displacement of local understanding communities Promotion of local festivals and Cultural commodification traditions Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scope of Tourism Impact Political Impact: refers to how tourism influences and is influenced by political factors and policies. Positive Political Impact Negative Cultural Impact Enhanced international relations Challenges in local governance Increased global visibility Activism and protests Economic growth and Cultural and political conflicts infrastructure development Promotion of peace and cooperation Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Types of Tourism Impacts Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Types of Tourism Impact Actual or Objective Tourism Perceived or Subjective Impacts Tourism Impacts Measurable, concrete Opinions, or attitudes people outcomes that can be have about tourism effects. observed and quantified. Can differ widely among Evaluated using data, locals, tourists, business reports and other forms of owners, and policymakers. evidences. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts People’s Perception Butler (1980), in his Tourism Area Life Cycle theory, Exploration Stage predicted that the community Involvement Stage will experience and perceive more and more negative impact Development Stage as tourism destination goes Consolidation Stage through the various stages of Stagnation Stage growth: Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts People’s Perception Doxey (1975), in his Irritation Index theory, Euphoria Stage suggested that the residents’ Apathy Stage reaction to tourism changes Annoyance Stage fin the introduction, growth, Antagonism Stage maturity, and decline stage. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts People’s Perception Ap (1992), using Social Exchange theory, found that perception of tourism is more of a function of the perceived net benefits people derive from tourism. Those who get perceived net benefits tend to have positive attitude while those who perceive higher net costs will have negative attitude towards it. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Types of Tourism Impact Quantitative Tourism Impacts Qualitative Tourism Impacts Measurable, data-driven, These are subjective and and often expressed in based on people’s numbers. experiences, perceptions, They allow for objective and feelings. assessment and It provide context and depth comparison across different to the numbers, often locations and time periods. addressing aspects that cannot easily be quantified. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Types of Tourism Impact Quantitative Tourism Impacts Qualitative Tourism Impacts Employment rates Economic benefits Increased revenue Economic inequality Visitor numbers Tourism seasonality Pollution levels Environmental awareness Biodiversity loss Conservation efforts Population displacement Cultural identity Crime rates Community well-being Health and Safety Statistics Satisfaction levels Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Direction of Change Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Direction of Change Direct Tourism Impact: Immediate, observable effects of tourism that result from direct interactions between tourists and tourism-related businesses and services. Occur within the core sectors of tourism industry. Examples: Revenues collected from admission to museum, parks, and historical sites. Damage to natural landscapes or ecosystem caused by hiking, diving, or other tourist activities. Interactions between tourists and local residents, potentially leading to mutual understanding or cultural exchange. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Direction of Change Indirect Tourism Impact: Secondary ripple effects that occur as a result of tourism activity but affect sectors outside of the core tourism industry. Less visible but play significant role in the overall outcomes of tourism. Examples: Income of local farmers from supplying food or raw materials to restaurants. Development of infrastructure and tourist facilities may indirectly lead to deforestation or loss of agricultural land as local resources are diverted to support tourism. A shift in focus from traditional industries like agriculture or fishing to tourism, leading to changes in the structure of the local economy and job market. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scale of Tourism Impact Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Scale of Tourism Impact Local Scale: tourism impacts are felt directly within a specific community or small geographic area, such as town, village, or tourist attraction. Regional Scale: impacts extend over larger areas, impacts extend beyond individual communities, influencing broader areas such as province or states. National Scale: tourism impacts affect the entire country, influencing its economy, culture, and environment on a large scale. Global Scale: affect international systems, involving worldwide tourism flows, environmental concerns, and global economic trends. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Distribution of Tourism Impact Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Distribution of Tourism Impact Geographic Distribution: tourism impacts vary by location, often concentrating in certain areas while leaving others underdeveloped or neglected Sectoral Distribution: some industries benefit directly from tourism, while others experience indirect or minimal effects. Temporal Distribution: tourism impacts can be unevenly distributed over time, with fluctuations in demand throughout the year or over long-term periods. Stakeholder Distribution: different stakeholder groups experience the impacts of tourism in varying ways, often leading to conflicts or disparities in benefits and costs. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Duration of Tourism Impact Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Duration of Tourism Impact Immediate Tourism Impact: the impact is caused by a single event, and could happen within a short period of time. Cumulative Tourism Impact: the impact is caused by tourism development over time. It is a result of repeated tourism activities, building up to significant effects that may not be immediately noticeable. Long-Term Tourism Impact: these impacts will be borne or experienced by affected sectors or stakeholders for years or even generations to come. These impacts can be the result of both immediate and cumulative effects but are generally harder to reverse and require more strategic planning to manage. