Session 1 - History of Tourism and Hospitality PDF

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON TOURISM & HOSPITALITY I n s t r u c to r : P r o f. B O U K A M BA. K. H. E-mail: [email protected] O ffi c e : B - 5 0 7 , B e p p u Ca m p u s College of Sustainability & Tourism (ST) RITSUMEIKAN ASIA PACIFIC...

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON TOURISM & HOSPITALITY I n s t r u c to r : P r o f. B O U K A M BA. K. H. E-mail: [email protected] O ffi c e : B - 5 0 7 , B e p p u Ca m p u s College of Sustainability & Tourism (ST) RITSUMEIKAN ASIA PACIFIC UNIVERSITY  This session provides a historical account on the development of tourism and hospitality 1. Introduction 2. The evolution of travel, tourism & HISTORICAL Hospitality BACKGROUND 2.1. 2.2. The Prehistoric Period The Ancient Times (up to 300 AD) ON TOURISM 2.3. Hospitality during the prehistoric period and the ancient times AND 2.4. The Middle Ages (5th to 14th centuries AD) HOSPTIALITY 2.5. 2.6. Hospitality during the Middle Ages The Renaissance Era (14 to 16th centuries AD) 2.7. The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785) 2.8. Hospitality during the Renaissance 2.9. The Mobility Era (1800 to 1944) 2.10. Hospitality after the Mobility Era: - Group Discussion 2.11. The Modern Era (20th century) 2.12. The Post-modern Era (21st century) 3. Summary/Discussion/Review 2  TRAVEL IS IN OUR GENES We are a traveling species (Woman/man on a quest or journey). Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html 3  HOW MANY OF YOU LOVE TO TRAVEL? When we think “travel”, what words come to mind? “Travel” (from French word Pleasure “travail”) Adventure meaning “work” Fun Travel became relatively comfortable in modern times 4  2. THE EVOLUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM The Prehistoric Period The Ancient Times (up to 300 AD) The Middle Ages (5 to 14th centuries AD) The Renaissance Era (14 to 16th centuries AD) The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785) The Mobility Era (1800 to 1944) The Modern Era (20th century) The Post-modern Era (21st century) 5 2.1.THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD The earlier forms of travel were to seek food and escape dangers. We traveled on foot during that time 16 km per day Small distances were covered (latimes.com) The environment was hostile 6 Stone Age Aerobics - Los Angeles Times (latimes.com)  What 2.2.THE ANCIENT TIMES (UP TO 300 AD) animals were first The Egyptian Kingdoms (4850-715BC) domestica ted? Boat Wheel Domestication of (8000 BCE, Stone Age) (3500 BCE, animals Mesopotamia) (10000 BCE, Mesopotamia) Extended travel distance and additional travel motives Religion (Muslims travelled to Mecca) Festivals (e.g., Olympic Games 776BC) Health (e.g., Roman spas –belief in healing qualities of waters in certain locations) Trade (caravan routes from Eastern Europe to North Africa and on to India and China) 7 The Greeks (900-200 BC) IGNORANCE kills the cat … not They were driven by curiosity to discover new CURIOSITY! locations Promoted the use of a common language (Greek) Promoted the use of a common currency Growing supply for lodging facilities and activities (shops, places to eat and drink, sports to watch, gaming and even theatre) 8 The Roman Empire (500 BC-300 AD) Why do we say: Promoted a centralized system of governance “ALL ROADS LEAD TO Promoted Latin as a common language ROME”? Development of infrastructure (very good roads and improved water ways) Common legal system (people felt safer and protected while traveling). 9 HOSPITALITY DURING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD & THE  ANCIENT RELIGIOUS TIMES TEACHINGS The Buddhist philosophy embodies the spirit of hospitality in its emphasis on compassion and kindness to all living beings. In Judaism: "Hospitality to wayfarers is greater than welcoming the presence of the Shekinah [Divine Presence].“ (Talmud, Shabbat 127a). Hinduism regards hospitality as a divine duty. E.g., “Let your mother be God; let your father be God; let your teacher be God; let your guest be God.” (Taittiriya Upanishad). Hospitality is an essential virtue in Islamic teachings. E.g., Hadith: Prophet Muhammad said, “Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day, let him honor his guest.” In Christianity, the Bible states: “Do not forget to show hospitality to strangers, for by so doing some people have shown hospitality to angels without knowing it.” (Hebrews 13:2:) 10 HOSPITALITY DURING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD & THE  ANCIENT TIMES MESOPOTAMIA Early concept of "inns" offered food, shelter, and care for both people and their animals. E.g., the Sumerians had establishments that were crucial for traders and merchants, considered as precursors to modern hotels. 11 HOSPITALITY DURING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD & THE  ANCIENT TIMES EGYPT The concept of Hospitality revolved around catering to the needs of Pharaohs, visiting dignitaries, and the construction crews of monumental structures. Inns were built along the Nile to accommodate traders, offering not just lodging but also food. 12 HOSPITALITY DURING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD & THE ANCIENT TIMES GREECE The concept of Xenia or guest-host relationship. It was both a social and sacred obligation. The concept of hospitality held such significance that it was personified by Zeus, who was also known as Xenios Zeus. He represented the moral obligation to be hospitable to foreigners. Violating this principle was a serious offense. 