Introduction To Tourism And Hospitality PDF

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY - CHAPTER 1 7. The industry is dynamic. It is characterized by the changing ideas and attitudes of customers. THE RELATIONSHIP OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY...

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY - CHAPTER 1 7. The industry is dynamic. It is characterized by the changing ideas and attitudes of customers. THE RELATIONSHIP OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY WHAT IS TOURISM? 1. Contribution to the balance of payments "Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon, which entails the 2. Dispersion of development movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called 3. Effect on general economic development visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists: residents or 4. Employment opportunities non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which 5. Social benefits (social exchange) involve tourism expenditure." United Nations World Tourism Organization 6. Cultural enrichment (sharing and appreciation of culture and (UNWTO) preservation of cultural heritage) WHAT IS HOSPITALITY? 7.Educational significance "Hospitality means extending a welcome to travelers or offering a 8.A vital force for peace (it can bridge differences in culture, race, home away from home, and the word is derived from colors, religions, etc. the Latin word "hospes meaning visitor or stranger. The hospitality and tourism industry is a vast sector that includes all the economic COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY activities that directly or indirectly contribute to, or depend upon, Hospitality and tourism industry is one big network. The components travel and tourism. This industry sector includes hotels & resorts, of the industry may be independent and competitive businesses; yet restaurants & catering, night clubs & bars, travel & transportation, they are interrelated and interdependent. tourism, spas & wellness, cruise liners & bus tours and events Food and Beverage Component (Private, Business, Cultural & Sports)".-EHL SWISS HOSPITALITY When working in F&B, providers are selling products and services MANAGEMENT SCHOOL with tangible and intangible characteristics that will be judged by the consumer. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY Lodging Component INDUSTRY Lodging involves providing overnight or even long-term services to 1.In tourism and hospitality, the product is not brought to the guests. consumer, rather the consumer has to travel and go to the product to Recreation and Entertainment Component purchase it. This component includes a wide range of establishments that 2.The product of tourism and hospitality are not used up, thus they operate facilities or provide services to meet varied cultural, do not exhaust the country's natural resources. entertainment, and recreational interests of their patrons. 3.Tourism and hospitality is a labor intensive industry. Travel and Tourism Component 4. Tourism and hospitality is people-oriented industry. Travel and tourism are used together as an umbrella term to refer to 5.It is a multidimensional phenomenon. It is dependent on many those businesses that provide primary services to travelers. varied activities which are separate but interdependent. 6. The tourism and hospitality industry is seasonal. NATURE OF TOURISM - CHAPTER 2 Package Tour - sometimes called inclusive tour, is an arrangement in which transport and accommodation is bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price and the price of individual elements cannot be TYPES OF TOURISM determined by the tourist. Tourism has two types and many forms based on the purpose of visit Independent Tour - an arrangement in which the tourist buys the and alternative forms of tourism. Tourism can be categorized as facilities separately, either making reservations in advance through a international and domestic tourism. travel agent or en route during his or her tour. International Tourism Independent Inclusive Tour (IIT) - one in which the tourist travels to -It is referred to when people visit a foreign country. To travel to a his destination individually. foreign country, one needs a valid passport, visa, health documents, Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) - one in which the tourist travels to his foreign exchange, etc. destination in the company of other tourists. 