Histo 1 PDF - Cell Structure

# THE CELL ## Objectives To identify and describe the L.M & E.M. structure of: - **Cytoplasm** including - Organelles - Inclusions - Cytosol - **Nucleus** including the following components: - Nuclear membrane - Chromatin - Nucleolus - Nuclear matrix ## THE CELL - A...

# THE CELL ## Objectives To identify and describe the L.M & E.M. structure of: - **Cytoplasm** including - Organelles - Inclusions - Cytosol - **Nucleus** including the following components: - Nuclear membrane - Chromatin - Nucleolus - Nuclear matrix ## THE CELL - A colorful diagram of the cell's structure is shown. The diagram shows the nucleus, nucleolus, smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi, nuclear envelope, and cytoplasm. ## THE CELL - **Definition:** It is the structural and functional unit of the body ## THE CELL - A diagram shows the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell along with a green arrow pointing to each. Above the image are the words Division and Interphase and green arrows pointing down to the nucleus, which is located above the words THE CELL. ## Interphase Nucleus - Diagram showing the Interphase Nucleus. This is represented by a microscope on a white background (L.M) and an electron microscope on a white background (E.M). The Functions are listed on a red background. ## Interphase Nucleus (L.M) - **General features:** - **Size:** - Small - Medium - Large - **Site:** - Central - A diagram with the nucleus in the center of a cell. - Peripheral - A diagram of many cells with the nuclei on the edges. - Eccentric - A diagram of the nucleus on the edge of a cell, but not right on the edge. - Basal - A diagram with the nucleus on the bottom of a cell. - **Shape:** - Rounded - A diagram of many cells with round nuclei. - Oval - A diagram of a single elongated cell with an oval nucleus. - Bilobed - A diagram of two cells with nuclei shaped like a peanut. - Multilobed - A diagram of cells with nuclei with many lobes. - Kidney-shaped - A diagram of a single cell with kidney-shaped nucleus. - Rod shaped - A diagram of a cell with a long, thin, rod-shaped nucleus. - **Density:** - Vesicular (Open face) - A diagram of cells with light nuclei. - Dense - A diagram of cells with dark nuclei. - **Number:** - Prokaryotic: _No Nuclei_ - A diagram of a single cell with no visible nucleus. - Euokaryotic: _Has Nuclei_ - A diagram of cells with visible nuclei. - Mono-nucleated - A diagram of cells with a single nucleus. - Bi-nucleated - A diagram of cells with two nuclei. - Multinucleated - A diagram of a single cell with many nuclei. ## L.M. General Features of Nucleus:- - Size - Site - Shape - Number - Density ## Interphase Nucleus (E.M) - **Components:** - **Nuclear envelope** - **Chromatin** - **Nucleolus** - **Nuclear Matrix** ## Interphase Nucleus - **Components:** - **Nuclear membrane** - **Chromatin** - **Nucleolus** - **Nuclear Matrix** ## Interphase Nucleus - A grey-scale diagram shows the entire nucleus, along with the components: nucleolus, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and the nuclear envelope. - A small diagram shows a close-up of the nuclear envelope showing one pore. ## 1. Nuclear Membrane (envelope): - **Light Microscopy (L.M.)** - A diagram shows multiple cells with a dark stain around the nucleus. - _Dark Basophilic line (Due to chromatin)_ ## Nuclear membrane -**Electron Microscopy (E.M.)** - A diagram of the nuclear membrane showing the inner and outer membranes. It also shows the nuclear pore complex, the nuclear pore, and a section of the rough ER next to the nuclear membrane. - _Inner membrane_ - _Outer membrane_ - _Space_ - _Pore diameter 30-100 nm_ - _Thickness 8 nm_ ## Nuclear pore complex:- - An image of the nuclear pore complex is shown. It contains a labeled diagram of the nuclear pore complex. - _Integral protein_ - _Outer membrane_ - _Inner membrane_ - _Nuclear pore complex_ - _Ribosome_ - _Heterochromatin_ - _Lamina_ - _Intermembrane space_ - _Chromatin_ ## Nuclear pore complex - A small diagram of the nuclear pore complex. An image of the nuclear pore complex is shown next to it. - _8 Protein Subunits_ - _Central Channel_ ## Nuclear pore complex - A diagram shows a section of the nuclear membrane with the nuclear pore complex. Details within the nuclear pore complex are labelled. - _Outer ring protein_ - _Cytoplasmic ring p_ - _ONM_ - _INM_ - _Nucleoplasmic ring p_ - _Inner ring protein_ - _Spoke protein_ - _Central Channel_ - _8 Protein Subunits (Each subunit formed of 3 parts *)_ - _Central Channel_ ## Nuclear pore complex - Diagram of the nuclear pore complex. - _View from the top of the pore_ - _Outer ring_ - _Spokes_ - _Plug_ - _View from the side of the pore_ - _Outer ring_ - _Spokes_ - _Perinuclear cisterna_ - _Plug_ - _Inner ring_ ## Nuclear membrane (envelope): - **L.M:-** - **E.M:-** - Inner & outer membrane - Thickness - Space - Pores: - Diameter - Distance between pores - Pore complexo ## 2- Chromatin - _It is the nuclear material that contains genetic codes_ - **L.M.