Topic 1 - Cell Structure and Organisation YEAR 9 2021 PDF

 Using a light microscope eyepiece focus knob turret objective lens stage clip stage mirror  Using a light microscope...

 Using a light microscope eyepiece focus knob turret objective lens stage clip stage mirror  Using a light microscope eyepiece Which part would you adjust to make the image brighter? focus knob turret objective lens stage clip stage mirror A eyepiece B focus knob C mirror D objective lens  Using a light microscope eyepiece Which part would you adjust to make the image clearer? focus knob turret objective lens stage clip stage mirror A eyepiece B focus knob C mirror D objective lens  What is it made of? You are going to use a light microscope to investigate whether samples from different organisms are made of. Can you find out whether they’re made of cells?  What is it made of? Safety Be very careful when handling glass slides. If your microscope has a mirror, never use it to reflect direct sunlight. If your microscope has a light, never look down the eyepiece without a slide on the stage. Always start with the slide near the objective lens and then move it away from the lens, so that the lens does not smash the slide.  What is it made of? 1. Turn the turret until the lowest power eyepiece objective lens clicks into position. 2. Place the slide on the stage and fasten it focus with the stage clips. knob turret 3. Look from the side and turn the focus objective knob to move the objective lens closer to lens stage clip the stage. Stop before the objective lens stage touches the slide. mirror 4. Look through the eyepiece. 5. Turn the focus knob until the image is sharp and clear. 6. Move the mirror to reflect more light through the sample, if needed. 7. Turn the turret until the medium power objective lens clicks into position, then re-focus the image. 8. When finished, use the focus knob to move the objective lens away from the stage, and then remove the slide from the stage.  What is it made of? To answer 1. Were all of the samples made of cells? 2. How were the cells of the samples different? 3. How were the cells of the samples similar?  Cell drawings Some children were asked to draw what they think onion cells look like. A B C D To discuss 1 Which is the best drawing of onion cells? 2 Why do you think it’s the best? 3 What is wrong with the other three drawings? Onion cells: Correct Partially correct Partially incorrect Incorrect D A C B  Cell drawings Some children were asked to draw what they think animal cells look like. A B C D To discuss 1 Which is the best drawing of animal cells? 2 Why do you think it’s the best? 3 What is wrong with the other three drawings? Animal cells: Correct Partially correct Partially incorrect Incorrect A C B D  Cell drawings Some children were asked to draw what they think bacteria cells look like. A B C D To discuss 1 Which is the best drawing of bacteria cells? 2 Why do you think it’s the best? 3 What is wrong with the other three drawings? Bacteria cells: Correct Partially correct Partially incorrect Incorrect B C D A    19 Gastric pits Surface epithelium This is where the gastric juices & This is where mucous is released to enzymes are secreted (released) protect the stomach insides from the acid & enzymes. The Stomach Lumen Space where partially digested food will enter from the mouth and oesophagus 20  Thank You Any questions?  A single cell can… The drawing shows a single cell. Parts of the cell have been cut away so that you can see inside the cell and its structures.  A single cell can… Look at the statements in the table. I am I I I am How confident are you that each sure think think sure statement is right or wrong? this is this is this is this is right right wrong wrong A single cell can take in food and other 1 nutrients. 2 A single cell can get energy from food. 3 A single cell can get rid of waste. 4 A single cell can make new cells. A single cell can respond to its 5 surroundings. 6 A single cell is a living thing.  Animal cell or plant cell? 1. Which of these diagrams show animal cells? cytoplasm cell nucleus membrane fatty mucus insulation vesicles mitochondria mitochondria 2. How would you explain your answer to question 1?  Animal cell or plant cell? 3. Which of these diagrams show plant cells? cell wall vacuole cytoplasm nucleus chloroplasts cell membrane mitochondria 4. How would you explain your answer to question 3?  What do they have in common? The diagrams show different types of animal cells. cytoplasm cell nucleus membrane fatty mucus insulation vesicles mitochondria mitochondria Which structures do most of the animal cells have in common?  What do they have in common? The diagrams show different types of plant cells. cell wall vacuole cytoplasm nucleus chloroplasts cell membrane mitochondria Which structures do most of the plant cells have in common?  