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Duration of Tourism Impact Reversible Impact: these impacts can be corrected, mitigated, or reversed immediately or over a short period of time, with the right interventions and management strategies. They are typically less severe and can be addressed through restoration, regulation, or changes in behavior. Irreversible Impact: these impacts are permanent changes that cannot be undone or restored to their original state; or, if possible, one that may require a long period of time to recover. These often result from significant environmental degradation, loss of cultural heritage, or extreme overdevelopment. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Factors that determine the direction, scale, duration, and distribution of tourism impact: Level of development Determinants of Strength of economy and linkages Stakeholder power and capacity Tourism Impact Tourism policy Investment incentive criteria and weights Tourism, volume, density, or ratio Tourist market served Technology Capacity Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Level of Development The level of development of the tourism industry in a destination can vary widely depending on several factors such as infrastructure, services, governance, and the overall maturity of the market. The more developed the tourism industry, the more the destination stands to gain economically from tourism. One way of measuring the level of tourism development in a country is the the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) of the World Economic Forum. It is based on four broad sub-indices, with a total of 14 pillar components.  Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index Enabling Environment T&T Policy and Infrastructure Natural and Cultural Enabling Conditions Resources Business Environment Prioritization of Travel Air Transport Natural and Tourism Infrastructure Resources Safety and Security International Ground and Port Cultural Resources and Operations Infrastructure Business Travel Health and Hygiene Price Tourist Service Competitiveness Infrastructure Human Resources and Environmental Labour Market Sustainability Countries which score highly on the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness are also likely ICT Readiness to attract more tourists and thus gain economic benefits. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Level of Development Access Accommodation Activities A similar framework for assessing a place’s Attractions potential for tourism is the A’s Framework Amenities suggested by Cruz (2009): Atmosphere Attitude Administration Assistance Awareness Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Strength of Economy & Linakges The strength of country’s economy significantly influences how well it can benefit and support its tourism industry. The net economic impact of tourism depends on the proportion of income that is retained in the local economy. This retained income is basically the difference between the tourism revenues and the amount of leakages. Leakages: happens when we import products or pay for expatriate managerial expertise. Leakages can be minimized by buying local products and managerial expertise. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Stakeholder’s Power and Capacity Different stakeholders hold varying degrees of power and capacity to influence the direction, outcomes, and sustainability of tourism in a given destination. Power: refers to the ability of stakeholders to influence decisions, policies, and outcomes within the tourism industry. Power can be derived from several factors such as financial resources, legal authority, social influence, or control over key assets. Capacity: refers to the ability of stakeholders to participate effectively in tourism development. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Stakeholder’s Power and Capacity One of the key issue in tourism development is the extent by which the benefit and opportunities are shared by the stakeholders. Ideally, there must be equity in tourism outcomes. In reality, the more powerful stakeholders are able to rake in the benefits while the weaker ones get to bear the costs of such development. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourism Policy Tourism policy are embodied in republic acts, presidential decrees, or local ordinances. It defines a country’s prioritization of tourism in relation to overall development strategy and spells out the objects of tourism development and the key strategies for initiating them. Tourism policy provides focus and direction to tourism development. As such, tourism policy could be considered as having the biggest influence on tourism development. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourism Volume, Density, or Ratio Tourism density: refers to the number of tourists at a given time in relation to the area of the destination, often measured as the number of tourists per square kilometer or mile. It shows how concentrated or dispersed tourists are in a destination. Tourism ratio: refers to the volume of tourists in relation to the local population. It measures of tourists relative to the people living in the destination. The impact of tourism rises in proportion to the increase in tourism density and ratio. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourist Market Served The tourist markets served determine the the kind of impacts that are exerted on the host destination as well as those experience by the tourists themselves. Institutionalized Tourists Non-institutionalized Tourists Organized mass tourist Explorers Individual mass tourist Drifters Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Technology Technologies may modify the tourism impacts, especially on the environment. Examples: Noise and aircraft, which is the primary mode of long-haul travel, have been significantly reduced with the development of the newest generation of aircraft. Tourist resorts may install solar panels to reduce their reliance on commercial electricity. Chapter 2 Tourism Impacts Tourism Carrying Capacity Middleton & Hawkins (1997) The level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected, or the quality of visitors experience declining. World Tourism Organization The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio- cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’ satisfaction.  Tourism Impacts END OF CHAPTER 2