2 Types of International Tourism Inbound Tourism - This refers to tourists of outside origin ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL entering a particular country. Traveling outside their Distance - A measure that has been used to distinguish travel away host/native country to another country is called inbound from home is the distance traveled on a trip. It excludes commuting tourism for the country where they are traveling. to and from work and change in residence. Outbound Tourism - This refers to tourists traveling from the Length of Stay - The second basic element of travel used as criteria country of their origin to another country. When tourists travel for defining travelers is the length of stay at a destination. This help to a foreign region, it is outbound tourism for their own determine what type of tourism and hospitality client a traveler is. country because they are going outside their country. Residence of the Traveler - The residence or origin of the traveler Domestic Tourism is the third basic element of travel. For business and research -It refers to the tourism activity of the people within their own country. purposes, it is important to know where people live. Traveling within the same country is easier because it does not Purpose of Travel - This specifies the tourism motivation of a require formal travel documents and tedious formalities like traveler. It can be because of education and cultural motives, compulsory health checks and foreign exchange. A traveler generally relaxation and pleasure, ethnic, business, health, and a lot more. does not face many language problems or currency exchange issues in domestic tourism. travel agent - is one who sells travel services in a travel agency. tour operators - are wholesalers who make the necessary contacts THE NATURE OF TOUR with hotels, airlines, and other providers of travel services and devise Domestic Tourism - refers to travel taken exclusively within the packages which will appeal to retail buyers. national boundaries of the traveler's country. International Tourism - involves the movement of people across TOURIST PRODUCT international boundaries. The tourist product is a combination of what the tourist does at the destination and the services he or she uses during his or her stay. The first characteristic of a tourist product is it that it is a service. It is 3. ACCESSIBILITY - It means having a regular and convenience of an intangible item. It cannot be inspected by a prospective purchaser transport in terms of time/ distance to the destination from the before they buy as they can with a washing machine, or other originating country / place at a reasonable price. If private transport consumer goods. The second characteristic is that the tourist product is to be the means of access, tourism flow will depend upon the is largely psychological in its attraction. It is more than a collection of adequate roads, gasoline stations and the like. Good railways and services such an aircraft seat and a hotel room.It is the temporary coach services, airports and seaports are designed to facilitate use of a strange environment plus the culture and heritage of the accessibility. region and other intangible benefits such as atmosphere and hospitality. Thirdly, the product tends to vary in standard and quality DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM over time unlike the production of television set. A package tour The Tourist -The tourist seeks various psychic and physical cannot be consistently of equal standard. A bumpy flight can change experiences and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely an enjoyable experience into a nightmare, a good room in a hotel determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed. may be spoiled by poor food and a holiday at the seaside can be The Business -Business people see tourism as an opportunity destroyed by a prolonged rainy spell. Lastly, the supply of the to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist product is fixed. The number of hotel rooms available at a particular market demands. resort cannot be changed to meet the changing demands of tourist The Government -Politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the during a particular season. The unsold room cannot be stored for economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is related to the another sale, thus great effort are made to fill hotel rooms and incomes their citizen can earn from the business. The government aircrafts by discounting the prices of these products at the last can play an important role in tourism policy, development, promotion, minute. and implementation. The Host Community -Local people usually see tourism as a TOURIST DESTINATION cultural and employment factor. The importance is the effect of the The tourist destination is a geographical unit where the tourist visits interaction between large number of international visitors and and stay. It is based on three factors: residents. 1. ATTRACTION - This may be site or event attractions. Site attraction is one in which destination itself has appeal. Event TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY CLIENTS attraction is one in which tourists are drawn to the destination solely TOURISTS - Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, because of what is taking place there. Attraction may also be natural whose purpose could be classified as leisure such as or man-made. Natural attraction include mountains, beaches and recreation, holiday, health, study, religion or sport, business, climatic features. Man-made attraction includes buildings of historical family, mission and meeting. or architectural interest. EXCURSIONIST - Temporary visitors staying less than 24 2. AMENITIES AND FACILITIES - This includes accommodation, hours in the destination visited and not making an overnight food, local transport, communications, and entertainment at the site. stay, including cruise travelers, but excluding travelers in Amenities will differ according to the attraction of the site. transit.  