13 HOSPITALITY DURING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD & THE ANCIENT TIMES ROME The concept of Mansio were the Roman versions of rest houses and taverns. They were found along the Roman roads. They were state-sponsored and provided security and essential facilities for officials and travelers. 14 2.3. THE MIDDLE AGES (5th - 14th CENTURIES AD) Peace and unity among nations no longer existed Feudal lords had control and power in autonomous areas Traveling became very dangerous Road networks were fragmented Common currencies were less acceptance Common languages were less known Travelling became much more difficult than it had been. When people did travel, it wasn’t for leisure 15  Wars left people with a desire to see the outside wold and experience different civilisations. Around 1275 a merchant (Marco Polo) began long distance travel from Rome to Mongolia (Far East) for trade. He returned 20 years later (1295) and wrote a book “The Description of the World” about his journey. It inspired many including Christopher Columbus. Additional readings: 16 HOSPITALITY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN MONASTERIES With the fall of the Roman Empire, monasteries became the primary providers of lodging. E.g., Christian monks opened their doors to pilgrims, COMMERCIAL offeringINNS shelter and food In the as apart later formofofthe Middle Ages, commercial Inns religious began to duty. flourish because monasteries could no longer cope with the increasing numbers of travelers. 17 2.4. THE RENAISSANCE (14th - 16th CENTURIES Trade routes also started to reopen. AD) Commercial activities began to grow again People began to travel out of their own towns and territories again. There was a traveller who was eager to learn about Greek and Roman history His name was Cyriacus of Ancona (1391-1452). He is known as the first real tourist Education became an important travel motive (cultural tourism) The Grand Tour Era emerged 18 2.5. THE GRAND TOUR ERA (1613 TO 1785) The Grand Tour was a form of long cultural holiday (often lasted for several years) Trend of luxurious travel started by English aristocrats. Developed as a status symbol and spread throughout Europe. The goal was to experience the “Civilized World” and study the arts and sciences.  London was a frequent starting point  Paris was a compulsory destination  Many travelled to the Netherlands  Some to Switzerland and Germany  Very few went to Spain, Greece, or Turkey 19 HOSPITALITY DURING THE RENAISSANCE FRENCH & ENGLISH INNS In France and England, the Renaissance saw a boom in trade and travel. It led to the establishment of more organized inns. The French, in particular, elevated the art of cuisine and service, THE introducing a higher BIRTH OF THE HOTEL standard of hospitality. The term “hotel” began to be used, initially in France, to describe establishments that offered luxury amenities beyond what traditional inns provided. 20 2.6. THE MOBILITY ERA (1800 TO 1944) The modernization of transport (steamship, locomotive, automobile, and airplane) 178 180 188 190 1 2 6 3 Continuous improvement in travel safety Reduced travel time Reduced cost for taking long distance trips Increasing economic activities Thomas Cook (the father of tourism) developed tour packages for mass travel from 1841. Additional readings: 21 2.6. HOSPITALITY AFTER THE MOBILITY ERA: (GROUP DISCUSSION) Explore the impact of advancements in transportation technologies on the hospitality industry: How have innovations such as the ones depicted above shaped the way the hospitality sector operates and engages with consumers? 22 2.7. THE MODERN ERA (20TH CENTURY) Paid vacations introduced in the early 1990s World War 2 soldiers wanted a more positive replication of their travel experiences Credit cards (1958) allowed people to travel and pay later Two household income Improvements in aviation safety 23 The age of MASS TOURISM was born. International tourists growth (25 millions in 1950 to 1.5 bn arrivals in 2019) Negative impacts of tourism on the environment and local communities Calls for sustainable travel, demarketing and degrowth to reduce overtourism. 24  ST Cultural tourism 2.8. THE POST-MODERN ERA (21 CENTURY) represents more than 60% of Demand for more immersive experiences and adventures contemporary Travellers want a chance to give back to local communities travel motives Empowered travellers (internet) reducing the demand for travel agencies Social, political, economic, environmental, and global health concerns on the MDG SDG agenda. 25 TOURISM BEFORE COVID-19 Millions of Jobs With a high share of women (54% of the workforce) and youth Export Revenues 3rd largest sector in export category 50% of total exports for many small developing countries Growing Faster than the World Economy Tourism is a key sector in many advanced and emerging economies TOURISM DURING COVID-19 Wuhan lockdown WHO declares the outbreak a global health emergency WHO declares the outbreak a pandemic 100% of worldwide destinations have introduced travel restrictions 27% of all destinations worldwide keep their borders completely closed for international tourism 26 27  TOURISM IMPLICATIONS OF “XENIA” (GROUP DISCUSSION) The concept of “Xenia” entails 3 basic rules: 1) Respect from the host to the guest Be hospitable Provide food, shelter, and drink Avoid asking any questions until the guest is no longer hungry 2) Respect from the guest to the host Be courteous Avoid being a burden Share your story to the host 3) Parting gift from host to guest To demonstrate the host’s honor at receiving the guest. [Prepare this at home. We will discuss it during the next class] Discuss the implications of the above on the following elements of the tourism system: the guest’s generating region; the transit region; and the 28 Thank you for listening 29