Respiration and Bronchi Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What structures do the primary bronchi connect?

The primary bronchi connect the trachea to the lungs.

What unique structural feature do the bronchi contain?

The bronchi contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage.

What is the function of cilia in the bronchi?

Cilia move mucus and particles back toward the throat.

Into what structures do the primary bronchi further divide?

<p>The primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi and then into bronchioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the bronchi and bronchioles differ in structure and function?

<p>Bronchi are larger and contain cartilage; bronchioles are smaller, lack cartilage, and lead to alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in respiration?

<p>Enzymes catalyze the reactions involved in respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of aerobic respiration?

<p>The primary product is ATP (adenosine triphosphate).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is ATP produced in the cell?

<p>ATP is produced in the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP when energy is needed by the cell?

<p>ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate to release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of anaerobic respiration?

<p>Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of fermentation associated with anaerobic respiration?

<p>The two types are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy yield from anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?

<p>Anaerobic respiration yields far fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What byproducts are produced in lactic acid fermentation?

<p>The byproducts are lactic acid and a small amount of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of respiration and how do they differ in ATP production?

<p>Aerobic respiration produces 38 ATP, while anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular locations do aerobic and anaerobic respiration primarily occur?

<p>Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria, whereas anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the main products of aerobic respiration.

<p>The main products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

<p>During anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, lactic acid and energy are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body prepare incoming air before it reaches the lungs?

<p>Air is warmed, humidified, and particulates are removed in the nasal passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of the trachea helps keep the airway open?

<p>The trachea consists of 16-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the levels of Po2 and Pco2 in blood returning from tissues to the lungs?

<p>The Po2 decreases and the Pco2 increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.

<p>Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of organisms primarily rely on anaerobic respiration?

<p>Lower organisms such as bacteria and yeast rely primarily on anaerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences in composition between inhaled and exhaled air?

<p>Inhaled air contains about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide, while exhaled air contains about 17% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes incomplete oxidation of glucose in anaerobic respiration?

<p>Incomplete oxidation produces lactic acid or ethanol and CO2, along with energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the wall of the alveoli thin?

<p>The thin wall allows for quick and efficient gas exchange between the lungs and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does pulmonary surfactant play in the alveoli?

<p>Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, facilitating gas diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle cells during vigorous exercise when oxygen is depleted?

<p>Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration, resulting in the production of lactic acid and a little energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of nitrogen is found in both inhaled and exhaled air?

<p>Both inhaled and exhaled air contain approximately 78% nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation.

<p>The equation is $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2C_3H_6O_3 + \text{energy}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the composition of oxygen change from inhaled to exhaled air?

<p>The oxygen level decreases from 21% in inhaled air to about 17% in exhaled air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is lactic acid buildup in muscles considered painful?

<p>Lactic acid buildup causes a burning sensation in the tissues, leading to pain during vigorous exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the moist surface of the alveoli?

<p>The moist surface allows gases to dissolve, enhancing the efficiency of diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anaerobic respiration contribute to short-term energy needs?

<p>Anaerobic respiration provides a quick but limited source of energy when oxygen is unavailable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products are generated during aerobic respiration?

<p>The products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why anaerobic respiration is only a temporary solution for energy production.

<p>Anaerobic respiration can only provide limited energy and produces lactic acid, necessitating a return to aerobic respiration once oxygen is available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glucose play in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Glucose serves as the primary fuel source for energy production in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inhalation?

<p>They contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the change in the diaphragm's position during inhalation.

<p>The diaphragm contracts and flattens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on the chest cavity during exhalation?

<p>The volume of the chest cavity decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the external intercostal muscles behave during exhalation?

<p>They relax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gas do cells in the body use and what do they produce?

<p>They use O2 and produce CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of inhalation?

<p>The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurrence takes place in the chest cavity as the diaphragm relaxes during exhalation?

<p>The diaphragm bulges upwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the rib movements play in the breathing process?

<p>Ribs move out and up during inhalation and down and in during exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pressure in the chest cavity change during inhalation?

<p>The pressure decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle involved in the breathing mechanism?

<p>The diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aerobic Respiration

A process that releases all energy stored in glucose using oxygen.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; a molecule that stores energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration without oxygen, via fermentation.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration, producing lactic acid.

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Fermentation

Anaerobic process in respiration, less efficient than aerobic respiration.

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Enzyme

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction.

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Mitochondria

Organelle where ATP is produced.

