General Physics 1 - Fundamental Quantities - STI Lucena PDF

STI LUCENA SENIOR HS SUBJECT ORIENTATION STI LUCENA SENIOR HS Ms. Khristine Mae A. Montas STI LUCENA SENIOR HS GENERAL PHYSICS STI LUCENA...

STI LUCENA SENIOR HS SUBJECT ORIENTATION STI LUCENA SENIOR HS Ms. Khristine Mae A. Montas STI LUCENA SENIOR HS GENERAL PHYSICS STI LUCENA SENIOR HS General Physics 1 is a specialized subject course that deals with motion and interaction of both matter and energy. ✓ Classical Physics to an introductory of Modern Physics. ✓ Topics from Classical Physics include o Rectilinear motion/motion in a straight line, o angular motion, o Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, o projectile movement, o freefalling bodies, o Periodic motion, and o some from Modern Physics which includes Thermodynamics. STI LUCENA SENIOR HS After successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: CO1. Create a visual that will show how Physics contributes to the understanding of matter, and the Universe. CO2. Explain and demonstrate how Physics is being used in everyday life. CO3. Explain how the idea of the motion, along with the idea of gravity, evolved. CO4. Explain and demonstrate how the properties of matter relate to energy. CO5. Identify, explain, and demonstrate the concept of thermodynamics. CO6. Explain how Physics integrates algebra, trigonometry, and basic calculus in its fundamentals. STI LUCENA SENIOR HS GENERAL PHYSICS Lecture Discussion Periodical Exam Laboratory Quizzes Seatworks and Exercises Assignments Task Performance eLMS Activities STI LUCENA SENIOR HS GENERAL PHYSICS Written Works 25% Task Performance 45% Major Examination 30% TOTAL: 100% STI LUCENA SENIOR HS STI INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES: Character (IO1): An STIer is a person of character. An STIer takes responsibility for his/her actions, treats people with respect, and lives with integrity. Critical thinker (IO2): An STIer is a critical thinker. An STIer challenges and analyses all information through sound questioning and is unafraid to push for creative ideas. Communicator (IO3): An STIer communicates to understand and be understood. An STIer discerns the value of information read or heard and effectively expresses his/her own emotions when sharing information, may it be spoken or written. Change-adept (IO4): An STIer is change-adept. An STIer can adjust, adapt, and reinvent continuously to changing circumstances. An STIer believes in letting go of the old and embracing the new to achieve his/her fullest potential. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 Quarter 1 Lesson: FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 What is the difference between BASIC and DERIVED quantities? GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Objectives: 1. Identify, convert, and apply units and measurements to daily life 2. Identify and explain the concepts of random and systematic errors 3. Identify and explain the concepts of significant figures and demonstrate its applications 4. Compare and demonstrate precision and accuracy in data gathering 5. Formulate, analyze, and interpret graphical data, and deliberate on its applications GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 English vs Metric System GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 a. The English or Imperial System is a unit system that was created in Great Britain that unified various standards of measurement across the entire country. This system was developed by the creative minds of early natural philosophers and apothecaries or pharmacists. b. The International or the Metric System is a unit system designed to simplify the way things are measured, due to the inconsistency of the units used in the English System way before they were unified. Even Great Britain and the US adopted this system. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Note: 1. Long scale reading of the Metric prefixes is usually ignored. 2. Some of these unit prefixes are used rarely, like the deci-, deca-, and hecto-. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Convert the ff: 1.) 875 in → ft 2.) 5000kg → lb 3.) 58 J → cal 4.) 250 °F → °C 5.) 180kph → m/s GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 RULES AND GUIDELINES IN WRITING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Scientific Notation is a way scientists compress extremely large or small numbers into manageable values widely understood by many. Although there are numbers that do not need such configurations, such as 125 or 0.12, scientific notation enables scientists to read and organize values that can help in their research. Writing numbers in scientific notation has two (2) advantages: 1.It saves space, especially when handling extremely large amounts of data using complicated formulae. 2.It allows for faster unit conversions. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Guidelines on how to write in Scientific Notation. 1.Coefficient must be greater than or equal to one (1), but less than 10, for there must be only one (1) nonzero digit. Example: GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 2. The base is always 10. 3. Exponents in the scientific notation represent the number of digits the decimal point has crossed, and are either positive or negative only. a. The exponent is POSITIVE if the decimal point moves to the left. This means that the number has a large value (see Example a). b. The exponent is NEGATIVE if the decimal point moves to the right. This means that the number has a small value (see Example b). c. Although fractional exponents represent radical values, there is no radical notation in the scientific notation. Example: a. 1.23 × 10 23 is 123,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 when expanded. b. 1.23 × 10 −23 is 0.0000000000000000000000123 when expanded. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Operations involving Scientific Notations are straightforward. This method utilizes the basic four (4) operations of Mathematics when handling decimal and exponent values. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 II. Write each number in EXAMPLE: standard notation. 1)0.0000002 1.) 𝟑. 𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟏 2)2000000 2.) 