TOURM 2100_Module 1-2.pdf

TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph COURSE CODE : TM 1120 / TOURM 2100 COURSE TITLE : Transportation Management COURSE DESCRIPTION : This course discusses the general knowledge of the transportation, its role to the...

TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph COURSE CODE : TM 1120 / TOURM 2100 COURSE TITLE : Transportation Management COURSE DESCRIPTION : This course discusses the general knowledge of the transportation, its role to the tourism, planning and policies. The content includes transportation systems, various aspects of tourism-related forms of transportation, modes of transportation, transportation operation including concepts and methods of analysis, infrastructure, and geographical and legal factors relating to local and international transportation. Topics include discussions of surface, air, and water transportation; organization, operations, and regulatory and marketing aspects; examination of the inter-model concept; and the social, economic and political factors that have influenced government transportation priorities. PREREQUISITE : TM 1120 : TOURM 2100 NONE TOURM 1110 TOURM 1115 CO-REQUISITE : TM 1120 : TOURM 2100 NONE TOURM 2105 CREDIT UNITS : 3 UNITS LECTURE HOURS : TM 1120 : TOURM 2100 3 HOURS LECTURE / WEEK 3 HOURS LECTURE / WEEK LABORATORY HOURS : TM 1120 : TOURM 2100 3 HOURS LABORATORY / WEEK NO LABORATORY CLASSES CLASS SCHEDULE : TM 1120 : TOURM 2100 BSTM 1-1 BSTM 2-1 Lecture MONDAY (10:30AM-12:00NN) Tuesday (10:00AM-11:00AM) Thursday (10:00AM-11:00AM) WEDNESDAY (8:30AM-10:00AM) LAB A Friday (9:00AM-12:00NN) LAB B Monday (9:00AM-12:00NN) BSTM 2-2 BSTM 1-2 TUESDAY (7:00AM-8:30AM) Lecture Friday (10:00AM-12:00NN) THURSDAY (7:00AM-8:30AM) LAB A Monday (9:00AM-12:00NN) LAB B Friday (1:00PM-4:00PM) BSTM 1-3 Lecture Thursday (4:00PM-5:00PM) Friday (4:00PM-5:00PM) LAB A Monday (1:00PM-4:00PM) LAB B Wednesday (1:00PM-4:00PM) BSTM 1-4 Lecture Monday (4:00PM-5:00PM) Wednesday (4:00PM-5:00PM) LAB A Monday (1:00PM-4:00PM) LAB B Thursday (7:00AM-10:00AM) ROOM NUMBER : TM 1120 : TOURM 2100 HTM2, HTM7, HM1 HTM2, HTM7, HM1 INSTRUCTOR : CHRISTINE DAWN T. TAPIC REMARJAY V. NEYPES MERIELYN G. GANTIOQUE  TOURISM AS DEFINED BY UNWTO In order to prevent the disaccords to define “Tourism”, UNWTO defined it as indicated below: “Tourism comprises that activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more that one consecutive year for leisure, business and purposes.” Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of transportation (he might even travel on foot: nowadays it is often case for poorer societies, and happens even in more developed ones, and concerns pilgrims, hikers etc.) But all travel is not tourism. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  MODULE 1: TRANSPORTATION AND TOURISM [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Define transportation. 2. Explain the roles and importance of transportation in the tourism industry. 3. Discuss the functions of each transportation component. 4. Identify the elements of the transport system. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TRANSPORTATION “Transportation is moving whatever comes out of one location (goods or people) to the next location.” - Rob O’Byrne [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  OVERVIEW OF TOURISM AND TRANSPORTATION Tourism and Transportation are both parts of a relatively young industry. There are just a few books on tourism and transportation written in the context of the Philippine setting. Transportation Management discuss the different modes of transportation - by air, sea and land – how they relate to tourism and tourism management. Transportation has become a very significant element in the development of the tourism industry. A basic understanding of the definition, components and importance of transportation to the industry is paramount to those who will embark on the travel and tourism field. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph TRANSPORTATION AND TOURISM It is innate in human nature to travel to places. People travel for various purposes and modes. In the early beginnings, searching for food and hunting were among the reasons for traveling; the mode of travel was by foot. Today, traveling has become an important human activity that has been utilized to satisfy the needs. Escaping from the daily routine, getting a relaxation, acquiring new knowledge, and understanding people’s way of life are some of the reasons for visiting places. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION Along with the evolution of traveling, modes of transportation also grew from foot to riding horse, carriages, automobiles, trains and aircraft. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  WHAT IS TRANSPORTATION? Transportation generally pertains to the activity of transferring good or people from one point to another destination. It clearly explains that it does not exclusively deliver goods but also people, which reveals the connection between transportation and tourism. Transportation has played a significant role in the travel and tourism industry as one of the major operating sectors. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION USED IN THE PHILIPPINES LAND TRANSPORTATION WATER TRANSPORTATION AIR TRANSPORTATION [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION IN TOURISM Transportation is an integral component of the tourism industry that carries tourists to their desired tourism destination. Badan and Bhatt (2007) identified reasons transportation is vital in the tourism and travel industry: Tourism Implies Movement Transport is a Product of the Travel Industry The Quality of Transport is Important in Travel and Business [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TOURISM IMPLIES MOVEMENT Tourism is defined by World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as “activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.” This definition implies that there is a movement of people from the origin of tourists to the destination region and the role of transportation in the industry. Transportation can easily provide tourists the fastest way to arrive at their preferred destination. “Transportation is perhaps the single most important element affecting the tourism industry.” [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph TRANSPORT IS A PRODUCT OF THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY Transportation services such as air and rail tickets, car rental, motor coaches and ferry services are among the principal products of the travel industry. This requires travel and trade practitioners to be familiar with these services (products) and facilities offered by these transports. Also, transportation is one of the components of a tour package that are sold by both tour operators and travel agents. In certain cases, there is an evident overlap between components of the travel industry where the transportation sector also offers package tours or services. For instance, Philippine Airlines sells its domestic tour package called “palakbayan” or an international tour package called “swing round.” In addition, online reservations of airlines, particularly in the Philippines, do have facilities for passengers to add travel-related services like hotel booking, transfers and travel insurance. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph THE QUALITY OF TRANSPORT IS IMPORTANT IN TRAVEL AND BUSINESS Transportation service quality is a significant factor in the tourist experience. Poor transport quality can negatively affect the vacation experience of the tourists, while high transport service quality could lead to a satisfactory tourist experience. Therefore, it is essential to maintain and have a quality transport service. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Transportation systems consist of the following: Surface. Surface transportations include land and water transport ▪ Land transport grew rapidly with an increase in rental cars and motorcoaches, as well as the ownership of automobiles. This type of transport provides easy access to the visitor attractions. A point-to-point pick-up and drop-off are some of the advantages of utilizing car or motor coach rentals. ▪ Water transport’s smooth sailing lies in the wind, but with the advent of steam power, it made water transport far better. This transport allows tourists to see visitor attractions that are only accessible by water. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Air ▪ Air transport has tremendously contributed to the growth of domestic and international tourism because it decreases the travel time of the tourists. This mode of transport revolutionized the tourism industry through its high-speed aircraft and comfortable passenger seats and services. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The transportation system is comprised of several elements. According to Sharpley (2006), these elements contribute to the system of these different modes of transport. The Way The Vehicles Terminal Control and Communication Systems Management and Staff [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The Way It can be classified as open like air and sea travel; it is free and does not have any cost. However, there are charges for the artificial works for port and inland waterways. Or it can be constructed like roads, rails and canals. According to Dileep (2019), “the way” can be artificial or natural media. Roads and railways are examples of artificial media, while airways and sea routes are natural media. The Vehicles They serve as media or units that carry people to their destination. They can be an aircraft, trains, ships or motor coaches. This element is also called the “carrying unit,” which is the most essential element of the transport system (Dileep, 2019) [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Terminal It is a built structure that provides passengers with smooth transfers from and to major modes of transportation such as airlines, buses and ferries. According to Rodrigue and Slack, a terminal may also be considered a point of interchange within that same mode of transport. For example, a passenger from Manila who opts to travel to Chicago via air transport may have to change planes in Narita, Japan. Also, terminals can be a “point of transfer” between different modes. For instance, a passenger arriving at the airport by car can change to air transport at the airport terminal (Dileep, 2019) According to Badan and Bhatt (2007), the terminal performs two functions: 1. Facilitate transfer or interchange between modes. 2. Consolidate traffic. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Control and Communication Systems These systems are ways to ensure the safety of the passenger by monitoring the take-off and landing of the aircraft. For land transport, railways use signals as their control systems, while road transportations are subject to signs such as traffic lights and signs for speed limits as a form of communication and control system. Water transports, like ships or ferries, have navigation systems to ensure a safe and smooth voyage. Through control systems, arrival and departure or even delays can be monitored. These can be observed in the airport or railway terminals. Such systems are very helpful because they can monitor the whereabouts of the transportation. Though, in road vehicles, these are not common but can be possible through tracking systems or global positioning systems (GPS). [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Management and Staff With these various modes of transportation, it is noticeable that a number of staff are required for effective management. Thus, it involves all the usual management jobs for an efficient operation. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  SUMMARY DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION TO TOURISM INDUSTRY Transportation is defined as an activity where people or goods are transferred from their origin to another destination-it can be via land, air or water. In tourism, transportation is considered an important sector of the industry because it is the primary sector that brings tourists to their desired destination. Other reasons why transportation is vital in the tourism and travel industry, according to Badan and Bhatt (2007), are that tourism implies movement, transport is a product of the travel industry, and the quality of transport is important in travel and business. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  SUMMARY COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The components of the transportation system are surface and air. Surface transportation includes land and water transport. Land transport is often used due to its advantage of providing its passengers with a point-to-point pick-up and drop-off. Passengers utilizing this mode of transport have close access to the visitor attractions. On the other hand, water transport is often used by passengers to reach destinations that are only accessible via water vehicle. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  SUMMARY ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The transportation system is composed of several elements, such as the way, which is classified into natural (e.g., air and sea travel) and artificial media (e.g., roads, rails and canals). The vehicles, or carrying units, are the most critical elements of the transportation system because they are the main media that brings passengers to their destination. The terminal is a structure that facilitates smooth transfers of passengers or interchanges between modes. Control and communication systems are among the elements of transportation that are designed to make sure that the passengers are safe. The modes of transport use different methods, such as traffic lights and signs, to avoid road accidents, and navigation systems for smooth sailing, to name a few, and lastly, management and staff. