Marine Zoology 101 PDF

MARINE ZOOLOGY 101 (MARINE INVERTEBRATES) MB101 Prepared by: Gladys Hannah S. Escalante Instructor, CFiNS WPU-PPC MARINE ZOOLOGY the study of marine organisms, their behaviors and interactions with the environment  Branches of Ma...

MARINE ZOOLOGY 101 (MARINE INVERTEBRATES) MB101 Prepared by: Gladys Hannah S. Escalante Instructor, CFiNS WPU-PPC MARINE ZOOLOGY the study of marine organisms, their behaviors and interactions with the environment  Branches of Marine Zoology Ichthyology - study of fish (Sharks, rays, eels, clownfish, tuna) Cetology - study of marine mammals (whales, dolphins, porpoises) Malacology - study of mollusks (octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, clams, snails) Carcinology - study of crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles) Herpetology - study of marine reptiles (turtles, marine iguanas, sea snakes) Cnidariology - study of cnidarians (Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals) Planktology - study of planktons (phyto- and zooplankton, jelly-fish like) Bryozoology - study of bryozoans (moss animals) Spongiology- study of sponges Astacology - study of crayfish  Branches of Marine Zoology Nematology - study of nematodes (round worm) Nemerteanology - study of ribbon worms Polychaetology - study of polychaetes (christmas tree worms, fireworms) Ascidiology - study of turnicates (sea squirts) Hirudinology - study of leeches Platyhelminthology - study of platyhelminthes Marine Arachnology - study of marine spider Marine Ornithology - study of marine birds Marine Entomology - study of marine insects Marine Protozoology - study of marine protozoans Marine Microbiology - study of marine microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) History of Marine Biology/Zoology  ANCIENT TIMES 1200 BC Odyssey and Iliad by Homer- Phoenicians ocean voyages using celestial navigation after Trojan War  384–322 BCE Aristotle- Father of Biology and Zoology History of Animals 350 B.C.E Described more than 500 marine organisms Classification of Animals: Vertebrates and Invertebrates MIDDLE AGES TO RENAISSANCE PERIOD 1517-1564 Pierre Belon- a French traveler, naturalist, writer and diplomat “L’histoire naturelle des éstranges poissons marins” or Natural History of Unusual Marine Fishes (1551) L’histoire de la nature des oyseaux or Natural History of Birds (1955) Studied dolphin embryo and systematic comparisons of the skeletons of birds and humans  1507-1566 Guillaume Rondelet- a French naturalist Libri de Piscibus Marinis or Book of Marine Fish” (1554–55) -described nearly 250 kinds of marine animals w/illustrations Regarded fishes, whales, marine invertebrates, and seals, as all fishes EARLY MODERN PERIOD/EXPLORATION AND VOYAGES 1707-1778 Carolus Linnaeus- a Swedish naturalist and explorer Developed hierarchical classification and binomial nomenclature system for identifying organisms Described hundreds of marine animals and plant species and developed larger-scale classifications  1728-1779 James Cook- British naval captain, navigator, and explorer First European to discover New Zealand, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands Accompanied by some naturalist and scientist who collected numerous marine specimens and logged descriptions of numerous plants and animals unknown to most of mankind during his time  1769-1832 Georges Cuvier- French biologist and paleontologist Classified all animals into four major classes of body plans: Articulata, Radiata, Vertebrata, and Mollusca  1805 -1869 Michael Sars- Norwegian marine biologist Disproved the azoic theory by collecting and describing 19 species that live deeper than 300 fathoms in Norwegian fjords The first plankton net was used during this period, and crude submersibles were developed  1809–1881 Charles Darwin- theory of natural selection Spent much of his time from 1831 to 1836 on the voyage of HMS Beagle collecting and studying specimens from a variety of marine organisms. Studied coral reefs and atolls, leading to his theory on their formation  1815-1854 Edward Forbes- British naturalist, pioneer in the field of biogeography History of British Starfishes (1841) Azoic Hypothesis- no life existed below 300 fathoms, sparked deep-sea research Best known works deal with echinoderms, molluscs, and zoogeography a pioneer in zonal distribution—terrestrial and marine  1830-1882 Charles Wyville Thompson With W. B. Carpenter in 1868–1869 and John Murray in 1872-1876 led a major HMS Challenger expedition around the world Gave us the first global-scale view of marine biology Major discoveries : found marine life deeper than 300 fathoms; found distinct bodies of water w/different temperatures; and sampled the waters and bottoms of all seas except the Arctic describing numbers of organisms recovered The H.M.S. Challenger at St. Paul’s Rocks, a remote equatorial mid-Atlantic Island. John Buchanan - chemist, disproved Bathybius or so-called primordial slime on the seafloor which was supposed to be capable of giving rise to higher forms of life by Thomas H. Huxley Buchanan discovered that the slime, was merely an artifact of preserving seawater with alcohol resulted in a white precipitate Thomas H. Huxley - famous for evolutionary theory, and made significant contributions to the study of marine invertebrates  END OF 19th CENTURY 1807-1873 Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz -A Swiss- American biologist who founded the first marine biological laboratory in the U.S. at Penikese Island, Massachusetts. 