Human Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology Topic 2 Tissues and Systems Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson E...

Human Anatomy and Physiology Topic 2 Tissues and Systems Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Learning Objectives Explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems. List and describe the four main types of tissue and variations within each type. List and describe the main functions of the body systems. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Introduction Cells are the basic building blocks of our bodies. Similar cells that perform similar functions are organized into tissues. A collection of tissues designed to perform similar functions is called an organ. Organs that work together to perform a major specific activity, often with the help of accessory structures, form a system. The combination of systems forms an organism. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Tissues The tissue is formed when there is a collection of differentiated and similar cells that act together to perform a function. There are four main types of tissues: – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Epithelial Tissues Cover body surfaces, cover and line internal organs, and make up the glands. Cells are strongly adherent, forming a sheet. Can be classified by cell shape: – Flat or scale-like cells – squamous – Cube shaped – cuboidal – Column-like – columnar – Stretchy and variably shaped – transitional Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Epithelial Tissues Can also be classified by cell arrangement: – Simple squamous epithelium - consists of a single layer of thin and laterally flattened cells with flattened, disc-like nuclei. – Simple cuboidal epithelium - consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with round nuclei. – Simple columnar epithelium - consists of a single cell layer composed of cells that are longer than wide, with elongated nuclei. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Figure 5-1 Types and locations of epithelial tissues. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Epithelial Tissues Can also be classified by cell arrangement (cont.): – Stratified squamous epithelium - cells of the same type arranged in several layers, with cells that flatten as they are pushed outward. Named by the type of cell on the outer layer. – Stratified cuboidal epithelium - consists of usually two but may have up to three layers of cubed cells. – Stratified columnar epithelium - consists of several layers of either columnar or cubed shapes. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Figure 5-1 Types and locations of epithelial tissues. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Epithelial Tissues Can also be classified by cell arrangement (cont.): – Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - consists of a single cell layer composed of cells of varying shapes. It appears as if it is layered (hence the word “pseudostratified”) because the nuclei are located at different levels. – Transitional epithelium - changes in appearance in response to tension. – Glandular epithelium - consists of specialized cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids. Typically found in glands. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Figure 5-1 Types and locations of epithelial tissues. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Epithelial Tissues Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Epithelial Tissues Epithelia perform many functions: – Physical protection (external exposures, internal abrasion…) – Absorption (intestinal absorption…) – Filtration (tracheal filtration…) – Excretion (renal excretion, sweating of the skin…) – Sensation (ear, skin, nose and tongue sensations…) – Specialized secretion (gland cells that secrete hormones, enzymes etc…) – Permeability (kidneys, lungs…) Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Connective Tissues They are the most common type of tissue. Found in organs, bones, nerves, muscles, and skin. Hold body components together and provide structure and support. Cells are embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Types of Connective Tissue Connective tissues include: Loose connective tissue - fills spaces between organs. It includes the adipose tissue that functions as a cushion for many body parts including the skin, muscles, eyes, heart… Dense connective tissue - contains many collagenous fibers and elastic fibers. It is found in tendons, ligaments… Cartilage - is a tough but flexible connective tissue with a gelatinous matrix. It supports, frames and attaches to many tissues and bones. Bone - is the most rigid type of connective tissue. Blood and lymph - are fluid connective tissues. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Figure 5-3 Types and locations of connective tissues. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Muscle Tissues Provide the means for movement, by and in our bodies. They can contract by shortening their elongated muscle fibers (contractility). There are three types of muscle tissue: – Skeletal – Cardiac – Smooth Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Figure 5-5 Labeled diagram and flowchart of the three muscle tissue types. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Skeletal Muscle Tissue Is known as voluntary muscle tissue because we consciously control these muscles. It attaches to bones. Described as striated because it is composed of long thread-like cells that have a striped appearance under the microscope - light and dark markings called striations. Cells are also called muscle fibers. They are long and fiber-like with many nuclei in each cell. Muscle causes movement by contracting and relaxing. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Skeletal Muscle Tissue Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Cardiac Muscle Tissue Is also called the myocardium. Found in the walls of the heart and is specially adapted to not fatigue. It is an involuntary muscle tissue since it relies on pacemaker cells for regular and involuntary contractions. Cardiac muscle cells, known as cardiocytes, are branched and fit together tightly at junctions known as intercalated discs. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Smooth Muscle Tissue It is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells in muscles not under voluntary control (involuntary). Forms the walls of hollow organs such as in the digestive system and blood vessels. Smooth muscle fibers are nonstriated, shorter than striated fibers, having only one nucleus. Smooth muscle cells can divide; therefore, they regenerate after being injured. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Smooth Muscle Tissue Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Nervous Tissues Nervous tissues are specialized for the rapid conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another, and cause actions to occur. There are two types of nerve cells: – Neurons – Conduction of information ▪ Dendrites are branch-like formations on the neurons that receive sensory information, while the axon is the trunk-shaped structure that transports information away from the cell body. – Glia (or neuroglia) – Support and connection cells. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Figure 5-6 The two main types of nerve cells. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Nervous Tissues Many nerves have an insulating layer called the myelin sheath. The membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord are called meninges. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Organs An organ is the result of two or more types of tissues organized in such a way as to accomplish a function that the tissues cannot do on their own. Organs work as part of a system. Some organs occur singly and some in pairs. Vital organs are the ones that the organism cannot survive without. Non-vital organs include the spleen, appendix, or gallbladder and can be removed. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Systems A system is formed by organs that work together to carry out functions more complex than what a single organ can do on its own. Each system is connected, often depending on other systems for the proper functioning of the body. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Body Systems There are 11 major body systems: – Skeletal – Muscular – Integumentary – Nervous – Endocrine These are distinct but – Cardiovascular interrelated systems. – Respiratory – Lymphatic/Immune – Gastrointestinal/Digestive – Excretory/Urinary – Reproductive. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Directional Terms Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved. Anatomic(al) Planes Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Directional Terms Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.  Anatomical Positions Prone and supine are terms that may be used to describe the position of either the entire body or individual parts of the body such as the hands. Supine is anterior surface facing up. Prone is anterior surface facing down. Anatomical Term Definition Example Supine Anterior surface Your hands would be in a supine position if you facing up held them out in front of you, palms facing up. Prone Anterior surface Your hands would be in a supine position if you facing down held them out in front of you, palms facing down. Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Colbert Ankney Lee All rights reserved.