The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) PDF

The French Revolution and Napoleon  Provide education, relief services and (1789-1815) contribute 2% of its income to the government S...

The French Revolution and Napoleon  Provide education, relief services and (1789-1815) contribute 2% of its income to the government Second Estate:  2% of the population  Owned 20% of the land and almost no taxes Third Estate:  97% of the population  Pay high taxes  Paid low wages  Large population and prosperous foreign trade. Center of Enlightenment Comte D’Antraigues  Great unrest: bad harvest, high prices, high taxes and disturbing questions “The Third Estate is the People and the People is the foundation of the State; it is in fact the State itself; the other Enlightenment Ideas estates are merely political categories while by the immutable laws of nature the People is everything. Everything should be subordinated to it…It is in the People that all national power resides and for the People that all states exist.” What does Comte D’Antraigues see as the rightful role of the Third Estate in France? Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès  As the Abbé Sieyès , was a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman and political writer.  He was one of the chief political theorists of the French Revolution, and also played a prominent role in the French Consulate and First French Empire.  His 1789 pamphlet What is the Third Estate? became the de facto manifesto of the Revolution, helping to transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly in June 1789.  First Estate: Access to high offices  In 1799, he was among the instigators and exemption from paying taxes of the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (9  Owned 10% of the land in France  November), which brought Napoleon The Dawn of the Revolution Bonaparte to power. 1. National Assembly replaced by National Constituent Assembly 2. Tennis Court Oath: Jeu de Paume 3. National Assembly was formed (majority from the 3rd estate) 4. Created a proposed Constitution 5. The Great Fear The Assembly Reforms France Economic Troubles The Rights of Man o Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen  France borrowed heavily to help the o These rights included “liberty, American Revolution and this doubled property, security and resistance to the government debt oppression” o Revolutionaries adopted the expression “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” as their A Weak Leader slogan.  Louis XVI o Little attention to his advisers, and had little patience for the details of governing  Marie Antoinette o The unpopular queen and gave poor advises o Madame Deficit  Solution: impose taxes on the nobility  The second estates forced him to call a meeting of the Estates Generals to State Controlled Church approve the new taxes (May 5, 1789 at o The assembly took over the church Versailles) lands o Church officials to be elected and paid as state officials How do you think the people reacted on this?  o Millions of French peasants were How do you think other countries in Europe alarmed reacted to French Revolution? o They believed that the pope should rule War and Execution independently of the state Louis XVI Tries to Escape  In June 1791, the royal family tried to escape from France to Austrian Netherlands. Divisions Develop (1791)  A limited monarch France at War Do you think that the French people approved of these changes? Factions Split France September Massacres, French Massacres du Septembre or Journées du Septembre (“September Days”), mass killing of prisoners that took place in Paris from September 2 to September 6 in 1792—a major event of what is sometimes called the “First Terror” of the French Revolution. September Massacre Jacobins  A member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793–4. Jean-Paul Marat  Nine months later, Marie Antoinette was convicted of treason by a tribunal,  A leader of the radical Montagnard and on October 16 she followed her faction during the French Revolution. husband to the guillotine. He was assassinated in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a young Girondin conservative. War with Austria and Prussia  As a delegate to the National Convention (beginning in September 1792), he advocated such reforms as a graduated income tax, state-sponsored vocational training for workers, and shorter terms of military service. Death of Marat by French artist and member of the Jacobin Club Jacques-Louis David, was The Terror Grips France painted just days after the murder. Called the “Pietà of the Revolution”  A newspaper written by Jean-Paul Marat during the French Revolution.  A vocal advocate for the rights of the lower classes against those Marat believed to be enemies of the people. George Danton  French Revolutionary leader and orator, often credited as the chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic (September 21, 1792).  He later became the first president of the Committee of Public Safety, but his End of Terror increasing moderation and eventual opposition to the Reign of Terror led to his own death at the guillotine. Guillotine New Plan of Government  Louis was convicted and condemned to death by a narrow majority. On January 21, he walked steadfastly to the guillotine and was executed.  French Consulate France under Napoleon Bonaparte  Consul leader Sieyès and Ducos overthrown by Napoleon supporters Napoleon Bonaparte  All political opponents and enemies of  Military general and first emperor of Napoleon was imprisoned France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born  And Napoleon drafted the Constitution on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, of the Year VIII and secured his own Corsica, France. election as First Consul  One of the most celebrated leaders in the history of the West, he War of the Second Coalition revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored Napoleonic  In 1800, Bonaparte and his troops Code, reorganized education and crossed the Alps into Italy, where established the long-lived Concordat French forces had been almost with the papacy. completely driven out by the Austrians.  He died on May 5, 1821, on the island  Battle of Genoa and Battle of Merongo of St. Helena in the South Atlantic (French Win) as result: Ocean.  Treaty of Luneville  British recognize the new territory of Napoleon go back in France France  While in Egypt, Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs through irregular delivery of newspapers and Temporary Peace in Europe dispatches.  Both France and Britain had become  He learned that France had suffered tired of war and signed the Treaty of a series of defeatsHe learned that Amiens in October 1801 and March France had suffered a series of 1802. defeats in the War of the Second  Withdrawal of British troops from most Coalition. colonial territories it had recently  And he learned that France need a occupied. reforms and new leader.  