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ACTIVITY / ASSIGNMENT / QUIZ [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TOURISM TRANSPORTATION As people’s interest in traveling grows, transport supply sectors have to go beyond their primary service of transporting their passengers to their desired destination. Whatever the transportation may be, these various transport companies need not only to provide an efficient service, but also to create a memorable experience before their passengers arrive at their destination. Achieving such may require transportation suppliers to understand more fully the needs and the characteristics of the current transport industry clients. Transportation does not simply move products; it also carries individuals and conveys them to their preferred destination. This movement of people, otherwise known as passenger transportation (Bardi et al., 2006), regardless of the mode of transportation, whether by air, land or water, it is a vital force of the tourism industry (Cook et al., 2010) [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TOURISM TRANSPORTATION Transportation, as a primary tourist service, is likewise one of the most utilized services in the travel and tourism industry. It provides access to the tourist destination, allows tourists to visit and get to places of attractions or explore cities or towns, and carries tourists back to their point or origin. According to Dileep (2019), the several factors that set tourist transport apart from other passenger transport sectors are the following: Seasonality Price Elasticity Highly Capital-Intensive [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TOURISM TRANSPORTATION Difference in the demand for tourism transport can be influenced by seasonality. For instance, the demand for tourist transport is high in the Philippines during summer, while demand decreases throughout the rainy season. Another factor is price elasticity. An increased in transportation costs could lead to a decrease in demand. This is commonly felt in air transportation (Rodrigue and Nottebom, n.d; Dileep, 2019). Lastly, some of the transport sectors are expensive-highly capital- intensive. A great amount of investment is needed, like purchasing an aircraft to be used as air transportation or a ship for cruise tourism. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CATEGORIES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT According to Rodrigue, tourism transport can be categorized into independent means of travel and mass travel. Independent means of travel refers to tourists who individually book their trips usually by land transport through private car rentals. It also counts bookings made by an individual on any of the mass transportation such as rail, ferries, cruises and schedules flights. While mass travel is an organized group tour, this particular category uses chartered coaches and flights for a specific purpose. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TYPES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT Transportation as a vital tourism service plays a primary role in realizing tourists’ or travelers’ need to reach their preferred destination. Aside from its purpose to bring tourists from their generating region to their destination region and return, this major component of tourism allows tourists to explore and see amazing beauty of the host destination. The transport that can be utilized by tourists varies. Below are the several types of tourist transport according to Dileep (2019). General Passenger Transport Dedicated Tourist Transport Experiential Tourist Transport Luxury Tourist Transport Recreational Transport Multipurpose Tourist Transport [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TYPES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT General Passenger Transport This type of transport is mainly for the general traveler and not just specifically designed to meet the needs of the tourists. In most cases, tourists from other countries rely on this type of transport to get their desired destination, like taking scheduled air transport. This type of transport is often found in tourist destinations because of its viability. Dedicated Tourist Transport This type of transport is frequently included in a tour package. Commonly used are coaches that are chartered for a particular purpose. Experiential Tourist Transport This transport service creates an extraordinary tourist experience. For instance, riding a kalesa in Intramuros or Vigan can contribute to an ideal Intramuros Tour or Vigan Tour. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TYPES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT Luxury Tourist Transport This type of tourist transport is designed to offer high-quality service and a comfortable travel experience. Tourist who often take this type of transport are more likely those who seek comfort while traveling. Recreational Transport This transport service is generally used for tourism, such us hop-on and hop-off buses, safari vehicles, and bikes. This type of transport attracts tourists who are seeking a nontraditional and fun transport experience. Multipurpose Tourist Transport This type of tourist transport includes motorhomes, RV trailers, campervans and “rotels.” Rotels, or also known as “rolling hotels,” are in vogue right now. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURISM TRANSPORT SELECTION With numerous types of tourism transport services available to choose from, tourists also consider several factors in selecting the appropriate and best transport services that meet their travel needs. Below are the factors that are influential to tourists in deciding on what transport services to avail according to Dileep (2019). Distance Schedule Frequency Availability Speed Safety and Security Convenience Unique Experience Route [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURISM TRANSPORT SELECTION DISTANCE This is one of the major considerations in choosing the best available mode of transport. The location of the destination influences the tourist choice in selecting a transport service. For example. a tourist would opt to take air transport for destinations that are far from their origin because it shortens travel time. It will allow tourists to have more time at the destination rather than spending it on their journey to the destination. SCHEDULE This refers to the transport departure and arrival time at the destination. It is practical for tourists to choose a transport service with a schedule that best fits their itinerary. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURISM TRANSPORT SELECTION FREQUENCY Tourists often look for transportation with higher frequency because this gives them the convenience of not waiting too long for the next available departure. AVAILABILITY Tourist transport availability provides travelers an opportunity to choose. The more tourist transport available in accessing the destination, the better. It will gives tourists a chance to choose which best to utilize according to their needs. SPEED With a tourist’s limited vacation time, speed becomes one of the most essential considerations in choosing transportation. The quicker the tourists arrive at the destination means that they will have more time to enjoy the place. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURISM TRANSPORT SELECTION SAFETY AND SECURITY Passengers would certainly not compromise their safety and security while traveling. A safer and more secure mode of transport is often the priority for tourists in visiting their desired destination and traveling within the destination. CONVENIENCE A hassle-free vacation is the most sought-after experience for a tourist. Transport services offering convenience to passengers are frequently selected. UNIQUE EXPERIENCE Tourist are oftentimes enticed to choose tourist transport services that create an exceptional travel opportunity. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURISM TRANSPORT SELECTION ROUTE This is another factor that influences tourists’ destinations in selecting the best transport to use. Often, the tourist choices are affected by the connecting flights and their layover. Some tourists find it favorable if they have a longer stopover that allows them to have a short tour in the city. For instance, South Korea offers free city tours for those who have a long layover in their country. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING TOURISM TRANSPORT Below are other considerations in selecting tourism transport 1. Cost - The fare or cost of transport services generally affects the decision of the tourist in choosing which service to avail of. Low-cost carriers are often chosen because of the competitive price they offer for their service. 2. Status and Prestige - Transport services are sometimes influential in deciding which service to choose from. This is due to the increased status and prestige given to the passenger availing of the service. For instance, some tourists prefer to use full-service carriers (seated in first or business class) or other luxury transport because of the status and prestige it can create. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  SUMMARY DEMAND AND CATEGORIES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT Transportation is one of the highly used services to visit tourist destinations and the key tourist service in the tourism and travel industry. It can be categorized as independent means of travel and mass travel. The latter pertains to tourists who have booked their trip, while mass travel is an organized tour - the group typically charters a coach or flight. The demand for transport services can be influenced by seasonality, price elasticity, and high capital-intensive. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  SUMMARY TYPES OF TOURISM TRANSPORT There are various types of tourism transport that travelers or tourists use to arrive at their chosen destination. The transportation that is designed to cater to general travelers that are often used because of its practicality is known as general passenger transport. While other tourist transports cater to the passengers’ specific needs like dedicated tourist transport - a transport that is often part of the package tour - experiential tourist transport aims to provide tourists with a memorable transport experience, luxury tourist transport delivers a relaxing travel experience and excellent customer service, recreational transport offers enjoyable and extraordinary transport experience, and multipurpose tourist transport includes RVs, motorhomes and rotel. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  SUMMARY FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURIST TRANSPORT SELECTION Deciding which tourist transport services to avail of is influenced by the following factors: Schedule, Frequency, Availability, Speed, Safety and Security, Convenience, Unique Experience, Route, Cost and Status, and Prestige. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TYPES OF TOURIST TRANSPORT What are these tourist transports? MOTORCOACHES KALESA BUSINESS CLASS SEAT [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  TYPES OF TOURIST TRANSPORT What are these tourist transports? LIMOUSINE SERVICES SAFARI VEHICLE CAMPERVAN [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ACTIVITY / ASSIGNMENT / QUIZ [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  MODULE 2: AIR TRANSPORTATION [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Discuss the history of aviation. 2. Explain the importance of air transportation in the tourism industry. 3. Identify the different categories of air carriers and aircraft. 4. Explain the air transport structure. 5. Identify the categories of airlines. 6. Differentiate domestic and international airlines’ services and characteristics. 7. Name the new trends in the aviation and airline industry. 8. Explain the role and the airport activities. 9. Identify the various types of airline ownership. 10. Describe the different airport facilities. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  OVERVIEW AIR TRANSPORTATION The aviation industry has gone a long way since the first airplane took to the skies. It is the youngest among all major modes of transportation. Sea and land travel have been moving man since ancient times. Air transport is a late bloomer, as it was only in the early 1900s that the Wright brothers made the first successful flight in the history of the airplane as we know it today. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  OVERVIEW AIR TRANSPORTATION [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  WHAT IS AVIATION? One of the best ways to start a topic is to make sure definitions are the same for all. Air transportation uses a number of jargons and terms that may have a different meanings in other fields. A V - Originated from the French word “avi” meaning I bird A T - It is a noun that means the design, development, I production, operation, and use of aircraft, O N especially heavier-than-air aircraft. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  AVIATION GENERAL AVIATION The International Civil Aviation Organization (2009) defines general aviation as “all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire.” It involves activities such as business flights, air gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols, and forest fire fighting. General aviation is a wider term. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  GENERAL AVIATION The airport in the Philippines see a number of general aviation activities. Aside from the number of commercial flights taking off and landing at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, general aviation contributes to the airport’s congestion. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  AVIATION COMMERCIAL AVIATION Though commercial aviation is part of general aviation, commercial aviation can be differentiated as activities that involve flying for business, remuneration (payment for work), or hire. The best example is the scheduled flights of commercial airlines that operate in major airports. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  AVIATION MILITARY AVIATION Military aviation involves using military aircraft and other flying machines. It is usually done for national security, warfare, logistics deployment to military personnel, and other military purposes. It may include carrying civilian passengers who need to be evacuated or repatriated. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HISTORY OF AVIATION Aviation history can be divided into two categories. One is lighter-than- air development aircraft, and another is heavier-than-air development aircraft. There are several significant events that helped shape the aviation world as it is today through these two categories. LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT In aviation, first thing that comes to mind are the heavier-than-air aircrafts but there are also lighter-than-air aircrafts such as hot air balloons and airships or blimps. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT - First successful hot air balloon was created by the French brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier. - Its flight was on November 1783 - The brothers experimented using paper and fabric for the balloon that used fire to produce hot air. - A basket was attached to the balloon where the passengers boarded. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT - In Philippine airspace, the first flight was on a hot air balloon flown by Portuguese acrobat C. F. Marquez who performed during a carnival exhibition in Manila on April 4, 1909. - Today, hot air balloons are used for countryside sightseeing tours in places like Cappadocia, Turkey and Serengeti, Tanzania. - The Philippines also hosts a ballooning event once a year in Pampanga for ballooning and aviation enthusiasts. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT - Another example of lighter-than-air aircraft is airship, dirigible or blimp. - It is a rigid cigar-shaped aircraft with propellers - Henri Giffard built the first successful airship in 1852. - Zeppelin is a more popular airship which was designed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in 1900 wherein it had rigid metal framework and used hydrogen gas. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT - Zeppelins were used for both military and commercial purposes. - The most famous among the Zeppelins was the Hindenburg, which carried passengers across the North Atlantic. - It was tragically destroyed by fire in 1937. - That event ended the career of the Zeppelin as a commercial aircraft. - Blimps can still be seen flying today in other countries used for advertising and TV commercials than for other purposes. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  AVIATION DEVELOPMENT PERSONALITIES Leonardo da Vinci George Cayley Otto Lilienthal John Stringfellow Lawrence Hengrave Samuel Langley [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph AVIATION DEVELOPMENT HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PERSONALITIES AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT The Ideas and aerial concepts of Leonardo da Vinci, George Cayley, Otto Lilienthal, John Stringfellow, Lawrence Hengrave and Samuel Langley led to the success of Wilbur and Orville Wright. These men are not all engineers or scientists but have been intrigued by the desire for man to fly like birds. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph AVIATION DEVELOPMENT PERSONALITIES - Leonardo da Vinci is well known for his artistic paintings such as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, his other works have influenced aviation development. - As a young boy, he was fascinated with flight and studied how birds fly. - He sketched flying machines such as the ornithopters. - His aviation designs included machines with a pilot in a prone position, standing vertically, using arms and legs. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - The gliders that were developed around 1853 are considered the first successful heavier-than-air aircraft. - British engineer George cayley was able to fly his glider across a small valley, thus earning the privilege of being the first successful airman. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - Otto Lilienthal studied the ideas of Sir Cayley of how birds fly as well. - Built several gliders and flew almost 2,000 controlled flights with fixed-wing crafts. - His works later influenced the Wright brothers, as well as other engineers and aviation designers. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - John Stringfellow is an Englishman known in the lace industry which is another personality in aviation development. - He has fascination with steam engine and together with William Henson, they designed the Aerial Steam Carriage in 1842. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - Lawrence Hargrave was another Englishman later lived in Australia. - His contribution to aviation development was the engine that was powered by compressed air and fuel. - In 889, he created the compressed air engine using three rotating cylinders. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - Samuel Langley designed and created pilotless heavier-than-air crafts in aviation development from New World. - In 1896, two of his airplane creations achieved flight. - The first airplane reached 914 meter or 3,000 feet. - The second airplane flew as high as 1,280 meters or 4,200 feet. - Both airplanes were unmanned. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT WILBUR WRIGHT AND ORVILLE WRIGHT They are typically portrayed as clever bicycle mechanics who somehow invented the airplane. They are referred to as if they were a single persona: “The Wright Brothers” - one mind, one personality. WILBUR WRIGHT ORVILLE WRIGHT [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - The most famous personalities in aviation history are the Wright brothers, a bicycle shop owners. - According to Van der Linden et al. (2016), the brothers successfully flew the Wright gilder in 1902. - In December 1903, the brothers achieved the first manned flight with their Wright flyer, giving them the rights to claim of the first successful manned flight in history. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT - The most famous personalities in aviation history are the Wright brothers, a bicycle shop owners. - According to Van der Linden et al. (2016), the brothers successfully flew the Wright gilder in 1902. - In December 1903, the brothers achieved the first manned flight with their Wright flyer, giving them the rights to claim of the first successful manned flight in history. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT AVIATION DEVELOPMENT The Philippines is known for shipbuilding (the design and construction of ships). The Department of Trade and Industry (2017) reported that Philippines-based shipbuilders have exported ships since 1994. However, the country is not known for airplane manufacturing. Aviation came to the Philippines as early as 1911, just eight years after the successful flight in Kittyhawk. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT FIRSTS DEVELOPMENT - On February 27, 1911, James “Bud” C. Mars flew his red devil biplane 10 miles out of Manila. In history, it was the first cross-country flight in the Philippines. - The first Filipino passenger was Gagaban, an Igorot chieftain flown over Luneta Park by Lee Hammond on February 12, 1912. - On April 11, 1914, a nurse from the Chinese General hospital named Cora Wong won a popularity contest whose prize was to fly with Tom Gunn. She was the first woman passenger in Philippine aviation history. - On April 12, 1914, Tom Gunn flew to Guam bringing with him Rosario Reyes, who was recorded as the first international passenger. REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT FIRSTS DEVELOPMENT - Late 1919, the first airline was established in the Philippines. Major Joseph E. H. Stevenot and Alfred J. Croft incorporated Philippine Airways Service, Inc. (PASI) to operate commercial airmail between Manila, Cebu and Iloilo. - In 1931, the Philippine government saw the need to create an office to handle aviation matters. The office was then organized under the Department of Commerce and Communications (WCC Aviation Company, n.d.). REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRLINE NAME DATE OWNERS/INCORPORATORS NOTES ESTABLISHED Philippine Airways Service, November 1919 Major Joseph E. H. Stevenot Inc. (PASI) Alfred J. Croft Philippine IAr Service (PAS) July 1920 The Philippine government Philippine Airways, Inc. November 1927 S.F. Aubrey, W. Briggman, Rafael Alunan, A.B. Was not able to operate; Later (PAI) Cresap, Crisanto Delos Reyes, Florentino Cairuz, renamed as Philippine Airlines and Alfred Croft Aviation Corporation of the May 25, 1929 Fulgencio Borromeo, Clyde A. DeWitt, Juan M. Was not able to operate for lack Philippines (ACP) Elizalde, Ramon Fernandez, Carlos Fernandez, and of qualified pilots Leopoldo Kalaw Compania Aerea July 12, 1930 Spanish businessmen Was not able to operate due to financial constraints REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRLINE NAME DATE OWNERS/INCORPORATORS NOTES ESTABLISHED Philippine Aerial Taxi December 3, 1930 Emil Bchrach, Joseph Stevenot, and Andres Soriano Operated non-scheduled Company (PATCO) services; Filed for bankruptcy in June 1940 Iloilo-Negros Air Express April 1932 Lopez family Ceased operations in 1947 Company (INAEC) Air Manila 1964 Merged with Philippine Airlines in 1973 and ceased operations in 1984 Aerolift August 1982 Lead by Carmelo Flores Closed due to financial difficulties in 1996 Star Asia Airlines 1994 Vicente de Villa, Jr. Ceased operations in 1996 REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRLINE NAME DATE OWNERS/INCORPORATORS NOTES ESTABLISHED Grandair December 1994 EL & E Aviation Consultants, Inc. Closed due to financial constraints brought about by 1997 Asian contagion Cebu Pacific (CPA) March 1989 JG Group Air Philippines Corporation October 1990 Taken over by Philippine Airlines (APC) and later renamed PAL Express Asian Spirit Airline (ASA) 1995 Airline Employee Cooperative Later bought by Zesto, became Zest Air, and then sold to Philippine Air Asia Sea Air Corporation 1996 Iren Dornier Merged with Tiger Air Singapore (SEAIR) and the later sold to JG Group to become Cebgo REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  HEAVIER-THAN-AIR PHILIPPINE AIRCRAFT AVIATION DEVELOPMENT AIRLINE NAME DATE OWNERS/INCORPORATORS NOTES ESTABLISHED Corporate Air 1995 Headed by Alberto Lina Initially operated as a non- scheduled carrier Laoag International Airways 1995 Chaired by Shirley Ng Stopped operations after a couple (LIA) of fatal air accidents Zest Air 2008 Rebranded as Air Asia Zest in 2013 REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR LESSONS? AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT - Success may require government support in policies as well as financially. - Competition may lead to the failure of some airlines because of over- capacity. - Airline operation and management is capital-intensive, but financial funding needs solid plans and strategies. - Though safety is a priority for airlines, aircraft can cause heavy strain on the financial standing of airlines. REFERENCE: 100 YEARS OF PHILIPPINE AVIATION (1909-2009): A FOCUS ON AIRLINE MANAGEMENT by DR. AVELINO ZAPANTA [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  ASIA’s FIRST AND LONGEST-SERVING AIRLINE - “Asia’s First Airline” - “On the Wings of Change” - “Asia’s Sunniest” - “Your Home in the Sky” - “The Heart of the Filipino” [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR SIGNIFICANCE AIRCRAFT OF AIR TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT - According to Rodrigue et al. (2013) that the reason transportation exists is to remove the distance created by space. - Transportation supports human activities. It connects countries, regions, and the rest of the world. - The importance of transportation cannot be undermined in tourism. Tourism involves bringing tourists to destinations using different modes of transportation. There is a symbiotic relationship between transportation and tourism. - Air transportation is the most convenient in terms of time (20-hour travel by sea from Manila to Cebu takes only 1 hour by air) yet may also be the most expensive among others. - Traveling by air will allow the tourists have more time to spend at the destination instead of moving or traveling to their point of vacation. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR CATEGORIES AIRCRAFT OF DEVELOPMENT AIRCRAFT Aircraft or air transport vehicles can be categories according to their size and how maneuverable they are. Based on the CFR-14 categorization, there are 10 categories of aircraft. (Aircraft Categories and Classes Explained, 2018) ACROBATIC AIRPLANES NORMAL AIRCRAFT COMMUTER AIRPLANES PRIMARY AIRPLANES EXPERIMENTAL AIRPLANES RESTRICTED AIRPLANES LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT TRANSPORT AIRPLANES LIMITED AIRPLANES UTILITY AIRPLANES [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR REGULATORY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT BODIES Global Industry Associations and Organizations With huge disparity between the superpowers and the economically smaller countries, the global industry associations and organizations serve as the intermediaries and coordinators among the member airlines and countries. There is often a difference in interests for each member airline and country. Here is where IATA and ICAO come in by being impartial to the influence of the stronger countries and bigger airlines. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  REGULATORY BODIES International Air Transport Association IATA is a very important organization in air transportation as well as in the tourism industry. WHO IS IATA? - It is a group organized by 57 International airlines in 1945, and by 2020, it has 290 member airlines, 480 strategic partners, and 100,000 accredited pronounced as “ahy-ya-ta” travel and cargo agencies. - They were established with the mission to represent, lead, and serve airline industry. - Some of the targets of IATA are to generate cash for airline relief, reduce supplies cost and taxes, help the aviation industry with the IATA industry restart plan and to secure IATA’s existence through sustainable strategies. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR SIGNIFICANCE AIRCRAFT TO AIR TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT International Air Transport Association IATA was involved in the development and improvement of the global airline industry. Among the different sectors of the tourism industry, air transportation is the sector that is probably the most organized. This can be attributed to the standards set by IATA. Since the members of IATA are international airlines, the need for clear communication was critical. Airline pilots, as well as other players of the air transport, need to ensure they understand each other clearly despite the differences in language, dialect, accent, and even culture. One of the manifestation of this standardization and efficiency is codes. The IATA three-letter city and airport code are still in use today. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL AIRPORTS AND CODES AREA CITY PROVINCE CITY / AIRPORT CODE Basco Batanes BSO Busuanga (Coron) Palawan USU Clark Pampanga CRK Cauayan Isabela CYZ Laoag Ilocos Norte LAO Legazpi Albay LGP LUZON Manila NCR MNL Marinduque Marinduque MRQ Naga Camarines Sur WNP Puerto Princesa Palawan PPS Tuguegarao Cagayan TUG Virac Catanduanes VRC [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL AIRPORTS AND CODES AREA CITY PROVINCE CITY / AIRPORT CODE Bacolod Negros Occidental BCD Calbayog Samar CYP Catarman Northern Samar CRM Caticlan Aklan MPH Cebu Cebu CEB Dumaguete Negros Oriental DGT VISAYAS Iloilo Iloilo ILO Kalibo Aklan KLO Ormoc Leyte OMC Roxas Roxas RXS Tacloban Leyte TAC Tagbilaran Bohol TAG [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL AIRPORTS AND CODES AREA CITY PROVINCE CITY / AIRPORT CODE Butuan Agusan del Norte BXU Camiguin Northern Mindanao CGM Cagayan de Oro Misamis Oriental CGY Cotabato Maguindanao CBO Davao Davao DVO Dipolog Zamboanga del Norte DPL General Santos South Cotabato GES MINDANAO Jolo Sulu JOL Pagadian Zamboanga del Sur PAG Siargao Surigao del Norte IAO Surigao Surigao del Norte SUG Tandag Surigao del Sur TDG Tawi-Tawi Tawi-Tawi TWI Zamboanga Zamboanga del Sur ZAM [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph AIRLINE CODES FOR PH-BASED INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES Aside from city and airport codes, IATA also has airline codes. For airlines, there are two kinds of code. There is the numeric code that is used for airline accountable forms, such as airline tickets and airway bills. Another code is the two-character code assigned to each international airline, whether they are an IATA or not. AIRLINE NAME IATA NUMERIC IATA TWO-CHARACTER ICAO THREE-LETTER CODE CODE CODE AirAsia Berhad 807 AK AXM Philippines AirAsia 457 Z2 APG Cebu Pacific 203 5J CEB Philippine Airlines 079 PR PAL [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  INTERNATIONAL HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFTCIVIL AVIATION DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION - It is a United Nations specialized agency, established by UN member states in 1944 - In 2020, there are 193 member states (or countries) that include the Philippines. - They were tasked to formulate policies for the safe, efficient, secure, economically sustainable, and environmentally responsible civil aviation. - Its 2020 objectives are the following: - Safety - Air navigation capacity and efficiency - Security and facilitation - Economic development of air transport - Environmental protection pronounced as “ahy-key-o” [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR IMPORTANCE AIRCRAFTTO DEVELOPMENT AVIATION International Civil Aviation Organization - It is involved in aircraft accident investigations, particularly concerning international airlines. They look into the causes of the disasters. They try to learn who or what was the reason for the mishaps. They investigate to prevent similar accidents in the future. - ICAO developed a methodology to compute carbon dioxide emission from air travel. - Due to the 9/11 incident, ICAO now requires commercial aircraft to have a door peephole for the pilots to see who wants to come into the flight deck. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  IATA AND ICAO International Air TRansport Association International Civil Aviation Organization - Focused on the rates and - It is concerned with the safe charges of airline and orderly flow of passengers, the tariff for international aviation cargo, and the rates and commission levels given to accredited travel agents and freight forwarders - It is more involved in - It is more connected the economics of the with ensuring the safety airline business of the airline industry. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph PHILIPPINE REGULATORY BODIES Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) - A Philippine government agency with a mandate to ensure the economic well-being of air transportation in the country. - Similar to IATA which is also concerned with the economics of air transport. - Ensure that domestic airlines offer fairly priced airfare. It also sees to it that competition among the carriers if fair. Airlines need to get the CAB’s approval if they have airfare increase or decrease. - CAB issues Letter of Authority to cargo forwarders, cargo general sales agents and cargo sales agents stating that they are fit and willing to perform services required in cargo public convenience and necessity. - Air negotiation is where countries come to an agreement regarding the traffic or the maximum number of passengers they can carry between them for a given period. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  PHILIPPINE REGULATORY BODIES Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) - CAAP is another Philippine government agency for air transportation which is tasked to secure the technical and operational aspects of the airline industry. - There are six mandates for CAAP under the Republic Act 9497, one of it is the responsibility for the maintenance of airports. pronounced as “ka-uph” - CAAP’s management mandate on Philippine airports does not include the three major airports. - Ninoy Aquino International Airport aka Manila International Airport (Manila International AIrport Authority - Mactan-Cebu International Airport (GMR Megawide Cebu Airport Corporation - Clark International Airport (Luzon International Premier Airport Development Corp (LIPAD)) [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  PHILIPPINE REGULATORY BODIES Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) - CAAP is also tasked to ensure the safety of air travel in the Philippines. Included in the task of operating and maintaining national airports is ensuring that air navigation equipment and facilities comply with ICAO requirements, especially the international airports. - When there are accidents involving air transportation, CAAP gets involved in pronounced as “ka-uph” the investigation. - CAAP is the counterpart of LTO for air transportation as a licensing office. They are tasked with issuing licenses to pilots, air traffic controllers, and other licensed personnel in air travel. TRIVIA For safety reasons, pilots and co-pilots are required to eat different meals in case of food poisoning (25 Interesting and Fun Aviation Facts You Never Knew, 2018) [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRLINE AIRCRAFT DEREGULATION DEVELOPMENT - In 1934, under the Act 4033, it is required a franchise from a company to operate an air service. At one point, the Philippine government joined the commercial airline game when they became part owners of Philippine Airlines in an attempt to save the troubled airline. Through GSIS, the Philippine government owned 92% of the shares of stocks of Philippine Airlines in October 1977. - In 1980’s, governments started divesting from the transportation industry. It began economic liberalization, where they allowed more participation from private entities. - For market access, they have bilateral agreements among themselves by stating mutual restriction on market access. They agree on limiting routes to their respective airlines so that they can operate or fly. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRLINE AIRCRAFT DEREGULATION DEVELOPMENT - On January 1995, the Executive Order 219 was signed to establish the domestic and international civil aviation liberalization policy. This allowed for Open Skies to be Implemented. - Open Skies as a policy is when there is a promise to relax restrictions on the market access, ownership, and control. This policy exists for some routes like Hong Kong and Philippines. Hong Kong is a popular gateway city to Asia for those coming from the west. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIRAIRLINE AIRCRAFTINDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT Airlines are the main movers in the aviation industry. Traveling by air may be the most expensive mode of transport, but it is also the fastest and most convenient, which compensates for the higher fares paid for by passengers. On one hand, to be part of an airline is fun since one can travel the world for free. Being a cabin crew is glamorous and fulfilling, On the other hand, prestige often goes with being an airline pilot. Airline as defined by Dictionary.com, is a company or an organization that provides air transportation. Typically, it is a part of a system that operates at airports using airplanes as its vehicles. Airlines provide a means to move people or goods from one point to another. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR TYPES OF AIR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS DEVELOPMENT OR AIRLINES - Air carriers or airlines can be classified according to their area of operation. Airlines can either be domestic, regional or international. - CAAP records show that there are 70 airports within the Philippines. It includes international, domestic military and private. But not all 70 have night landing facilities. This limits the operation of domestic flights during the daytime for most domestic airports. Domestic Airlines Regional Airlines International Airlines [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR TYPES OF AIR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS DEVELOPMENT OR AIRLINES Domestic Airlines - Domestic airlines operate within the same country. - The idea is that the operations are only within the same country where the airlines are registered. - Domestic carriers offer less expensive fares because of the shorter distance between domestic points. - Passengers are usually commuters who needs to travel from their home city to their place of work. Regional Airlines - It can be used for those air carriers that operate within a geographical region. (e.g. airlines who operate outside their country but within the Asian region.) [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph HEAVIER-THAN-AIR TYPES OF AIR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS DEVELOPMENT OR AIRLINES Regional Airlines - These airlines are usually limited in their destination because of the type of airplane they use. - Some airplanes only have a maximum flying time of 3-6 hours. With such a limitation, they can fly only to destinations within the airline’s geographic region. International Airlines - International airlines are different from regional airlines in the distance they travel. - Typically, international airlines travel to destinations with more than 7 hours of flying time. - Airlines that fly long-haul routes fall in this type [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CLASSIFICATION HEAVIER-THAN-AIR OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRLINES DEVELOPMENT One classification of commercial airlines is based on the type of work they do: Legacy or heritage or full-service airlines Low-cost airlines Air Taxi Boutique airlines [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CLASSIFICATION HEAVIER-THAN-AIR OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRLINES DEVELOPMENT Legacy or heritage or full-service airlines One classification of commercial airlines is based on the type of work they do: - Also known as full-service carriers (FSC) - The name legacy is indicative of the fact that they are the oldest airline companies operating. - They often operate with the more traditional or old-school strategies. - Legacy or heritage airlines are often used for airlines that started the commercial airline industries. These are airlines with international scheduled service. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CLASSIFICATION HEAVIER-THAN-AIR OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRLINES DEVELOPMENT Low-cost Airlines - More often known as low-cost carriers (LCCs) - Some call them budget airlines - LCC are airlines that often offer low fares - The term “low cost” applies to both the consumers or the passengers and from the airline management. - Airline operation and management is capital-intensive, which is why air tickets are expensive. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CLASSIFICATION HEAVIER-THAN-AIR OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRLINES DEVELOPMENT Air Taxis or Air Charters - Air taxis or air charters are air transportation companies that do not provide scheduled services. - The name taxi gives the notion of hiring an aircraft for a private function. - Usually, air taxis are smaller airplanes or private jets, also helicopters. - Air charters can also be used for routes that are not yet operated as scheduled flights but may have a large number of passenger traffic. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CLASSIFICATION HEAVIER-THAN-AIR OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRLINES DEVELOPMENT Boutique Airlines - These are not low-cost carriers but often mistaken as such. - Most boutique carriers use small airplanes, giving the impression of being low- cost. - Its fleet is mostly small jets because they serve small airports that are the gateway to high-end destinations or resorts. - These airlines offer fares that are more expensive than most commuter fares. Below are the following examples of commercial airlines: Legacy/Heritage/ Low-cost Carriers Air Taxis Boutique Airline Full-service Airlines Philippine Airlines Cebu Pacific Air Juan Singapore Airlines Bangkok Airways PAL Express Asian Aerospace Corp. Cathay Pacific [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph  CLASSIFICATION HEAVIER-THAN-AIR OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT AIRLINES DEVELOPMENT Another classification is on the network they service. [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph [email protected] +639 957869546 clsu.edu.ph