** - **E.M.** - **Function** ## Chromatin - A diagram shows a cell with basophilic granules. - _L.M.: Basophilic granules_ - A diagram of a nucleus contains labelled components including the nuclear pore, euchromatin, and heterochromatin. - _E.M.:_ - _Euchromatin_ - _Heterochromatin_ ## Chromatin - A diagram of the nucleus showing the nucleolus, pore complex, and nuclear sap. - _Heterochromatin_ - 1- Peripheral Chromatin - 2 - Chromatin Islands - 3 - Nucleolus associated chromatin ## - A diagram shows chromatin fibers, a more relaxed form of chromatin, and a DNA strand, a further uncoiling of DNA. - _Uncoiled chromatin 20-30 nm fibilis_ - _Further uncoiling to DNA strand_ ## - A more relaxed form of chromatin. This form of chromatin is found in actively transcribing regions of DNA. - _DNA Segment_ - _Histone beads_ ## Basic structural unit of chromatin ## 3- Nucleolus - **L.M.** - **E.M.** - **Function** ## Nucleolus - A diagram shows a nucleus with a large circular nucleolus. - _E.M.: No membrane_ ## 3- Nucleolus - A diagram shows the nucleolus with a dark stain inside of the cell's nucleus. - _L.M.:_ - _Basophilic bodies_ - _Nucleolus associated chromatin_ ## Nucleolus - A close-up diagram shows the nucleolus with the nuclear envelope. - _E.M.:_ - _No membrane_ - _Formed of:_ - _Dark material (dense)_ - _Light material_ - _Dark material:_ - _Pars granulosa (PG)_ - _Pars Fibrosa (PF)_ ## Nucleolus - A simple diagram of a nucleolus includes the pars granulosa, pars fibrosa, and fibrillar center. - _E.M._ - _Pars granulosa_ - _Pars fibrosa_ - _Light material_ - _Fibrillar center_ - _13, 14, 15, 21, 22_ ## Nucleolus - A close-up diagram shows the nucleolus, along with the pars granulosa, pars fibrosa, and fibrillar center. - _Pars Fibrosa_ - _Electron dense filaments packed tightly together with less dense fibrillar center_ - _Pars graulosa_ - _Pars fibrosa_ - _Fibrillar center_ - _Nucleolar organizer_ ## Nucleolus - A close-up diagram shows the nucleolus, along with the pars fibrosa and pars granulosa. - _Pars Fibrosa:_ - _Fibrillar center: DNA (13,14,15,21&22)_ - _Dense filamentous part: newly synthesized rRNA_ - _Pars Granulosa :_ - _Granular appearance: rRNA associated with protein (ribonucleo-protein)_ ## Nucleolus - A diagram showing the nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear sap, pars fibrosa, pars granulosa, and nucleolar organizer. - _NAC_ - _NE_ - _NO_ - _PF_ - _PG_ - _C_ ## 4- Nuclear Matrix - A detailed diagram shows the nucleus, along with its parts: nucleolus, euchromatin, heterochromatin, nuclear envelope, pars granulosa, pars fibrosa, and nuclear pore complex. - _A network of protein-containing fibrils crisscrossing through the nuclear space_ ## Nuclear Matrix - A diagram shows the nuclear membrane with the nuclear pore complex with a section of the ER next to it and a portion of the nucleolus behind the nuclear membrane. - _Nuclear Lamina:-_ - _Intermediate filaments_ - _Formed of Protein Lamin_ - _Lamins, Type A &B_ ## Nuclear Matrix - A photomicrograph of the nuclear matrix is shown. - _Nucleoskeleton:-_ - _Continuous fibrillar structure (after removal of nucleic acids & other soluble compounds)_ ## Function:- - _It maintains the shape of the nucleus and anchors the machinery that is involved in transcription, RNA processing, and replication_ ## Interphase Nucleus - A detailed diagram shows the nucleus along with its components: nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, pars granulosa, pars fibrosa, nuclear pore, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. - _Nuclear envelope_ - _Chromatin_ - _Nucleolus_ - _Nuclear matrix (sap)_ - _Nucleolar organizing center_ - _rough endoplasmic reticulum_ ## Interphase Nucleus - A detailed diagram shows the nucleus along with its components: nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, pars granulosa, pars fibrosa, nuclear pore, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. - _Nuclear envelope_ - _Chromatin_ - _Nucleolus_ - _Nuclear matrix (sap)_ - _Nucleolar organizing center_ - _rough endoplasmic reticulum_