Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology.pdf

Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology B. Branches of Marine Zoology C. Historical Events and Notable Personalities in Marine Zoology Niño Jess Mar F. Mecha...

Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology B. Branches of Marine Zoology C. Historical Events and Notable Personalities in Marine Zoology Niño Jess Mar F. Mecha Instructor Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology B. Branches of Marine Zoology C. Historical Events and Notable Personalities in Marine Zoology  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology What is Marine Zoology? Marine zoology is a specialized branch of biology that focuses on the study of animals living in marine environments, including oceans, seas, and estuaries. This field encompasses a wide range of organisms, from the smallest planktonic creatures to the largest marine mammals. The diversity of life forms and the complex interactions between them make marine zoology a vital area of study within the broader discipline of biology.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Historical Development Marine zoology has a rich history that dates back to ancient times when early civilizations, such as the Greeks and Romans, observed and documented marine life. Aristotle, often referred to as the "father of biology," made significant contributions to the understanding of marine animals. However, it wasn't until the Age of Exploration and the advent of modern science that marine zoology began to develop as a distinct field.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Historical Development During the 18th and 19th centuries, exploratory voyages by naturalists like Charles Darwin and Alexander von Humboldt provided invaluable data on marine species. The establishment of marine research institutions, such as the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the United States, further advanced the field. Humboldt Squid (Dosidicus gigas)  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Methods in Studying Marine Zoology 1. Field Studies Scuba Diving and Submersibles: These tools allow researchers to observe and collect samples from underwater environments directly. Tagging and Tracking: Satellite tags and acoustic tracking devices help monitor the movements and behavior of marine animals in their natural habitats.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Methods in Studying Marine Zoology 2. Laboratory Studies Aquaculture and Aquaria: Controlled environments in aquaria allow for detailed studies of marine organisms' behavior, physiology, and development. Molecular Techniques: DNA sequencing, genomics, and proteomics provide insights into the genetic makeup and evolutionary relationships of marine species.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Methods in Studying Marine Zoology 3. Remote Sensing and Data Analysis Satellite Imagery: Used to monitor large-scale environmental changes, such as sea surface temperatures and phytoplankton blooms, which affect marine ecosystems. Data Modeling: Computational models simulate oceanographic processes and predict the impact of environmental changes on marine life.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Importance of Marine Zoology 1. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Marine ecosystems provide essential services, such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and supporting global fisheries. Understanding the diversity of marine life is crucial for maintaining these services.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Importance of Marine Zoology 2. Human Impact and Conservation Marine zoologists play a vital role in assessing the impact of human activities, such as pollution, climate change, and overfishing, on marine ecosystems. Their work informs conservation strategies and policies aimed at preserving marine biodiversity.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Importance of Marine Zoology 3. Scientific Discovery The marine environment remains one of the least explored frontiers on Earth. Marine zoology contributes to our understanding of life on Earth and helps answer fundamental questions about evolution, adaptation, and Fluffy Sponge Crab (Lamarckdromia beagle) ecological interactions.  A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology Importance of Marine Zoology 4. Economic and Societal Benefits Marine resources are vital to the global economy, providing food, medicine, and raw materials. Research in marine zoology supports sustainable exploitation of these resources, ensuring their availability for future generations. Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology B. Branches of Marine Zoology C. Historical Events and Notable Personalities in Marine Zoology  B. Branches of Marine Zoology Marine zoology is a broad and multifaceted field that encompasses the study of animals in marine environments. Within this discipline, various subfields or branches focus on specific groups of organisms, ecosystems, or scientific approaches. These branches are interconnected, often overlapping in their research goals and methods, yet each offers a unique perspective on marine life.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 1. Marine Invertebrates Zoology This branch studies marine invertebrates, which comprise a vast majority of marine species. Invertebrates lack a backbone and include groups like mollusks, echinoderms, cnidarians, annelids, and arthropods. Key Areas: Taxonomy and Systematics: Classification and evolutionary relationships of marine invertebrates. Physiology: Study of biological functions such as respiration, reproduction, and locomotion. Ecology: Interactions of invertebrates with their environment and other organisms. Behavior: Study of feeding, mating, and survival strategies.