Macro Perspective of Tourism PDF

Enduring understanding Tourism Several benefits occurring from Activities of a person traveling to & Tourism as a system staying in places outside their usual Tourism is a social network environment for not more than 1 ye...

Enduring understanding Tourism Several benefits occurring from Activities of a person traveling to & Tourism as a system staying in places outside their usual Tourism is a social network environment for not more than 1 year Fosters environmental protection for pleasure, business, and other purposes Tourism as 5 Ws & 1H Tourism: As area of study What “activities” Covers various of Sciences Who “Person/tourists” Tourism: As Global Activity Where “Outside their Involves not only memory, but usual also environmental protection environment” Establishes connection between the locals & tourists When “For not more Global activity / connection than 1 year” Government to government, Why “Pleasure, person to person, country to business, & other country purposes” Tourism: As Integrated System How “Travelling & Staying” The 9 pillars of tourism are related & interconnected with each other Excursion Provides the basic needs of a Same day tourist Representing the manpower that Travel provides smile & satisfaction Not more than 1 year Tourism: As part of leisure spectrum Leisure = free time Involves High & Low impact activities  Characteristics of Tourism Impacts of Tourism 1. Intangible Economic Impacts - Tourism is speculative a. Positive investment & an - Employment experience purchase when - Revenue generation the products is conveyed - Foreign exchange to consumer in a brochure - Investments - Experience, service, memories b. Negative - Inflation 2. Perishable - Leakage - Sold only the period it is - Dependence available - Promo, Fine of period, Socio-Cultural Impacts Seasonal c. Positive - Conservation & 3. Dynamic Restoration of cultural - Forever in a state flux, heritage especially as a product - Cross cultural exchange where prices can rise & fall - Renewal of culture pride - Changing & Evolving d. Negative 4. Heterogeneous - Commercialization - Not a standardized - Conflict & product is produced & Misunderstanding delivered in a - Acculturation homogeneous manner - Tangible & intangible Environmental Impacts e. Positive 5. Inseparable - Conservation of Resources - It is purchased & - Awareness & Observance conserved as an overall of Green practice experience - Protection of Flora & - Pillars are related Flauna  - Creation of guidelines & codes for responsible tourism f. Negative - Pollution - Congestion - Explosion of natural resources - Overdevelopment Forms of Tourism Outbound Tourism - Visit by residents of a country to another country Inbound Tourism - Visits to a country by non-residents Internal Tourism - Visits by residences & non-residents within a country Domestic Tourism - Visits by residents of a country within their own country National Tourism - Internal + outbound tourism - Pertains to the totality of tourist traffic that involves  History of Tourism Phoenicians Use sailing vessels for Man made transportation Ancient Water transportation / Boat New Wonders of the world Greeks Natural Beginning of organized sports 7 New Wonders of nature tourism Before Written History Mayans Travel during prehistoric times Road system developed was for the purpose of Starts studied scavenging, hunting game, and Sports organization gathering food that grew wild. Pillar of Infrastructure Subsistence / Natural / Needs EAST ASIA (History) Sumerians Invention of money, wheel & Chinese written records on clay tablets Invented the first compass, first paper money “flying money”, Egyptians first newspaper “peking gazette” First group of individuals who Great wall of China brought souvenirs Queen Hatshepsut (First female Romans Pharaoh) visited Africa for peace System of roads, aqueducts, & tourism travel for nobles During the middle ages for SOUTH ASIA (History) Europe, start of feudal system, travel was dangerous Indian Advancements in metal Crusades technology, some nobles went on Military expeditions by Christians pilgrimage in pursuit of their to the Holy Land ostensibly to faith & devotions protect Christian Pilgrims, more Hinduism - Main religion likely to Protect the trade routes Reyna Elena  1769 First practical steam King John engine invented by He signed the Magna Carta war The foundation of Justice System 1783 Hot air balloon used in France Colombus Discovered West Indies 1825 First steam powered Routes to America was Locomotive established transportation was invented Vespucci 1841 Use of rail mass, Followed columbus path transportation Established packaged Timeline of History tour business by Thomas Cook Tours 1507 First world map (America was the first Thomas Cook Tours name English businessman. Founder of travel 1531 Spanish