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Glucose

A simple sugar that stores energy.

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What happens during vigorous exercise?

Muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration due to oxygen depletion. Glucose is broken down into lactic acid, producing a small amount of energy.

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Why does lactic acid build up?

During anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide and water, as in aerobic respiration.

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What's the result of lactic acid buildup?

Lactic acid accumulation causes a burning, painful sensation in muscles.

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What is the purpose of anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration provides a temporary energy source for cells when oxygen is limited, allowing them to function despite the lack of oxygen.

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Why is anaerobic respiration temporary?

Cells need oxygen for sustained activity. Anaerobic respiration can only provide energy for short periods.

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Aerobic respiration vs. Anaerobic respiration: Energy production

Aerobic respiration generates significantly more energy from glucose than anaerobic respiration.

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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: Byproducts

Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, while anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

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When does the body switch to anaerobic respiration?

The body switches to anaerobic respiration when oxygen supply is insufficient to meet energy demands.

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What is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

The presence or absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen for complete glucose breakdown. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, resulting in less energy production.

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What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscles?

Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles. This occurs when there is insufficient oxygen, leading to muscle fatigue.

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How do you know where aerobic respiration occurs?

Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria, which are often called the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in energy production.

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What is the role of the nasal cavity in breathing?

The nasal cavity warms, humidifies, and cleanses the air before it enters the lungs. These processes protect deeper respiratory structures from harm.

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What is the trachea's function and structure?

The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that carries air from the pharynx to the lungs. It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse.

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What is the primary role of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system's main function is to facilitate gas exchange between the body and the environment. This means it takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

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How does the amount of ATP released differ between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration yields a significantly higher amount of ATP (38 molecules) compared to anaerobic respiration (2 molecules). This is due to the complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

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What is an example of an organism that utilizes anaerobic respiration?

Bacteria and yeast are examples of organisms that primarily rely on anaerobic respiration. Human muscle cells also utilize it during intense exercise.

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Primary Bronchi

The two large tubes that branch off from the trachea and lead to the left and right lungs. They are lined with cilia to move mucus and particles and contain C-shaped cartilage for support.

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Secondary Bronchi

Smaller branches that extend from the primary bronchi within each lung, further dividing into bronchioles.

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Bronchioles

Tiny air tubes that branch off from the secondary bronchi, spreading throughout the lungs and eventually leading to alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange takes place.

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Cilia

Tiny hair-like projections that line the bronchi and bronchioles, helping to move mucus and particles upwards towards the throat.

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C-shaped Cartilage

Rings of cartilage that provide support to the bronchi, preventing them from collapsing.

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Inhalation

The process of breathing in air, where the chest cavity expands, drawing air into the lungs.

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Exhalation

The process of breathing out air, where the chest cavity contracts, pushing air out of the lungs.

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External Intercostal Muscles

Muscles between the ribs that help expand the chest cavity during inhalation, pulling the ribs upwards and outwards.

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Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. It contracts during inhalation, flattening and expanding the chest cavity.

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Chest Cavity Volume

The space enclosed by the ribs, diaphragm and spine. It increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation.

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Gas Exchange

The process where oxygen (O2) is taken into the body and carbon dioxide (CO2) is released from the body.

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Cellular Respiration

The process where cells use oxygen (O2) to break down glucose and release energy (ATP), producing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct.

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Oxygen (O2) Usage

Cells need oxygen to produce energy through cellular respiration.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Production

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, released from the body during exhalation.

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Blood entering lungs

Blood returning to the lungs from tissues has lower oxygen levels (decreased Po2) and higher carbon dioxide levels (increased Pco2).

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Oxygen diffusion in lungs

In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the tiny air sacs (alveoli) into the tiny blood vessels (pulmonary capillaries).

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Carbon dioxide diffusion in lungs

In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood vessels (capillaries) into the tiny air sacs (alveoli).

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Inhaled air vs. Exhaled air

Inhaled air is mainly composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and a small amount of carbon dioxide (0.04%). Exhaled air has lower oxygen (17%) and higher carbon dioxide (4%) levels.

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Alveoli function

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.

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Alveoli wall

Each alveolus has a thin wall, allowing for quick gas exchange between the lungs and blood.

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Alveoli surface

The surface of alveoli is moist, enabling gases to dissolve and diffuse.

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Pulmonary surfactant

Pulmonary surfactant, secreted by cells in the alveoli, helps to keep the alveoli moist and prevents them from collapsing.