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 2. Ichthyology Ichthyology is the branch of marine zoology dedicated to the study of fish, including both bony (teleosts) and cartilaginous (sharks, rays) species. Key Areas: Morphology: Study of the form and structure of fish. Physiology: Understanding how fish adapt to their environments, including osmoregulation, respiration, and buoyancy control. Behavioral Ecology: Examining fish behaviors such as schooling, migration, and feeding. Fisheries Science: A sub-discipline that focuses on the sustainable management of fish populations for human use.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 3. Cetology Cetology is the branch that deals specifically with the study of cetaceans, which include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Key Areas: Behavioral Studies: Research on communication, social structures, and migration patterns. Physiology: Understanding adaptations like echolocation, deep diving, and thermoregulation. Conservation Biology: Focus on the protection of endangered species and the impact of human activities like whaling and pollution. Ethology: The study of cetacean behavior in natural environments.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 4. Marine Herpetology This branch focuses on the study of marine reptiles, including sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguanas, and saltwater crocodiles. Key Areas: Evolution and Adaptation: Study of how reptiles have adapted to marine environments, including physiology, behavior, and reproductive strategies. Conservation: Research on the impacts of habitat destruction, climate change, and human exploitation on marine reptiles. Navigation and Migration: Understanding how sea turtles and other reptiles navigate long distances across oceans.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 5. Marine Ornithology Marine ornithology studies seabirds, such as albatrosses, penguins, gulls, and puffins, that rely on marine environments for feeding, breeding, or both. Key Areas: Migration and Navigation: Study of long- distance migrations and the mechanisms seabirds use for navigation. Feeding Ecology: Research on the diet and foraging strategies of seabirds, including their role in marine food webs. Breeding Biology: Examination of nesting habits, chick rearing, and colony dynamics. Conservation: Efforts to protect seabird populations from threats like oil spills, overfishing, and climate change.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 6. Marine Mammalogy This branch encompasses the study of all marine mammals, including cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses), and sirenians (manatees, dugongs). Key Areas: Behavioral Ecology: Research on the social structures, feeding habits, and reproductive strategies of marine mammals. Conservation Biology: Focus on protecting marine mammals from threats like habitat loss, bycatch in fisheries, and pollution. Physiology and Adaptation: Study of how marine mammals have evolved to thrive in aquatic environments, including adaptations for diving, thermoregulation, and communication.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 7. Planktology Planktology is the study of plankton, the microscopic organisms that drift in the water column and form the base of the marine food web. Key Areas: Phytoplankton: Study of microscopic plants (algae) that perform photosynthesis and are crucial for marine ecosystems as primary producers. Zooplankton: Research on the animal component of plankton, including small crustaceans, larval stages of larger animals, and jellyfish. Ecology and Biogeochemistry: Understanding the role of plankton in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and the global climate system.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 8. Marine Parasitology Marine parasitology studies parasites that live in or on marine organisms, including their life cycles, host interactions, and ecological impacts. Key Areas: Host-Parasite Relationships: Research on how parasites infect and interact with their marine hosts, including fish, marine mammals, and invertebrates. Disease Ecology: Study of the spread and impact of parasitic diseases in marine ecosystems, often linked to environmental changes and human activities. Life Cycle Studies: Understanding the complex life cycles of marine parasites, which often involve multiple hosts and environmental stages.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 9. Marine Biotechnology Marine biotechnology is an interdisciplinary branch that explores the use of marine organisms for industrial, medical, and environmental applications. Key Areas: Bioprospecting: Searching for novel bioactive compounds in marine organisms for use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. Genetic Engineering: Manipulating marine organisms or their genetic material for purposes such as developing disease-resistant aquaculture species or producing biofuels. Environmental Biotechnology: Using marine organisms to remediate polluted environments or manage waste.  B. Branches of Marine Zoology 10. Marine Ecology Marine ecology is the branch that examines the interactions between marine organisms and their environment, encompassing both biotic and abiotic factors. Key Areas: Ecosystem Dynamics: Study of energy flow, nutrient cycling, and the structure of marine ecosystems, from coral reefs to the deep sea. Population Ecology: Understanding the dynamics of species populations, including factors like reproduction, survival, and migration. Community Ecology: Research on the interactions between different species within a community, such as predator-prey relationships and competition. Habitat Studies: Examining specific marine habitats like mangroves, seagrass beds, and hydrothermal vents, and their importance for biodiversity. Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology B. Branches of Marine Zoology C. Historical Events and Notable Personalities in Marine Zoology C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 1. Ancient Beginnings and Early Observations Aristotle (384–322 BCE) Aristotle, often regarded as the "Father of Biology," made some of the earliest recorded observations of marine life. In his work "Historia Animalium," he described various marine species, including cephalopods, crustaceans, and fish. Aristotle's systematic approach to classifying organisms laid the foundation for future biological sciences. His observations and classifications remained influential for centuries, and many of his descriptions of marine animals were remarkably accurate for his time. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 2. The Age of Exploration and Early Naturalists Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) Known as the "Father of Taxonomy," Carl Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system used to classify living organisms. His work "Systema Naturae" included many marine species and established a standardized method for naming and categorizing life forms. Linnaeus' classification system remains the basis for modern taxonomy, and his work helped organize and expand the study of marine biodiversity. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 2. The Age of Exploration and Early Naturalists Captain James Cook (1728–1779) Captain James Cook, a British explorer, made significant contributions to marine zoology during his voyages in the Pacific Ocean. His expeditions led to the discovery of numerous marine species and provided valuable information on marine habitats. Cook's voyages were pivotal in mapping the Pacific and contributed to the European understanding of marine life in previously unexplored regions. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 3. The 19th Century: Foundations of Modern Marine Zoology Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Charles Darwin, best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, made significant contributions to marine zoology during his voyage on the HMS Beagle (1831–1836). Darwin's observations of coral reefs, barnacles, and other marine organisms informed his understanding of natural selection and adaptation. Darwin's work on barnacles, in particular, was extensive and laid the groundwork for future research on marine invertebrates. His theory of evolution fundamentally changed biological sciences, including marine zoology. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 3. The 19th Century: Foundations of Modern Marine Zoology Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882) Charles Wyville Thomson was a pioneering marine zoologist who led the HMS Challenger expedition (1872–1876), the first major scientific voyage dedicated to studying the deep sea. The expedition discovered over 4,000 new species and significantly advanced knowledge of deep-sea biology. The Challenger expedition is often considered the birth of modern oceanography and marine biology. Thomson's work provided a wealth of data that remains relevant today. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 4. The Early 20th Century: Expansion of Marine Research Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910–1997) Jacques-Yves Cousteau was a French naval officer, explorer, and filmmaker who co-developed the Aqua-Lung, the first successful open-circuit scuba device. Cousteau's films and television series, such as The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, brought marine life into the public eye and sparked widespread interest in marine conservation. Cousteau's work popularized marine biology and oceanography, inspiring generations of marine scientists and conservationists. His advocacy for the protection of marine environments remains influential. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 4. The Early 20th Century: Expansion of Marine Research Hans Hass (1919–2013) An Austrian biologist and filmmaker, who first to study and document marine life using underwater photography and film. He pioneered the use of rebreathers for deep-sea diving and produced numerous documentaries that brought the underwater world to the public. Hass's innovative techniques in underwater exploration and his contributions to marine zoology helped to advance the study of marine ecosystems and inspired future generations of marine biologists. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 4. The Early 20th Century: Expansion of Marine Research Rachel Carson (1907–1964) Although primarily known for her work in environmental science, Rachel Carson made significant contributions to marine biology with her book The Sea Around Us (1951), which explored the ocean's physical and biological processes. Carson's work highlighted the interconnectedness of marine life and the importance of conserving marine ecosystems. Carson's writing brought attention to the fragility of the oceans and the impact of human activities on marine life, laying the groundwork for the modern environmental movement. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 5. Mid to Late 20th Century: Advancements in Marine Science Sylvia Earle (b. 1935) Sylvia Earle, often called "Her Deepness," is a pioneering marine biologist, oceanographer, and environmental advocate. Earle has led more than 100 expeditions, including a record-setting solo dive to a depth of 1,000 meters. She has been a prominent advocate for the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs) and the conservation of marine ecosystems. Earle's work has significantly influenced marine conservation efforts worldwide. She has been a tireless advocate for ocean protection and continues to inspire future generations of marine scientists. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 5. Mid to Late 20th Century: Advancements in Marine Science Roger Revelle (1909–1991) Roger Revelle was an American oceanographer who played a key role in developing the field of climate science. He was one of the first scientists to suggest that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could lead to global warming. Revelle also helped establish the Scripps Institution of Oceanography as a leading center for marine research. Revelle's work laid the foundation for modern climate science and highlighted the ocean's role in regulating Earth's climate. His contributions to marine science have had a lasting impact on our understanding of the global environment. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 6. 21st Century: Emerging Technologies and New Frontiers Robert Ballard (b. 1942) An American oceanographer and marine archaeologist best known for his discovery of the wreck of the RMS Titanic in 1985. Ballard has also explored hydrothermal vents, the deep-sea ecosystems that surround them, and ancient shipwrecks using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and other advanced technologies. Ballard's discoveries have expanded our understanding of the deep sea and demonstrated the potential of technology in marine exploration. His work continues to inspire advancements in oceanographic research and exploration. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 6. 21st Century: Emerging Technologies and New Frontiers Barbara Block (b. 1957) An American marine biologist known for her research on large pelagic fish, particularly tunas, sharks, and billfish. Block's work on the physiology and behavior of these species has provided critical insights into their biology and has informed conservation strategies for these highly migratory animals. Block's innovative use of satellite tagging and other tracking technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the movement and behavior of marine predators, contributing significantly to marine conservation efforts. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 6. 21st Century: Emerging Technologies and New Frontiers Enric Sala (b. 1968) A marine ecologist and National Geographic Explorer- in-Residence who has worked extensively on the conservation of marine ecosystems. Sala is the founder of the Pristine Seas project, which aims to protect the last wild places in the ocean by creating marine reserves. Sala's efforts have led to the protection of vast areas of the ocean, safeguarding biodiversity and promoting sustainable use of marine resources. His work continues to drive global marine conservation initiatives. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 7. Historical Events in the Philippine Marine Zoology Early Exploration and Discovery (16th-19th Centuries) Spanish Exploration: During the Spanish colonial period, early explorers such as Ferdinand Magellan and subsequent naturalists documented the marine biodiversity of the Philippines. Their observations laid the groundwork for later scientific studies. 19th Century Contributions: The work of European naturalists and taxonomists, such as the French zoologist Henri Milne-Edwards, who described various marine species from the Philippines, was instrumental in cataloging marine life in the region. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 7. Historical Events in the Philippine Marine Zoology Establishment of Marine Research Institutions (20th Century) UP Marine Science Institute (MSI): Founded in 1977, the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute has been a cornerstone of marine research in the Philippines. It has played a crucial role in studying marine biodiversity, ecosystems, and conservation. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD): Established in the 1970s, PCAARRD supports research and development in marine and aquatic resources, contributing to advancements in marine zoology and fisheries science. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 8. Notable Filipino Personalities in Marine Zoology Dr. Angel C. Alcala A renowned Filipino marine biologist and conservationist. He is known for his extensive work on marine biodiversity, particularly in the study of Philippine coral reefs and marine protected areas. Dr. Alcala played a key role in establishing and managing marine protected areas in the Philippines, including the Apo Island Marine Reserve, which has become a model for coral reef conservation. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 8. Notable Filipino Personalities in Marine Zoology Dr. Edgardo Gomez A prominent marine biologist known for his research on coral reefs and marine biodiversity. He has made significant contributions to the understanding and conservation of Philippine coral reefs. Dr. Gomez's work on the ecology and health of coral reefs has provided valuable insights into the impacts of human activities and climate change on these ecosystems. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 8. Notable Filipino Personalities in Marine Zoology Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali Recognized for his research on marine invertebrates and marine biodiversity in the Philippines. His studies have focused on the taxonomy and ecology of marine invertebrates, contributing to the classification and understanding of various marine species in the Philippines. C. Historical events and notable personalities in Marine Zoology 8. Notable Filipino Personalities in Marine Zoology Dr. Luningning (Luning) T. Castillo Known for her work on marine biology and ecology, with a focus on the conservation of marine resources and ecosystems. Her research includes studies on marine species distribution, habitat use, and the impacts of environmental changes on marine ecosystems.  Topic 1. Introduction to Marine Zoology A. Marine Zoology as Branch of Biology B. Branches of Marine Zoology C. Historical Events and Notable Personalities in Marine Zoology Thank You for Listening!!!