exploration & agency Thomas Cook colonization of the & Son. Americans initial developers of Beginning of the the "package tour" European influence in including travel, the Americans accommodations, and 1700’s Height of Grand tour, the like. travel for learning, 1903 Mass production of development of automobiles transportation rental Wright brothers flew companies kitty hawk (name of Rise of hotels the plane) Importance of arts reinforced Early Age of luxury liner 1900’s Ocean travel for the Mid Industrial Revolution wealthy 1700’s Machines did the work of many men 1912 Titanic Sank Social Reforms set the stage for increase in 1919 First international leisure time & rise of flight from London to the middle class Paris 1927 Civil Aeronautics 9 Pillars of Tourism Board was established Accommodation Sector Tourism Sector 1957 Sputnik sent to orbit Transportation Sector Developmental of global Entertainment Sector communication Food Services Sector network Adventure & Outdoor recreation Attractions Sector 1961 Yuri Gagarin sent to Events Sector orbit Travel Trade Sector 1969 Man landed on the moon 1970 Jumbo jets Lower fares Major growth in international travel 1978 Cannon Kennedy Act Deregulation of US Airline industry Lower travel cost Increased in air travel 1980 Rise of Asian economy New economic power in Asia Tourism to & from the Pacific Rim Increased Components of Tourism Product Visitor Anything that can be offered to a A traveler taking a trip to a main market that might satisfy a want destination outside his/her usual or need environment, for less than a year for any main purpose Tourism Product Sum of the physical and Hospitality psychological experience got by Latin “hospitate” = “to receive as tourist during traveling to the a guest” destination Refers to the tradition that a host is ready to provide food, Travel beverage, and lodging for Movement between different someone away from home geographic locations for any Includes the “reception and purpose and any duration entertainment of travelers, the way they are treated by the Trip industry employees and an Travel by a person from the time overall concern for their of departure from his usual well-being and satisfaction” residence until he/she returns Pineapple Tourism Symbol of hospitality Etymology: French context of Christopher Columbus “tower” or old French “tor” Latin “tornare” Industry Greek “tornos An entity that generates either Intangible & tangible products or services for profit Tourism Activity Tourism Industry Travel, using a mode of A composite of industries and transportation, outside the usual entities, both public and private environment Involved in the planning, Type of purpose, other than development, marketing, sales, being remunerated operation and evaluation of Duration destinations, products, and ○ Distance services ○ Length ○ Residence ○ Purpose  Tourism is… Tourism as a Service 1. Dynamic Service is any activity or benefit 2. Labor-intensive industry offered or rendered to another 3. People-oriented that is essentially intangible 4. Multi-dimensional phenomenon Does not result to ownership but 5. Not used up; unlimited gets something he or she needs 6. Not brought to the consumer Interaction between the provider 7. Seasonal and the consumer 8. No business hours Consumed by the customer while 9. Depends on shift work the provider supplies it 10. Produces guest satisfaction 11. Intangible and perishable Defined by UNWTO Nature of Tourism and Hospitality A tourism product is “a combination of tangible and intangible elements which Tourism as One Composite Product creates an overall visitor experience Combination of different services including emotional aspects for the like tourist attractions, transport, potential customers” accommodation and of entertainment which provide ADDITIONAL: Forms of Tourism tourist satisfaction Cannot be provided by single Internal Tourism entity Domestic + Inbound Covers complete experience of a Activities of a resident and visit to a particular place non-resident within the country Sum of interrelated sectors National Tourism Tourism Product Domestic + Outbound Destination is a geographical Activities of a resident within and unit which the tourist visits and outside the country where s/he stays Key elements of a Destination: International Tourism Attractions, Amenities and Inbound + Outbound Facilities, Accessibility Activities of resident outside the country Activities of a non-resident within the country  Consumer Behavior Theories Attitudes of Tourist Knowledge of a person, place, or Consumer Behavior (CB) object Involves certain decisions, Positive and negative feelings activities, ideas, or experiences that satisfy consumer needs and Tourist’s Perception wants By observing, listening, or Concerned with all activities getting knowledge, a tourist directly involved