TRAVELER - Any person on a trip between two or more Retailers countries or between two or more localities within his or her High street travel agents e.g. TUI, Hays Travel, Cooperative country of usual residence. Travel TRANSIENT - A non-immigrant traveling from one place OTAS e.g. Expedia, Booking.com, Agoda abroad to another for the purpose of sightseeing. Visiting B2C tour operators e.g. Trailfinders, Intrepid Travel, relatives or friends, or transacting business up to 59-day Specialist business travel agents e.g. TravelPerk, DIB Travel stay. Consumers Specialist business travel agents e.g. TravelPerk, DIB Travel TOURISM SERVICES Businesses and corporations e.g. employees 1. PRINCIPAL SERVICE provide the means to reach the Leisure travelers destination. People visiting friends and relatives (VFR) 2. ACCOMMODATION, FOOD & BEVERAGE, Other ENTERTAINMENT 3. SERVICES FROM TRAVEL AGENT AND TOUR HISTORY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY - CHAPTER 3 OPERATOR 4. CURRENCY, DOCUMENTATION, INFORMATION, A. History of Tourism Industry SIGHTSEEING, SHOPPING TOURISM TOURISM CHAIN Tourism is the movement of people from one place to Principals another for leisure, business, or educational purposes. Accomodation providers e.g. Airbnb, Dukes Hotel, Cottage It involves the provision of services and facilities, such as Rentals transportation, accommodations, food and beverage, and Visitor attractions e.g. Disneyland, Statue of Liberty entertainment, to travelers. Transport e.g. airline tickets, coach tickets, train tickets Tourism is a multi-billion dollar industry that is a significant Ancillary services e.g. insurance, car hire, theatre and event contributor to the global economy, generating employment tickets, and economic growth in many countries. Wholesalers & Aggregators B2B tour operators e.g. TravTravel, Miki Travel ◘ Tourism has a long and complex history, dating back to ancient Global Distribution Systems (GDS) e.g. Sabre, Amadeus, times. Galileo ◘ In ancient Greece and Rome, travel for leisure and education Destination Management Companies (DMCs) or was common among the wealthy. Organizations (DMOs) ◘ Middle Ages, travel for pilgrimage was a significant form of tourism. Bedbanks e.g. Hotelbeds, Bonotel, WebBeds, HotelsPro, ◘ In the 19th century, the rise of the middle class and Travco, Stuba improvements in transportation led to a growth in tourism,  Wealthy citizens of these civilizations would travel to various particularly in Europe. ◘ In the 20th century, international tourism continued to grow, destinations to see famous landmarks, attend cultural events, and driven by advances in technology, transportation, and engage in recreational activities. communication, as well as an increasing demand for leisure and Some examples of ancient tourism include: travel. 1. Ancient Greece: Wealthy citizens of ancient Greece often ◘ Today, tourism is a major global industry, generating billions of traveled for leisure and education. dollars in economic activity and providing employment for millions 2. Ancient Rome: Rome was a popular destination for wealthy of people. tourists in ancient times, to see its monumental architecture ◘ Thomas Cook is often referred to as the “father of modern and attend its famous public spectacles. tourism.” ◘ Cook was an English businessman who organized the first 3. Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages: religious pilgrimage was a packaged tour for leisure travelers in 1841. significant form of tourism, with people traveling to the Holy ◘ He arranged transportation, accommodations, and attractions for Land, Rome, and other sacred destinations. a group of travelers on a trip from Leicester to Loughborough, 4. The Grand Tour in Europe: During the 17th and 18th England. centuries, wealthy young European men would embark on ◘ This was the first time that a complete travel experience was the “Grand Tour,” a journey through Europe to gain exposure offered for a fixed price, and it paved the way for the growth of the to the continent’s classical culture and art. modern travel industry. 5. China’s Silk Road: was a major trade and travel route that ◘ Cook went on to organize many more tours, both domestically and internationally, and his company, Thomas Cook & Son, connected China to the rest of Asia and the Mediterranean. became one of the largest travel companies in the world. Along the way, travelers could visit cities, trade goods, and ◘ Thomas Cook’s innovative helped to make it more accessible experience different cultures. and affordable, and he is widely recognized as a pioneer in the development of modern tourism. MEDIEVAL TOURISM ◘ Is rich and extensive and has undergone many changes and Largely centered around religious pilgrimage. evolutions. ◘ For thousands of years, people have been moving from place to People travelled to visit holy sites and seek spiritual fulfillment, place for one reason or another, whether for seasonal work or just often as a way to earn forgiveness for sins or to fulfill a vow. a change of scenery. Here are some examples of medieval tourism: ◘ Tourists was more inclined to search for food and safety. 