Globalization: An Overview - Philippines PDF

TOPIC 1: Globalization: An Overview Prepared by: Prof. Francisco C. Tapia, Jr., LPT, MAED I. The Nature of Global Contemporary Issues Global contemporary issues are challenges that a4ect multiple countries and require collective action to resolve. In the Philippines, the e4ects of climate change...

TOPIC 1: Globalization: An Overview Prepared by: Prof. Francisco C. Tapia, Jr., LPT, MAED I. The Nature of Global Contemporary Issues Global contemporary issues are challenges that a4ect multiple countries and require collective action to resolve. In the Philippines, the e4ects of climate change are a prominent example. The country experiences more intense typhoons, rising sea levels, and unpredictable weather patterns, all linked to global climate change. Additionally, the COVID- 19 pandemic highlighted the importance of global cooperation in addressing health crises. The Philippines' reliance on global vaccine distribution networks and international health guidelines illustrates how global issues directly impact the nation. Philippine Example: The Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) disaster in 2013, one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded, required international aid and cooperation for recovery e4orts, showing the global dimension of disaster response. II. Defining Globalization Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world's economies, cultures, and populations. In the Philippines, globalization is evident in the widespread presence of multinational companies like McDonald's, Toyota, and Samsung, which operate extensively within the country. The influx of foreign products, technology, and cultural influences, such as the popularity of K-pop and Western fashion trends, demonstrates how globalization permeates everyday life. Philippine Example: The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry in the Philippines, which employs millions of Filipinos and serves global markets, is a direct result of globalization. Companies like Convergys, Accenture, and Teleperformance have set up operations in the Philippines due to the country's competitive advantages in language skills and cost. III. The Global Economy The global economy encompasses the economic activities that occur between countries, including trade, investment, and financial transactions. The Philippines participates in the global economy through its exports of electronics, garments, and agricultural products. Remittances from Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) also play a significant role in the country's economy, making the Philippines one of the largest recipients of remittances worldwide. However, the country is also a4ected by global economic fluctuations, such as the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis, which led to slower economic growth and job losses. Philippine Example: The export of semiconductors and electronic products, which account for a significant portion of the Philippines' export earnings, illustrates the country's integration into the global economy. The industry is highly dependent on global supply chains and demand from major economies like the United States, China, and Japan. IV. Market Integration Market integration refers to the unification of markets across borders, leading to a global marketplace where goods, services, and capital flow freely. In the Philippines, market integration is evident in the implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which aims to create a single market and production base within Southeast Asia. This has led to increased trade and investment opportunities for Filipino businesses. However, market integration also poses challenges, such as the need for local industries to compete with more established and competitive foreign companies. Philippine Example: The entry of foreign retail giants like H&M, Uniqlo, and IKEA into the Philippine market demonstrates market integration. These companies provide Filipino consumers with more choices but also increase competition for local retailers. V. The Global Interstate System The global interstate system involves the political and economic relationships between sovereign states, governed by international laws and institutions. The Philippines is an active participant in the global interstate system through its membership in organizations like the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and ASEAN. The country's involvement in international treaties, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change, reflects its commitment to addressing global issues through diplomatic and cooperative means. Philippine Example: The Philippines' victory in the 2016 South China Sea arbitration case, under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), showcases the country's engagement with the global interstate system. The ruling, which favored the Philippines' claims over China's, was a significant moment in international law and diplomacy. Essay Questions: 1. How do global contemporary issues reflect the interconnected nature of the world in the context of globalization? Provide examples from the Philippine context. 2. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of globalization on cultural identity and diversity in the Philippines. 3. Evaluate the role of market integration in shaping the global economy, particularly in the Philippines' BPO industry. 4. Analyze the challenges faced by the global interstate system in addressing global issues such as climate change and economic inequality, using the Philippines as a case study. 5. How does the concept of globalization influence the relationship between developed and developing nations, with specific reference to the Philippines? References Held, D., & McGrew, A. (2007). Globalization/Anti-Globalization: Beyond the Great Divide. Polity. Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. W.W. Norton & Company. Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalization: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. (2020). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press. TOPIC 2: Development Issues in the 21st Century I. Economic Development and Underdevelopment Economic development refers to the sustained actions of policymakers and communities to promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. It involves a combination of quantitative and qualitative improvements in the economy, including increased income, improved infrastructure, and enhanced quality of life. Underdevelopment, on the other hand, describes a condition in which resources are not being used to their full socio-economic potential, resulting in lower levels of economic productivity and standard of living. Key Points: Di4erences between developed and developing nations Factors contributing to underdevelopment, including historical, cultural, and political influences The role of international organizations in addressing underdevelopment II. Labor and Employment Labor and employment issues are critical components of economic development. The global labor market is characterized by varying levels of employment, unemployment, and underemployment, which a4ect economic stability and growth. Key Points: Global employment trends in the 21st century The impact of automation and technological advancement on employment Labor rights and conditions in developing countries III. Poverty and Inequality Poverty and inequality remain significant challenges in the 21st century. These issues are often interlinked with other developmental problems and can hinder social and economic progress. Key Points: The causes and consequences of poverty in di4erent regions  The relationship between poverty and inequality Policy measures to address poverty and reduce inequality IV. Global Peace, Political Stability, and Security Global peace and political stability are essential for sustainable development. However, various factors, including economic disparities, political instability, and security threats, can undermine peace and stability. Key Points: The role of international organizations in maintaining global peace The impact of political instability on development The relationship between security and economic development V. Discrimination, Migration, and Displacement Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, and other factors continues to be a significant issue worldwide. Migration and displacement, often driven by conflict, economic need, or environmental changes, have far-reaching e4ects on both originating and receiving countries. Key Points: The causes and consequences of migration and displacement The impact of discrimination on social and economic development International responses to migration and displacement VI. Democracy and Governance Democracy and governance are foundational to the development process. E4ective governance ensures the rule of law, transparency, and accountability, which are necessary for economic and social progress. Key Points: The role of democracy in promoting development Challenges to e4ective governance in developing countries The impact of political families and corruption on governance VII. Political Families, Graft, and Corruption in Developing Countries Political families and corruption are significant barriers to development in many developing countries. These issues can lead to the misallocation of resources, weakened institutions, and diminished public trust in government. Key Points: The impact of political dynasties on governance and development Strategies for combating corruption in developing countries The role of civil society and international organizations in promoting good governance VIII. Territorial Concerns Territorial disputes can have significant implications for international relations and development. These disputes often arise from historical claims, natural resource distribution, or strategic considerations. Key Points: Major territorial disputes in the 21st century The role of international law and organizations in resolving territorial disputes The impact of territorial disputes on regional stability and development IX. International Security Issues International security encompasses a wide range of threats, including terrorism, cyber threats, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These issues have global implications and require coordinated international responses. Key Points: The evolving nature of international security threats The role of international organizations in addressing security challenges The impact of security issues on global development Essay Questions 1. Discuss the relationship between economic development and underdevelopment in the 21st century. How do historical and political factors contribute to the persistent economic disparities between nations?  2. Evaluate the impact of technological advancements on labor and employment in both developed and developing countries. What policies should be implemented to address the challenges posed by automation? 3. Analyze the root causes of poverty and inequality in the global context. What are the most e4ective policy measures to reduce poverty and promote equality? 4. Assess the role of international organizations in promoting global peace and political stability. How can these organizations be more e4ective in preventing conflicts and ensuring sustainable development? 5. Explore the challenges of migration and displacement in the 21st century. How do discrimination and governance issues exacerbate these challenges, and what solutions can be implemented? Prepared by, Prof. Francisco C. Tapia, Jr., LPT, MAED References Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2020). Economic Development. Pearson. International Labour Organization. (2022). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2022. ILO. United Nations Development Programme. (2021). Human Development Report 2021/2022: Inequality in Human Development. UNDP. World Bank. (2020). Global Economic Prospects. World Bank Publications. Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.