What do they have in common? Which cell features would you put in each part of the diagram? Features Features Features usually found usually found usually found in animal cells in both types in plant cells of cells  Body cells Which statement about the human body is true? A The body contains cells. B The body is a cell. C The body is made up of cells. D There are no cells in the body.  Made of cells? 1 Which of these animals are made up of cells? Humans Fish Ants Slugs A All of them B Only some of them C Only one of them D None of them 2 How would you explain your answer to question 1?  Made of cells? 1 Which of these plants are made up of cells? Trees Flowers Vegetables Grass A All of them B Only some of them C Only one of them D None of them 2 How would you explain your answer to question 1?  Made of cells? 1 Which of these bacteria are made of cells? Salmonella E. coli MRSA A All of them B Only two of them C Only one of them D None of them 2 How would you explain your answer to question 1?  Made of cells? 1 Which of these biological molecules are made up of cells? Proteins Carbohydrates DNA A All of them B Only two of them C Only one of them D None of them 2 How would you explain your answer to question 1?  Atoms, biological molecules and organelles Cell are made up of: Biological Organelles Atoms molecules Such as: Such as: Such as: Mitochondria Carbon Proteins Chloroplasts Hydrogen Carbohydrates Nucleus Oxygen Fats Vacuole Nitrogen  Atoms, biological molecules and organelles Look at the statements in the table. Some are right and some are wrong. What is your decision for each statement? I am I I I am sure think think sure this is this is this is this is right right wrong wrong Biological molecules, organelles and atoms 1 are all about the same size. 2 Biological molecules are made up of atoms. Biological molecules are made up of 3 organelles. 4 Atoms are much smaller than organelles.  Cells are made up of Biological Molecules Proteins Carbohydrates DNA ✓ Two or more atoms joined together.  The unit of life The diagrams show an atom, a biological molecule and a cell. They are not drawn to the same scale. An atom A biological molecule A cell  The unit of life 1 What is the smallest structure that can be alive? A An atom B Many atoms arranged to make a biological molecule C Many biological molecules arranged to make a single cell D Many cells arranged to make an organism 2 How would you explain your answer to question 1?  How many cells? 1. What is the smallest number of cells that a living organism can be made up of? A One cell B Hundreds of cells C Thousands of cells D Millions of cells  How many cells? 2. What is the largest number of cells that a living organism can be made up of? A One cell B Hundreds of cells C Thousands of cells D Millions of cells  The size and shape of cells Some children are talking about cells. A B All cells are the same size and All cells are the same size, but shape. not all cells are the same shape. C D All cells are the same shape, but Different cells can have both not all cells are the same size. different sizes and different shapes. To discuss 1 Which person is correct? 2 Can you give examples that prove the other people are wrong?  Animal cells mucus vesicles fatty insulation  Animal cells Colorized SEM pollen and dust trapped by the cilia in the trachea (windpipe). Note: Nicotine paralyzes these cilia. Some effects of first- and second-hand cigarette smoke may be due to the resulting increase of pollen, dust, and germs entering the lungs.Less  The right cell for the job The diagrams all show animal cells. nucleus mitochondria whip-like tail mucus 0.05 mm vesicles Cell A cytoplasm 0.04 mm fatty cell insulation membrane mitochondria Can be up to 2 m long Cell B Cell C To discuss 1 Which cell would be best for transmitting electrical nerve impulses from the toes to the brain? How would you explain your answer?  The right cell for the job The diagrams all show animal cells. nucleus mitochondria whip-like tail mucus 0.05 mm vesicles Cell A cytoplasm 0.04 mm fatty cell insulation membrane mitochondria Can be up to 2 m long Cell B Cell C To discuss 3 Which cell would be best for lining the inside wall of the intestines to protect it from damage? How would you explain your answer?  The right cell for the job The diagrams all show plant cells. Vacuole can fill with water to make the cell swell up cell wall 0.01 mm nucleus 0.02 mm hole chloroplasts Cell B cytoplasm (two cells work as a pair) cell Cell A mitochondria membrane Can be up to 1.5 mm long Cell C To discuss 1 Which cell would be best for making food by photosynthesis in a leaf? How would you explain your answer?  