1. Rome, Italy – most popular pilgrimage destinations, as ◘ Additionally, during times of war, people would relocate to safer people travelled to visit the tombs of the apostles Peter and areas. Paul, as well as St. Peter’s Basilica and the Vatican. ◘ As time progressed, people started traveling for leisure. 2. Santiago de Compostela, Spain – popular destination for pilgrims travelling the Camino de Santiago, a network of ANCIENT TOURISM trails that led from across Europe to the shrine of St. James. Refers to travel for leisure and educational purposes that took 3. Canterbury, England – a popular pilgrimage destination for place in ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. Christians, who travelled to visit the shrine of Thomas  Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in 7. Amusement Park Tourism: amusement parks, such as the cathedral in 1170. Coney Island in New York and Blackpool Pleasure Beach in 4. Lourdes, France – became a popular pilgrimage destination England, for entertainment and leisure. after the apparition of the Virgin Mary to a peasant girl in 8. Scenic Railway Tourism: scenic railways, such as the 1858. Today, millions of people visit Lourdes each year to Snowdon Mountain Railway in Wales and the Durango & seek healing and spiritual renewal. Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad in Colorado, for scenic views and adventure. 19TH CENTURY TOURISM The rise of the middle class and improvements in transportation, EARLY 20TH CENTURY such as steamships and railroads, made travel more accessible and International tourism continued to grow, driven by advances in affordable. technology, transportation, and communication. This led to a growth in tourism, particularly in Europe, where people Air travel, in particular, revolutionized the tourism industry by were drawn to visit cities, scenic areas, and health resorts. making it easier and faster for people to travel to distant destinations. The growth of tourism was also fueled by advances in Large numbers of people travelled to popular destinations, became communication and information, as people learned more about a major feature of this era. different destinations and travel became easier to plan and book. Some of the key developments of the early 20th century include: Here are some examples of 19th century tourism: 1. Advances in transportation: widespread use of steamships 1. Grand Tour: a tradition in which young European men and trains, made travel more accessible and affordable, travelled to cities and cultural centers in Europe and beyond fostering the growth of tourism. The use of automobiles also to gain cultural education. made it possible for people to travel to remote areas and 2. Health Tourism: travelling to spa towns and health resorts explore new destinations. for treatment and relaxation, which became popular during 2. Rise of the middle class: in Europe and North America led the 19th century. to an increase in demand for leisure travel. They had more 3. Colonial Tourism: practice of Western tourists visiting the disposable income to spend on travel, making it possible for territories of European colonial powers, such as India, Africa, them to visit new destinations and experience new cultures. and the Caribbean. 3. Expansion of colonial tourism: this led to the growth of 4. Scenic Tourism: scenic areas, such as the Alps and other colonial tourism, in which Western tourists visited exotic mountain ranges, for leisure and recreation. destinations in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. 5. City Tourism: cities, such as Paris, London, and Berlin, for 4. Growth of health resorts: they offered a range of cultural, educational, and recreational purposes. treatments and activities designed to improve health, such 6. Coastal Tourism: coastal resorts, such as Brighton in as mud baths, massage, and outdoor exercise. England and the French Riviera, for beach and sea-related Overall, the early 20th century was a period of growth and expansion activities. in the tourism industry, driven by advances in transportation, the rise of the middle class, and the increasing demand for leisure travel. B. History of Philippine Tourism ○ These urban centers, such as Manila and Cebu, became hubs of ○ Tourism is an important sector for the Philippine economy. trade, commerce, and cultural exchange. ○ Coastal tourism, encompassing beach and diving activities, ○ The Spanish colonial architecture, characterized by grand constitutes 25% of the Philippines' tourism revenue, serving as its churches, plazas, and fortresses, still stands as a testament to this primary income source in the sector. era’s influence. ○ Popular destinations among tourists include Boracay, Palawan, Cebu and Siargao. American Colonial Era and Tourism ○ As of 2023, 6.21 million Filipinos were employed in the tourism ○ It marked a significant turning point in the development of tourism industry and as of September 2023, the Philippines generated in the Philippines. ₱316.9 billion ($5.5 billion) in revenue from tourists, coming mostly ○ With the arrival of the Americans in 1898, a new wave of influence from South