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 3)0.78541 3.) 𝟓. 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟖 4)48900 4.) 𝟑. 𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 5)0.0000009 5.) 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟓 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Significant figures, also referred to as significant digits or sig figs, are specific digits within a number written in positional notation that carry both reliability and necessity in conveying a particular quantity. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Write the significant figures of the ff: 1.) 85611001 6.) 1008 2.) 2.05 7.) 2024 3.) 689.00 8.) 0.2010 4.) 0.0000087 9.) 20.2024 5.) 89.8564 10.) 0.0015101 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 III. Write the scientific I. Write each number in figures of the ff: II. Write each number in scientific notation. standard notation. 1.) 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟎 1)100.000006 1.) 𝟗. 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 2.) 85.808 −𝟏 3.) 0.00254 2)5400000 2.) 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 4.) 2.022220 3)68925.75 3.) 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 5.) 0.000008 4.) 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒 6.) 5000000 4)0.009 5.) 𝟑. 𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 7.) 5.00100 5)66.7 8.) 2024 9.) 5870 10.) 5.02 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 LINEAR FITTING OF DATA GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Definition of Terms a.Variables refer to a set of data gathered and observed over the experiment. There are several kinds of variables, each one influencing the other. b.Axes are the projections of the Cartesian plane that denote and track changes within the observable period of the experiment or research. i.The X-axis is the horizontal part of the Cartesian plane that usually represents the independent variable, The Y-axis is the vertical part of the Cartesian plane that ii. represents the dependent variable. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Kinds of Variables: GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 1. Plotted on the Abscissa: a. Independent – variation does not depend on the outcome of the other. b. Explanatory – variable that influences the outcome of the other; can have more than one explanatory variables. 2. Plotted on the Ordinate: a. Dependent – usually plotted on the ordinate; variation changes accordingly as the value of the independent variable changes. b. Response – variable that answers the question in the study, and is influenced by explanatory variables. 3. Other Variables: a. Categorical – represented by various symbols on the same coordinate system. b. Lurking – hidden variables. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 TYPES OF GRAPHS GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 TYPES OF GRAPHS 1. Time Series – graphs used to represent changes in the y-axis as time passes (which is represented by the x- axis). 2. Scatter Plot – graphs used to represent data variance and shows the relationship between one variable to another. 3. Histogram – graph used to represent the frequency of a given variable spread over certain intervals. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 UNCERTAINTIES AND ERRORS GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 UNCERTAINTIES AND ERRORS Accuracy refers to the degree of closeness and agreement between the acquired value and the true value. Precision refers to the degree of closeness of the results repeatedly gathered to the true value. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 UNCERTAINTIES AND ERRORS Uncertainty pertains to the errors in a given value which the observer might suspect to obtain due to: Limitations of the measuring device 1. The skills of the one making the measurement 2. Irregularities in the object 3. Other situational factors 4. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Ways to represent uncertainties: GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Ways to represent uncertainties: Absolute uncertainties are uncertainties marked by having the smallest significant figure of the given value. Examples: 13.21 m ± 0.01 0.002 g ± 0.001 1.2 s ± 0.1 12 V ± 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Fractional uncertainties are simply uncertainty values divided by the given value. Examples: 1.2 s ± 0.1 Fractional uncertainty: 0.1 / 1.2 = 0.0625 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Percentage uncertainties are fractional uncertainties of a piece of data converted into percentile values. Examples: 1.2 s ± 0.1 Percentage uncertainty: 0.1 / 1.2 x 100 = 6.25 % GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 ERRORS GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Error refers to the miscalculation of data or a lapse of judgment during the experiment or research that yielded dubious results. Low credibility is the result of a high amount of error. GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Types of Errors 1. Random – errors due to variations in the environment and/or with measuring techniques ✓data values are scattered alongside the true value ✓error values have varied magnitude and direction ✓usually affects the reading of data 2. Systematic – errors caused by faulty devices and/or incorrect handling of such instruments ✓data values are deviating away from the true value ✓error values have consistent magnitude and direction ✓error occurs during data gathering GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 EXAMPLE: A student took a calibrated 90-gram mass, weighed it on a laboratory balance, and found it read 88.8 g. What was the student’s relative error? GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 SLOPE OF THE CURVE GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 Sample Problem: Woody and Tom, backpacks ready, set foot for a trek. They traveled for 3500 meters (m) in 3000 seconds (sec), and then took a break when they have traveled for 3600 sec. When they took the road again, this time they have traveled for 8000 m in 4800 sec. How far did they travel in 3600 sec? GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1 GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 1