Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen PDF

🫁 Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen Lecture 2 - Introduction To The Abdomen General Description of the Abdomen Abdomen location: Between diaphragm (above) and pelvis inlet (below)...

🫁 Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen Lecture 2 - Introduction To The Abdomen General Description of the Abdomen Abdomen location: Between diaphragm (above) and pelvis inlet (below) Diaphragm separates physically the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity The Pelvic inlet, which is not a physical barrier, separates the Pelvic cavity and abdominal cavity. Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 1  What blood vessels are found in the abdomen Blood vessels within the abdomen: Aorta and its branches Inferior vena cava and its tributaries Portal vein What are the 4 muscle layers of the Anterolateral (in front of the body, away from the middle line) aspect of the abdominal walls. Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 2  Surface Landmarks of the Abdomen What are the 4 Quadrants Surface Areas of the Abdomen What are the 9 Abdominal Regions of the Quadrants Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 3  Embryological derivatives of abdominal viscera/organs Foregut, midgut, and hindgut are determined by the arteries supplying them. The gut tube and its derivatives receive blood supply from unpaired ventral branches of the descending aorta. Arterial branches supplying the gut tube: Thoracic part of the foregut is supplied by about five definitive aortic branches. The rest of the gut tube is served by three arteries: Celiac trunk/artery Superior mesenteric trunk/artery Inferior mesenteric artery Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 4  The foregut gives rise to the pharynx, thoracic and abdominal esophagus, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, and biliary ducts. The midgut gives rise to the small intestine, as well as the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and two-thirds of the transverse colon. The hindgut gives rise to the distal one-third of the transverse colon, the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Oesophagus + Stomach Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 5  Stomach forms mechanical + chemical preparation for digestion Chyme pushes from stomach to Duodenum Chyme - Semi-digested food expelled from the stomach through the pyloric canal into the duodenum. Duodenum + Pancreas Duodenum is the first part of the small intenstine (superior, descending, horizonal & ascedning) descneding part has duodenal papilla → primary mechanism for the secretion of bile from the liver, and other enzymes that facilitate digestion. Duodenum is C-shape and surrounds head of pancreas Pancreas has a head, neck, body & tail, accessory gland of the GI Tracy Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 6  Liver (largest gland) function → production of bile, metabolism, detoxification, digestion Gall bladder (green) - stores excess bile Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 7  Liver’s Portal Vein Portal vein delivers blood from abdominal organs to the liver for processing. The portal vein acts like a pit lane, leading to the liver, where blood receives necessary maintenance. The liver processes nutrients in the blood for immediate use or storage and removes toxins. After processing, blood leaves the liver and travels to the inferior vena cava of the heart Small Intestine Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 8  The small intestine breaks down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and removes unnecessary components. Ileocecal junction - end of small intestine, start of large intestine Large Intestine - absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 9  Spleen Stores blood. Filters blood by removing cellular waste and getting rid of old or damaged blood cells. Produces antibodies that protect you against infection. Makes white blood cells and antibodies that help you fight infection. Maintains body fluid levels Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 10  Urinary Tract Define Peritoneum Peritoneum: Thin, double-layered serous membrane covering the abdominal and pelvic cavities and the viscera. Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Visceral Peritoneum: Covers the organs. Peritoneal Cavity: The serous fluid space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. Intraperitoneal Organs: Almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum (e.g., stomach + spleen). Retroperitoneal Organs: Located behind the parietal peritoneum or partially covered with visceral peritoneum Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 11  What is the function of the Peritoneum Protection: Shields abdominal organs from trauma and infection. Support: Holds organs in place and provides structural support. Lubrication: Reduces friction between organs with serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Compartmentalization: Separates abdominal cavity into compartments for specific organs. What are Peritoneal Ligaments Peritoneal Ligaments: Double-layered folds of peritoneum that connect solid organs to the abdominal walls. What are mesenteries two-layered folds of peritoneum connecting parts of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 12  What is the Omenta Omenta: are two-layered folds of peritoneum that connect the stomach to another organ. – Greater Omentum: connects the stomach to the transverse colon – Lesser Omentum: connects the stomach to the liver – Gastrosplenic Omentum: connects the stomach to spleen Transplyoric Plane/Plane of Addison (Axial Plane) - Vertebral Level L1 Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 13  Surface anatomy of the Liver + Gallbladder Liver Covered by lower ribs (right side) Palpable, a fingerbreadth below the costal margin Gallbladder Lies opposite the tip of the right ninth costal cartilage Surface Anatomy of the Spleen Left upper quadrant Under cover of 9th, 10th and 11th ribs Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 14  Surface Anatomy of the Pancreas Pancreas Lies across the transpyloric plan Duodenum Surrounds head of pancreas Surface Anatomy of the Stomach Cardioesophageal junction: Located about three fingerbreadths below and to the left of the xiphisternal junction. Pylorus: Positioned on the transpyloric plane, just to the right of the midline. Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 15  Surface Anatomy of the Kindey Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney. Surface Anatomy of the Large Intestine Cecum: right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Appendix: right lower quadrant. Ascending colon: Extends upward from the cecum along the right vertical line. Transverse colon: Extends across the abdomen, occupying the umbilical region Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 16  Descending colon Extends downward from the left costal margin on the lateral side of the left vertical line. Sigmoid Colon Left lower quadrant Surface Anatomy of the Aorta Abdominal Aorta: Located in the midline of the abdomen. Bifurcates at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra (intercristal plane). Topic 4.2 - Introduction To The Abdomen 17