But later many of occupied country of  On 24 August 1799, he took advantage France had a Revolt and resulting for of the temporary departure of British his opponents to set a major coup ships from French coastal ports and set d'état. sail for France  The Bourbon Family want to back their right on France. Napoleon Bonaparte Ruler of France French Empire 18 Brumaire Coup d'état  Because of Threat of Coup d'état,  Some French Official sent him and Rebellion and Bourbon Family support him to have a Coup d’etat.  Napoleon re-create the hereditary  Napoleon with his personal guards and monarchy in France supporters to overthrow the  And Proclaim himself as Emperor of constitutional government French Empire   Napoleon was elected as "Emperor of Battle of Waterloo the French" by plebiscite and  Between France and Allied Force was crowned by Pope Pius VII as (British, Russian, Prussian, and Napoleon I, on 2 December 1804 Netherlands) at Notre Dame de Paris and then  Napoleon lose and Fall of French crowned Joséphine Empress. Empire King of Italy  Strategically Victory of Allied Force  Commanders that defeated Napoleon:  At Milan Cathedral on 26 May 1805, o Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Napoleon was crowned King of o Captain Frederick Maitland Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.  He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals, NapoleonBonaparte to secure the allegiance of the army. Exile On Saint Helena Fall of Napoleon His Imperial and Royal Majesty Napoleon I  Napoleon was imprisoned and then War of Fourth Coalition exiled to the island of Saint Helena in  The Fourth Coalition was assembled in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km from the 1806, and Napoleon defeated Prussia west coast of Africa. at the Battle of Jena-AuerstedtThe Fourth Coalition was assembled in Longwood House, Saint Helena: site of 1806, and Napoleon defeated Prussia Napoleon's captivity at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October. Death of Napoleon  He marched against advancing Russian  Napoleon's physician, François Carlo armies through Poland and was Antommarchi, led the autopsy, which involved in the bloody stalemate of found the cause of death to be stomach the Battle of Eylau on 6 February 1807 cancer. Napoleon's tomb at Les Invalides Exile in Elba  The Allied Force decided that Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte will exile for life in small island of Elba Napoleonic Era in Sardinia islands  For now will be known as Napoleon I, Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor of Elba Reforms and Church Hundred Days, Napoleon Come Back! Reforms  Escape in the island of Elba with help of  higher education, a tax codehigher his supporters education, a tax code, road and sewer  He march to Paris, France to reclaim his systems, and established the Banque Throne and Empire to Bourbon de France (central bank) Monarchs  he instituted the Legion of Honour, a  Successful reclaim and set a final battle substitute for the old royalist against his Enemies decorations and orders of chivalry, to  encourage civilian and military including civil, family criminal law that achievements; the order is still the Napoleon imposed on French- highest decoration in France conquered territories.  Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code Congress of Vienna Church Reforms  He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime.  Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France Legacy of Major Participants: Napoleon Bonaparte  Czar Alexander I and Count Nesselrode (Russia) Warfare  Prince Karl von Hardenberg (Prussia)  Prince Klemens von Matternich  Corps replaced divisions as the largest (Austria) army units, mobile artillery was  Prince Talleyrand (France) integrated into reserve batteries, the  Viscount Castlereagh (United Kingdom staff system became more fluid and cavalry returned as an important Objectives: formation in French military doctrine.  18th century operational mobility Propaganda and memory Legacy outside France  Napoleon was responsible for overthrowing multiple Ancien Régime– type monarchies in Europe  German nationalism of Fichte rose to challenge Napoleon's conquest of Germany Conservatism: The traditional ways of doing  Napoleon was also responsible for things were basic and valuable to society inventing the green-white-red tricolour basis of the flag of Italy Liberalism: It was necessary to change  The Napoleonic Code is institutions and traditions that did not a codification of law promote protection of natural rights Intensions Conservatism  Prussia wanted to take over German  A political philosophy based on the Kingdom of Saxony desire to preserve traditions and long  Russia wanted to create a new Polish established institutions kingdom that would be placed under  It was a reaction against the ideas of their control the Enlightenment and the radical changes of the French Revolution Changes European Borders  Opposed the radical social change and the revolutionary principle of equality Liberalism and Nationalism  A political philosophy based on a belief in individual freedom, equality under law, and freedom of thought and religion  It called for basic reforms and sought independence from the rule of monarch Metternich's System  The Netherlands became a kingdom that included Belgium (former Austrian  The monarchs of Europe joined in a Netherland) common effort to resist any threats to  Switzerland regained its independence the established order.  Austria- northern Italian states of Peace Settlements Lombardy, Venetia and territory on Adriatic Sea  Russia  Prussia- Rhineland and part of Saxony  Austria  Russia- Finland and a large part of  Prussia Polish territory  Great Britain  Sweden- Norway Agreed to act together to preserve peace in  Britain- Dutch Cape Colony, naval Europe bases in North sea, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Quadruple Alliance Restoration of European Monarch  Russia  Legitimacy is the guiding principle of  Austria the congress  Prussia o The restoration of ruling families  Great Britain who had been displaced by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars Concert of Europe Restored Monarchs  Russia  Austria  France  Prussia  Spain  Great Britain  Portugal  France  Sardinia (renamed Piednont)  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)  Church (Papal States) Holy Alliance  Proposed by Czar Alexander I  A pledge to follow moral principles in ruling their subjects and in dealing with each other  Prussia and Austria joined  Played a little part in European diplomacy