in obtaining, forms the perception about a consuming and disposing of place, person, or an object products and services including the decision processes that Values or Beliefs precede and follow these actions A tourist believes or values a specific mode of conduct which is Tourist as Consumer acceptable personally or socia;ly A valued stakeholder, consumer with certain needs, search for Personality of the tourist experiences The nature and physique of a tourist plays an important role Factors influencing tourist towards motivation in tourism motivation External Factors of Motivation Internal Factors of Motivation These can influence tourists and pull Intrinsic Motivation them towards a certain motivation and Internal factors arouse, direct, subsequent decision. and integrate a person’s behavior and influence his Extrinsic Motivation decision for traveling Tourists get motivated by Pertain to assuring one’s external factors such as money capabilities on different and the need to feel competent emotional fronts. on the scale of expenditure and Drives the tourist to opt for performance tourism for intangible rewards such as fun, assurance, and other Place of Origin emotional needs The grooming of the tourist depends upon the place of its origin Family and Age Leisure Ladder Model The family matters when it comes Philip Pearce to the structure and the income It attempts to explain individual Families with nuclear structure behaviors on the basis of stages and double income tend to opt in a tourist life cycle which is said for long distance, extravagant to be similar on individual’s tourism more than joint families experience of work or fai=milies with single earning member who are interested in Crompton’s Push-and-Pull Model visiting domestic places Emphasizes that the choice of destination of a tourist driven by Culture or Social class two forces: push and pull Tourists of different cultures Push: Tourist away from home prefer different places, events, Pull: Region-specific lure that and different types of tourism pulls a tourist towards a destination Market Ever-changing market variables Factors Influencing Decision-Making alter tourism Process Changes in value of currency, political situations, and economic Schmoll Model well-being of the country Emphasizes four successive fields influence the decisions of a which he believed exert tourist influences on the decision of tourists Travel Motivations Buying Decision Process Knowing why tourist travel and the wants and needs of tourist Matheison & Wall Four-stage model of Theoretical & Conceptual Approaches travel-buying behavior to Tourist Motivation Identifies four interrelated factors: Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow Tourist Profile Model of five basic motivational Age, education, income, needs attitudes, previous experience, and motivations Travel awareness Image of destination, facilities, and the results influence and services which is based upon subsequent travel decisions the credibility of the source 2 Phases of decision-making process Destination resources & characteristics Hansal & Eiselt (2004) Attractions & features Planning Phase Trip features Where travelers decide on the Distance, duration, risk basic parameters, concerning their trip. Stages of the buying behavior Decisions in this phase are made at home, usually over a Felt need or travel desire significant amount of time prior A desire to travel is felt and to the trip reasons for and against that desires are weighed Modification phase During which details are decided. Information & evaluation This phase covers modification Intermediaries, brochure, and made during the trip ads, friends, relatives, experienced travelers Market Segmentation Travel decision Market Segmentation Stage advancement occurs with Similar to tourist typology destinations, mode of travel, Another way of classifying accommodations and activities tourists and understanding them being selected Segmentation Travel preparations & equipments Sort of grouping people with the Takes place once bookings are same characteristics such as made and confirmed, budgets geographic, demographic, are organized, and clothing & psychographic, and equipment are arranged product-related characteristics. Travel satisfaction evaluation During and after travel the overall experience is evaluated Geographic segmentation Grouping of potential tourists based on location Demographic segmentation Based on the tourists gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, education, income, household size, family situation Product-related Groupings of tourists is based directly on what they want and need in particular good or service Travel Constraints Travel Constraints Factor that prevents or hinders people from traveling ○ Cost ○ Time ○ Health ○ Weather ○ Family stage ○ Lack of interest ○ Fear