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Study Notes

Respiration

  • Respiration is a two-stage process:
    • External respiration (breathing): the exchange of gases between the respiratory surface and its environment.
    • Internal respiration (cellular respiration): a biochemical process that produces energy.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is the process of transforming chemical energy into usable forms for the cell or organism.
  • If oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs.
  • If oxygen is absent, anaerobic respiration occurs.

Aerobic Respiration

  • Glucose is oxidized in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
  • The reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
  • Aerobic respiration releases all the available energy stored in the glucose molecule.
  • Most energy is used to synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
  • The rest is lost as heat.

ATP

  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is produced in the mitochondria.
  • ADP + P + energy → ATP
  • ATP → ADP + P + energy (When energy is required, ATP is broken down to release energy).

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Respiration in humans is mainly aerobic. Oxygen is essential.
  • If very little or no oxygen is available, some cells can obtain energy through anaerobic respiration.
  • Yeast and muscle cells can respire anaerobically for a short time.

Fermentation

  • In anaerobic respiration, fermentation occurs.
  • Fermentation is not an efficient process; it forms far fewer ATP molecules compared to aerobic respiration.
  • Two types of fermentation exist: Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise.
  • Muscle cells are depleted of oxygen, switching to anaerobic respiration.
  • Glucose breaks down into lactic acid and a small amount of energy.
  • C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + energy (glucose → lactic acid + energy).
  • Buildup of lactic acid causes a burning and painful sensation in the tissues.
  • Lactic acid fermentation temporarily replaces aerobic respiration to provide a continuous energy source even in the absence of oxygen.
  • This shift is temporary; cells need oxygen for sustained activity.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and completely oxidizes glucose, yielding significant ATP production.
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and incompletely oxidizes glucose, producing considerably less ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
  • A comparison is presented in the provided notes of Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration based on oxygen availability, oxidation completeness, products, amount of ATP released, location, and organisms.

Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system involves organs for conducting and respiratory zones, mechanics, and gaseous exchange.
  • Organs in the conducting zones include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, which warm and humidify the air.
  • Organs in the respiratory zones are the alveoli, where gas exchange happens.
  • Mechanics of breathing involve inhalation and exhalation through the use of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
  • Gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli.

Trachea

  • Air passes from the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx to the trachea (windpipe).
  • The trachea consists of 16-20 C-shaped cartilage pieces, supporting the airway opening.
  • It branches into the right and left primary bronchi.

Bronchi

  • Bronchi divide from the trachea and connect to the lungs.
  • Bronchi are lined with cilia, which move mucus and particles towards the throat.
  • Bronchi contain C-shaped cartilage pieces to keep the airway open.
  • Bronchi further divide into bronchioles, facilitating air distribution throughout the lungs.

Lungs

  • Lungs are the main site of gas exchange.
  • The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two lobes.
  • Lungs rest on the diaphragm.

Alveoli

  • Alveoli are small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles.
  • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli—oxygen from the air moves into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the air.
  • Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries for efficient gas exchange.
  • About 300 million alveoli are present in the lungs.

Ventilation (Breathing)

  • Ventilation is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
  • It involves inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).
  • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are essential for ventilation.

Gas Exchange

  • Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
  • Blood returning from tissues has lower oxygen and higher carbon dioxide levels.
  • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli.

Comparing Inhaled and Exhaled Air

  • Inhaled air contains about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide.
  • Exhaled air contains about 17% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.

Surfactant

  • The surfaces of alveoli are moist to enable gas dissolution and diffusion.
  • Pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of lipids and proteins, reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse.

Oxygen Transport (Role of Hemoglobin)

  • Molecular oxygen is transported in the blood in two ways: Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) inside red blood cells and dissolved in plasma.
  • Each Hb molecule binds four oxygen atoms reversibly.
  • The oxygen-hemoglobin combination forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂).
  • Oxygen release occurs in tissues with lower oxygen partial pressure than the blood, causing HbO₂ dissociation.

Carbon Dioxide Transport (and Blood pH)

  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is transported in the blood: Dissolved in plasma; Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin; Or in bicarbonate form (HCO₃⁻)
  • CO₂ reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which dissociates to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (H⁺).
  • This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
  • Increased H⁺ reduces blood pH.

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Test your knowledge on the structure and function of bronchi and the processes of respiration. This quiz covers topics from the anatomy of the respiratory system to the biochemical processes that provide energy to cells. Ideal for students studying biology or health sciences.

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