Topic 3 Respiration - Fundamentals of Biology - Ngee Ann Polytechnic PDF

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Topic 3: Respiration Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Learning Objectives...

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Topic 3: Respiration Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Learning Objectives Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Respiratory system Organs in conducting and respiratory zones Mechanics of breathing Gaseous exchange Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 2 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive What is respiration? Respiration can be divided into 2 stages: (a) External respiration (breathing) – exchange of gases between the respiratory surface and its environment (b) Internal respiration (cellular respiration) – biochemical process in which energy is produced Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 3 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cellular respiration  Cellular respiration is the process of transforming chemical energy into forms usable by the cell or organism.  If oxygen is available, aerobic respiration occurs. If oxygen is not available, anaerobic respiration occurs. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 4 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Aerobic Respiration  Glucose is oxidised in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide, water and energy.  The reactions are catalyzed by enzymes  Aerobic respiration releases all the available energy stored in the glucose molecule  Most of the energy is used to synthesise ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and the rest lost as heat enzyme C6H12 + 6O2 6CO2 + + s O6 6H2O energy Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 5 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive ATP ADP + P + energy ⟶ ATP ATP is produced in the mitochondria. ATP ⟶ ADP + P + energy When energy is required, each ATP molecule can be broken down to release https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ energy File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 6 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaerobic Respiration  Respiration in humans is mainly aerobic. Oxygen is essential.  If very little/no oxygen is available, some cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration.  Yeast and muscle cells can respire anaerobically for a short time Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 7 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaerobic Respiration In anaerobic respiration, fermentation occurs. Fermentation is not an efficient process and results in the formation of far fewer ATP molecules (which store energy) than aerobic respiration. There are two types of fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2. Alcohol Fermentation Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 8  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in muscles during vigorous exercise. Muscle cells are depleted of oxygen. They then switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration. Glucose is broken down into lactic acid and a little energy is produced. C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + energy glucose lactic acid Lactic acid that builds up in the tissue causes a burning, painful sensation. http://www.live-production.tv/case- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 9 ytechnic studies/sports/olympic-summer-sports-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive actic Acid Fermentation The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. However, this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 10 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration When the body is able to supply the cells with the oxygen and glucose that they need, it carries out aerobic respiration. glucose carbon oxygen dioxide water energy Anaerobic respiration When the body cannot supply the cells with the oxygen needed to break down glucose, then it has to carry out anaerobic respiration. Energy is released without oxygen: lactic glucose acid energy Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 11 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic resp. Anaerobic resp. Oxygen present absent Oxidation of glucose complete incomplete Products CO2, water and Lactic acid or (ethanol + energy CO2)(only in ethanol fermentation), and energy No. of ATP released 38 2 Takes place in mitochondria cytoplasm Occurs in Most living cells In lower organisms (e.g. bacteria, yeast) and vertebrate muscles Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04cUKi mk5GA Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 12 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Respiratory System Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 13 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Respiratory System http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 14 JoseEscanuela/respiratory-system-2003 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Respiratory System Air enters the body through the nasal cavity. The air is warmed to body temperature and humidified. Particulates in the air are also removed in the nasal passages. These processes are protective mechanisms that prevent damage to the trachea and lungs. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 15 https:// ytechnic naturalscience2.wordpress.com/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Trachea From the nasal cavity, air passes through the pharynx and the larynx to the trachea (windpipe). Consists of 16-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage – provides support to keep the passage open. Divides into right and left primary bronchi (lungs) http:// www.differencebetween.info/ difference-between-liver-and- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 16 http://healthfavo.com/human-lung- lungs ytechnic anatomy.html  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Bronchi Primary bronchu s Divide from trachea Connect to lungs Lined with cilia Seconda Contain C-shaped pieces ry bronchu of cartilage s Divide into bronchioles that split & spread through the lungs. Cilia: Small, hair- like projections. They move mucus & particles in bronchi & bronchioles back Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol http://healthfavo.com/human-lung- 17 http://cnx.org/resources/ up to theytechnic efd23fad61f215934555feb82771c1021153 throat. anatomy.html  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Lungs Site of gas exchange Rest on diaphragm Right lung has 3 lobes Left lung has 2 lobes https://www.quora.com/What-is-the- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 18 ytechnic functional-anatomy-of-the-human-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Alveoli The bronchioles end in alveoli: small air sacs Respiratory system & gas exchange where gas exchange occurs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kacMYex surrounded by capillaries DgHg 300 million in lungs Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 19 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/8294593/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Across Down 1. The right lung has three _______. 2. Small branch of the bronchi 3. Air sacs of the lung 5. Voice box 4. Hairlike projections that sweep particles towards the 6. Tube connecting the larynx to the throat 7. The lungs rest on this muscular wall bronchi 8. The trachea consists of C-shaped pieces of _______. 9. A gas that is essential for aerobic respiration Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 20 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Ventilation What is it? Breathing process of moving air in and out of lungs uses diaphragm: skeletal muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities 2 phases: Inhalation/inspiration Exhalation/expiration Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 21 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Ventilation Elliott, D. (2015, March 20). Human respiratory system | physiology :: Control of breathing. Retrieved November 30, 2015, from http://global.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system/Control-of-breathing Breathing mechanism & gas exchange: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCoD0Pfq 7B8 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 22  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Inhalation External intercostal muscles contract Ribs move out and up Diaphragm contracts and flattens Volume of chest cavity http://www.slideshare.net/j3di79/chapter-10- Side view of chest increases lesson-2-gaseous-exchange-in-the-lungs-and- lung-capacity Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol Air drawn in 23 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Exhalation External intercostal muscles relax Ribs move down and in Diaphragm relaxes and bulges upwards Volume of chest cavity decreases Air expelled http://www.slideshare.net/j3di79/chapter-10- lesson-2-gaseous-exchange-in-the-lungs-and- lung-capacity Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 24 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Gas Exchange Cells in body use O2 and produce CO2. Blood returning from tissues and entering lungs has a decreased Po2 and increased Pco2 In the lungs, O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries (blood) CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 25 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Comparing inhaled and exhaled air What are the differences between inhaled and exhaled air? inhaled air exhaled air nitrogen (78%) nitrogen (78%) oxygen (21%) oxygen (17%) carbon dioxide (0.04%) carbon dioxide (4%) other other Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 26 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Gaseous exchange in the alveoli In the lungs, oxygen travels to thousands of tiny air sacs called alveoli. These are covered with tiny blood vessels. http://pt.slideshare.net/cpugh5345/8-b-respiration- 53090512 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 27 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Gas exchange Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli – oxygen is transferred into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood. Each alveolus has a thin wall so that gas exchange between the lungs and the blood can take place quickly. http://www.slideshare.net/SusanShaji/ 8brespiration-120607150701phpapp01 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 28  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Surfactant The surface of the alveoli is moist – enable gases to dissolve and diffusion to occur. Some cells in the epithelium of the alveoli secrete pulmonary surfactant. - mixture of lipids & proteins - reduce the surface tension of the watery film lining the alveoli - keeps lungs from collapsing Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 29 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Oxygen Transport: Role of Hemoglobin Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood: Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) within red blood cells Dissolved in plasma Each Hb molecule binds four oxygen atoms in a rapid and reversible process The hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) In tissues where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than in the blood, HbO2 dissociates to release O2. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 30 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Carbon Dioxide Transport and Blood pH CO2 is transported by the blood: Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin In the form of bicarbonate (HCO3-) CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+ CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase Formation of HCO3- also produces H+, which makes blood more acidic. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 31 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive http://classes.midlandstech.edu/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 32 Polytechnic carterp/Courses/bio211/chap22/ chap22.htm  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thank you! Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 33 ytechnic