Korea, the United States and Japan. and opportunities emerged, impacting various aspects of Philippine society, including the tourism industry. Early History of Tourism in the Philippines ○ Under American rule, efforts were made to modernize and develop ○ The origins of tourism in the Philippines can be traced back to the the country’s infrastructure, including transportation systems, pre-colonial period when the islands were inhabited by various communication networks, and public facilities. indigenous tribes. ○ This focus on infrastructure laid the foundation for the growth of ○ These tribes communities and engaged in cultural exchanges, tourism in the Philippines. offering a glimpse into their vibrant traditions and way of life. ○ However, it wasn’t until the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the Tourism in the Marcos Era 16th century that tourism started to take shape in the Philippines. ○ Particularly the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to ○ The Spanish were intrigued by the natural beauty of the islands 1986, had a significant impact on the tourism industry in the and sought to exploit its resources and establish trade routes. Philippines. ○ The Spanish expeditions led by Ferdinand Magellan and Miguel ○ During this time, efforts were made to promote tourism as a means Lopez de Legazpi paved the way for the colonization of the of showcasing the country’s beauty and attracting foreign Philippines. investments. ○ One of the notable developments during the Marcos era was the Spanish Colonial Era and Tourism establishment of the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) in 1973. ○ The Spanish authorities saw the economic potential of the ○ The PTA was tasked with creating and implementing strategies to archipelago and sought ways to exploit its resources, including its promote tourism and develop tourist destinations across the country. natural beauty and cultural heritage, for tourism purposes. ○ Under the leadership of First Lady Imelda Marcos, the government ○ Under Spanish rule, major cities and towns in the Philippines launched several grand tourism projects to enhance the country’s were established as the primary destinations for tourists. appeal to international tourists. ○ This included the development of luxurious resorts, such as the ‣ When technological progress and the introduction of faster and Manila Hotel and the Coconut Palace, which aimed to showcase more reliable modes of transport made long distance travel available both the natural beauty and cultural heritage of the Philippines. to wider public. ‣ With the influx of large numbers of foreigners into major cities, the Conclusion need for accommodation led to the opening of the first hotels in the ○ The Philippines has come a long way in its journey as a tourism modern sense. destination. ‣ Since then, the sector has known a nearly unbroken run of growth ○ From its early history of welcoming traders and explorers to the and international expansion. modern-day thriving industry, the Philippines has captivated the hearts of travelers from all walks of life. Travel Industry growth ‣ Over the last two decades, international departures have more than ○ The early history of tourism in the Philippines, influenced by doubled from around 600 million to more than 1.4 billion in 2016. Spanish colonization and American rule, laid the foundation for the ‣ Thanks to this immense potential, a network of service providers industry’s development. These eras showcased the country’s natural has developed that caters to nearly every desire imaginable. beauty, heritage sites, and cultural diversity, attracting visitors who ‣ Hospitality has gradually become one of the largest and most were captivated by the archipelago’s charm. diverse industries, employing hundreds of millions spread over ○ During the Marcos era, tourism in the Philippines saw grand different sectors. projects and developmental initiatives. ○ While controversial, the emphasis on infrastructure, cultural Today, businesses in the industry can generally be divided into four promotion, and international events set the stage for further growth categories: and modernization. Lodging Food & Beverage C. History of Hospitality Industry Recreation A brief history of the hospitality industry Travel & Tourism ‣ Thousands of years ago, when road networks were scarce and ‣ Every category under the umbrella of the term “hospitality” further traveling was cumbersome strangers arriving in a foreign land had to contains many different sub-sector and operators. rely on either their camping skills or a local’s kindness when looking ‣ Travel, for instance, encompasses all modes of transportation for shelter. available to travelers, including coaches, airplanes, vessels, taxis ‣ During the age of pilgrimage and the development of major trade etc. routes throughout Europe, it was mostly inns and taverns offering ‣ While all sectors are interconnected and reliant on each other, each primitive rooms to weary travelers. one of them is facing unique challenges and opportunities in the ‣ The idea of a hotel built for the sole purpose of hosting guests did future. not exist in Europe until the 18th century