The right cell for the job The diagrams all show plant cells. Vacuole can fill with water to make the cell swell up cell wall 0.01 mm nucleus 0.02 mm hole chloroplasts Cell B cytoplasm (two cells work as a pair) cell Cell A mitochondria membrane Can be up to 1.5 mm long Cell C To discuss 2 Which cell would be best for lining the outside of a root to absorb water from the soil? How would you explain your answer?  The right cell for the job The diagrams all show plant cells. Vacuole can fill with water to make the cell swell up cell wall 0.01 mm nucleus 0.02 mm hole chloroplasts Cell B cytoplasm (two cells work as a pair) cell Cell A mitochondria membrane Can be up to 1.5 mm long Cell C To discuss 3 Which cell would be best for controlling the movement of gasses into and out of a leaf? How would you explain your answer?  Cell needs The cells of humans and other animals need particular things to stay alive. How would you joins the boxes to explain what animal cells need and what they do with it? What animal cells What animal cells need do with it React it with glucose Oxygen A to provide energy. B React it with oxygen Glucose to provide energy. Use it to store and Water C transport dissolved substances. What animal cells What animal cells do need with it React it with glucose Oxygen to provide energy. React it with oxygen Glucose to provide energy. Use it to store and Water transport dissolved substances.  Body cells Which statement about the human body is true? A The body contains cells. B The body is a cell. C The body is made up of cells. D Cells are only found between the organs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRFykdf4kDc   81  Cell wall Chloroplast 85  Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria  Cell membrane Cell membrane  Cytoplasm  Mitochondria  Mitochondria  Nucleus Nucleus  Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Chloroplast Nucleus Vacuole Mitochondria 95  Cell wall  Chloroplast  Chloroplast 98 99  Vacuole Vacuole Vacuole  Cell membrane retreating 102  Ribosomes  Ribosomes on the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum 105  A 5 nm tomographic slice from a vitreous section of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell. (M) is a Mitochondrion and (V) a vacuole. Scale bar, 100 nm. Upper Panel: A high-resolution density map of the averaged 80S ribosome constructed using the ribosomes seen in the background image. Lower Panel: A select area from the 80S ribosome Macromolecular Atlas displaying a putative polyribosome cluster. Source: http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/40609 106  μ 115 116  μ 117 118 119  This shows an electon microscope image of DNA of the pSC101 plasmid, which was used as a vector in the first successful DNA cloning experiments, published in SN Cohen, ACY Chang, HW Boyer, RB Helling. 'Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro', PNAS USA, 70/11 (1973), 3240–4. Credit: Stanley N Cohen. 120    fatty insulation cytoplasm nucleus cell membran e mitochondria mucus vesicles 130  4b 4a ✓ 132 ✓ ✓  ✓ 7µm x 2µm) 136 ✓ The Root Hair Cell Function: absorption of water and minerals/ions 139 ✓ ✓ 141 143 “ 144 145 “ 146 147 “ 148 149 “ 150 151  154  161 Gastric pits Surface epithelium This is where the gastric juices & This is where mucous is released to enzymes are secreted (released) protect the stomach insides from the acid & enzymes. The Stomach Lumen Space where partially digested food will enter from the mouth and oesophagus 162 163 164   Epiglottis Oesophagus Mouth Stomach Salivary glands Pancreas Small intestine Liver Large intestine Gall bladder Rectum Anus 166 168 Mitochondria 169   Larynx Internal intercostal muscles Trachea External intercostal muscles Pleural membrane Rib Pleural fluid Alveolus Lung Bronchiole Diaphragm Bronchus 174 Animals What animals need Why animals need it What animal cells do with it Animal cells use oxygen for As a source of Air respiration to provide energy for oxygen. life processes. To store and transport dissolved Water Animal cells are filled up with it. substances. Animal cells use it to get energy, Food For nutrition and respiration. and to make new cells and materials. Plants What plants need Why plants need it What plant cells do with it As a source of Plant cells use it in a chemical carbon dioxide. reaction to make food. Air As a source of Plant cells use it for respiration to oxygen. provide energy for life processes. To store and transport dissolved Plant cells are filled up with it. substances. Water Plant cells use it in a chemical For nutrition. reaction to make food. The energy is used for a chemical Light Plants need to absorb energy. reaction in cells that makes food. Plant cells use nutrients to make Nutrients from soil For nutrition and growth. new cells and materials for growth.