French Revolution Exam PDF

Topic 12 French Revolution Exam (Lessons 6-8) Multiple Choice (25) Napoleonic Code a new code of laws embodying Enlightenment ideas such as equality of all citizens before the law and religious toleration. Napoleon's attempt to reshape France’s legal system. Served as a model for ma...

Topic 12 French Revolution Exam (Lessons 6-8) Multiple Choice (25) Napoleonic Code a new code of laws embodying Enlightenment ideas such as equality of all citizens before the law and religious toleration. Napoleon's attempt to reshape France’s legal system. Served as a model for many nations’ civil codes Influenced countries in continental Europe and Latin America Continental System Did not end up working He hoped to hurt British trade by closing European ports to British goods. Eventually, the British navy defeated the French navy. Russia backed out of this system Congress of Vienna (3) Assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together Goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of Monarchy 1. Surrond France with Strong nations 2. Legitmacy - restored hereditary monarchies 3. Concert of Europe - periodical meetings of nations to keep peace Concert of Europe Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain joined together and set up the COE Loose peacekeeping organization whose goal was to preserve the agreements set up by the Congress of Vienna Stop any uprisings scorched-earth policy Russia used this to prevail Military tactic of destroying everything that enables the enemy to wage war, including crops, livestock, buildings, and infrastructure Legitimacy Restored hereditary monarchies The belief that a rule, institution, or leader has the right to govern Battle of Leipzig Robespierre Leader of the Committee of Public safety Embraced Rousseau’s idea that law comes from the people For religious toleration Against slavery France must use terror to achieve a “Republic of Virtue” “Liberty cannot be secured, unless criminals lose their heads.” Led the Reign of Terror Napoleon Was a military genius who was elected consul for life He later crowned himself France’s emperor His legal, educational, and militaristic reforms Impacted French society for generations Key victories at Austerlitz and against Prussia Napoleonic code: established legal reforms Continental system Russian Campaign Exiled to elba and then Saint Helena Marie Antoinette Frivolous ways, conduct, and various scandals helped discredit the monarchy She told her husband, Louis XVI to resist reform demands by the National Assembly She was branded a traitor and executed Lavish lifestyle and disregard for the masses contributed to her unpopularity Napoleon's slogan for France Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime. "liberty, public order." Purpose of the Napoleonic Wars (2) From 1804 to 1812, Napoleon furthered his reputation on the battlefield. In a series of conflicts known as the Napoleonic Wars, he battled the combined forces of the greatest European powers He developed a new plan for each battle so opposing generals could never anticipate what he would do next.  To expand French influence and control in Europe while countering the threat posed by the ideals of the French Revolution and resisting British dominance The Invasion of Russia (2) Objective and Scale: Napoleon aimed to force Russia back into the Continental System with an army of over 600,000 troops. Russian Strategy: The Russians employed a scorched-earth policy and retreated, avoiding large-scale confrontations. Disastrous Retreat: After occupying a burning Moscow, Napoleon faced harsh winter conditions and supply shortages, leading to catastrophic losses. Consequences: The campaign resulted in the loss of around 500,000 French soldiers and marked a turning point that weakened Napoleon's power in Europe. Napoleon's Downfall Napoleon's rule ended after he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and abdicated the throne of France: Battle of Waterloo On June 18, 1815, Napoleon's army was defeated by the British and Prussian Allied armies at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium. Abdication On June 22, 1815, Napoleon abdicated the throne in favor of his four-year-old son. Exile In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51, most likely from stomach cancer. Burial Napoleon was buried on Saint Helena, but his remains were returned to France in 1840 and entombed in a crypt at the Les Invalides military complex in Paris. Napoleon's Rise to Emperor Military Success: Gained fame through victories in Italy and Egypt. Coup d'état (1799): Overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate. First Consul: Became First Consul, consolidating power. Emperor (1804): Crowned himself Emperor of France. Key Reforms Napoleonic Code: Established civil rights, equality before the law, and religious freedom. Centralized Government: Strengthened central authority and administration. Economic Reforms: Founded the Bank of France and improved tax collection.  Concordat of 1801: Made peace with the Catholic Church while maintaining state control. Napoleon's Rivals The Coronation of Napoleon At Napoleon's coronation, he placed the crown on his own head to show that he was the source of his own power, not the pope. The Directory (3) the French government from 1795 to 1799, during the final years of the French Revolution. It was a five-person committee that replaced the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror: Purpose The Directory was created to restore stability to France after the Reign of Terror and to implement the revolutionary principles of 1789. Reign of Terror People in france were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many were executed During that time, courts conducted hasty trials for those suspected of resisting the revolution. Many people were the victims of false accusations. About 17,000 were executed by guillotine. The Estates (2) Economic Crisis: France faced severe debt from warfare and lavish spending, leading to rising food costs and peasant unrest. Estates-General: King Louis XVI summoned this legislative body, where the Third Estate formed the National Assembly to demand reforms. First estate (clergy), Second (nobility), and third (commoners) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen based on Enlightenment ideas, proclaiming all male citizens were proclaimed equal before the law. All men are born free and equal All men have a right to life, property, and security All should have freedom of religio All should be taxed according to their ability to pay