1880s - marine stations were established in England and Scotland 1875 - marine station sprung up in Naples, Italy called Stazione Zoologica 1886 -Marine Biological Laboratory was founded on Cape Cod  EARLY 20th CENTURY Prince Albert I of Monaco -outfitted several yachts and larger ships that sampled the ocean Jacques-Yves Cousteau- in 1906 famous inventor oceanographer directed an oceanography institute and museum in Monaco founded by Prince Albert Produced numerous documentaries that brought marine biology to the public eye- Aqua Lung film  EARLY 20th CENTURY The founding of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in southern California (1903) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod (1930) gave the United States a unique ability to study the open sea The R.V. Knorr, one of the U.S. oceanographic research fleet, has its home base at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. (Photograph courtesy of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY: ADVANCES IN MODERN MARINE BIOLOGY Development of major research institutions, faster ships, better navigation, and diving technology Deep-sea bottom drilling, remote sensing, sonar and submersibles and manned submarines Friday Harbor Laboratories in Washington State made their appearance in the United States  MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY: ADVANCES IN MODERN MARINE BIOLOGY 1934- William Beebe pioneered deep diving when he descended in a metal sphere/bathysphere, to a record depth of 923 m off the Bermuda coast 1960- the spherical steel bathyscaph Trieste made a spectacular descent into the deepest oceanic trench off the Marianas Islands in the western Pacific Ocean 1970s- a number of submarines routinely dived to depths of 2,000 m and more, and scientists were able to film and collect marine life MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY: ADVANCES IN MODERN MARINE BIOLOGY The Alvin, a submarine capable of diving to 4,500 m, is equipped with accurate navigation and photography equipment and underwater manipulators. The Alvin is the great workhorse of the world research submarine fleet and is scheduled to be replaced in the coming years. (Photograph courtesy of Richard Lutz)  MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY: ADVANCES IN MODERN MARINE BIOLOGY The Ventana, an ROV operated by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in central California. The vehicle is connected to the mother vessel by a cable and is equipped with high- definition video, two grabber arms, and a variety of samplers, including a sample box that can be seen in the front. Newer versions have been launched. (Photograph by Jeffrey Levinton)  MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY: ADVANCES IN MODERN MARINE BIOLOGY A B Fiber-optic networks are being installed at many sites to create ocean observatories, which allow continuous monitoring of video, physical, and chemical variables. Here, we see the cable installation in Monterey Bay. (a) Map of cable installation in Monterey Bay, constructed by combining computer-generated topographic and bathymetric data to show the Monterey canyon; (b) deployment of instruments at the end of a 52-km-long fiber-optic cable. (Courtesy of David Fierstein and Monterey Aquarium Research Institute)  21st CENTURY Genomics and molecular biology revolutionized the study of marine life, allowing for the exploration of genetic diversity and adaptation Increased emphasis on marine conservation and the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems Theories on the Origin of Life WHAT IS LIFE? HOW DID LIFE BEGIN?  THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Abiogenesis Theories -Primordial Soup -Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis -RNA World Hypothesis -Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis -Clay Hypothesis -Deep-Sea Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis Panspermia Theories Synthetic Life and Laboratory Origins Creation Theories  ABIOGENESIS THEORIES Abiogenesis is the process by which life arose naturally from non-living matter on early Earth Suggests that simple organic compounds formed from inorganic substances and gradually became more complex, eventually leading to self-replicating molecules like RNA and, subsequently, living cells.  Primordial Soup (1924) Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane (independently) This theory suggests that life began in a "primordial soup" of organic molecules, possibly in the oceans The molecules, subjected to lightning and UV radiation, formed increasingly complex molecules, eventually leading to life The Miller-Urey Experiment- proved that organic molecules—the building blocks of life—can be made from inorganic materials  Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis (1970s) Jack Corliss et al. Life may have originated at hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, where superheated water rich in minerals and chemicals provided the energy and nutrients necessary for the first living organisms  RNA World Hypothesis (1960s) Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel Self-replicating RNA molecules were the precursors to life, catalyzing their own replication and serving as templates for protein synthesis  Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis (1988) Günter Wächtershäuser Life began on the surface of iron and nickel sulfide minerals, which catalyzed the formation of organic molecules from gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide  Clay Hypothesis (1985) A.G. Cairns-Smith Complex organic molecules formed on the surfaces of clay minerals, which acted as templates and catalysts for their assembly  Deep-Sea Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis (2000) Michael Russell et al. A variation of the hydrothermal vent hypothesis, suggesting life originated in alkaline hydrothermal vents, which provided a favorable pH and chemical environment for life's formation PANSPERMIA THEORIES (EARLY 20TH CENTURY) Svante Arrhenius Life did not originate on Earth but was brought here from elsewhere in the universe via comets, meteoroids, or cosmic dust SYNTHETIC LIFE AND LABORATORY ORIGINS Modern Scientists Synthetic life refers to organisms that have been artificially created or significantly modified using synthetic biology techniques. These organisms are often designed to possess novel characteristics or capabilities not found in nature Involves synthesizing organic molecules and assembling them into living organisms, providing insights into how life might have originated naturally CREATION THEORIES (ANCIENT TIMES) Belief that life, Earth, and the universe were created by a supernatural being or deity Variations include Young Earth Creationism, Old Earth Creationism, Intelligent Design and etc. ASSIGNMENT #1 WHAT ABOUT THE EVOLUTION THEORY, BIG BANG THEORY AND SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY??? Properties of Life CELLULAR ORGANIZATION METABOLISISM HOMEOSTASIS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REPRODUCTION RESPONSE TO STIMULI HEREDITY ADAPTATION THROUGH EVOLUTION THANK YOU!!!