TOP Notes PDF

**TOP Notes** - "Listening became, for Freud, more than an art; it became a method, a privileged road to knowledge that his patients mapped out for him." - Psyche- mind or soul Logos- study - Freud combined philosophical speculation and primitive scientific approach to understan...

**TOP Notes** - "Listening became, for Freud, more than an art; it became a method, a privileged road to knowledge that his patients mapped out for him." - Psyche- mind or soul Logos- study - Freud combined philosophical speculation and primitive scientific approach to understand human behavior. - He used his patience to find out what is hidden behind their psyche through listening to them and later on identify why they behave like that. - **Personality** - Latin persona, which referred to a theoretical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. - With different definition of personality, it evolved unique and vital theories because they lacked agreement as to the nature of humanity, and because each saw personality from an individual reference point. - "a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior" - Personality is like a mask that gives us character. - When you are attending drama or theater in ancient times, mask is required. - Mask gives them a new personality that roman actors need to portray. - Mask gives character/characteristic to a person. - Gordon Allport- father of trait paradigm. - **Theory** - a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis. - a useful theory (1) generates research, (2) is falsifiable, (3) organizes data, (4) guides action (5) is internally consistent, and (6) is parsimonious. - Established theory- true to many not to some - **Generates research** - ability to stimulate and guide further research. - theory will generate two different kinds of research: descriptive research and hypothesis testing. - Descriptive research- describe behavior or phenomena - Hypothesis testing- inferential research that gives answer to certain questions and gives possible solution to what we investigate. - **Falsifiable** - ability to confirmed or disconfirmed - a theory must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenels. - not falsifiable theory cannot be use to support certain claim. - **Organizes data** - Theory of personality must be capable of integrating what is currently known about human behavior and personality development. - **Guides Action** - ability to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems. - a theory must correct possibly certain situation leading to a more positive personality. - **Internally Consistent** - theory need not be consistent with other theories, but it must be consistent to itself. - a theory must not give contrary views. - Parsimonious - simpler one is preferred. - theory is meant to be applied and applying complex theory is difficult to apply. - Sources of Consistent Behavior Pattern - Genetics - Personality is influenced by genetic factors from ancestors. - Sociocultural - Society and culture affect the development of our personality. - Learning - What people learned from environment is adapted. - Existential/Humanistic - Existential- potential of a person. - Unconscious Mechanisms - Perspectives in the Study of Personality - Psychobiological Approach- biological factors affecting personality. - Temperament- person's emotional state, first apparent in infancy. - First feasible emotional state of a child which is based on biological Ex: shy child, quiet child, crybaby - Hippocrates' view- temperament is determined by person's level of 4 different body fluids, known as humors. - Blood (high amount of blood)- cheerful/sanguine personality. - Phlegm (high amount of phlegm)- calm and phlegmatic personality. - Black bile (high amount of black bile)- depressed/melancholic personality. - Yellow bile (high amount of yellow bile)- irritable/choleric personality. - Hippocrates- father of Modern Medicine, known for the idea of bodily humors affecting behavior. - If there is an imbalance of bodily fluid, there is a personality produced. - This is considered a pseudopsychology (not true psychology, not based on scientific process). - Phrenology- bumps of the skull related to particular personality and intellectual characteristics. - a pseudopsychology, ex: if you have an embossed forehead, you are smart. - Physiognomy- personality is revealed by facial features. - Physique and Personality- constitutional theory of personality (somatotypes) - Proposed by Dr. William Sheldon - A link between person's body type and personality (no evidence proves its legitimacy). - Behavioral Genetics - Heredity and Behavior - Psychological Approach - Psychodynamic Paradigm - Psychodynamic started with psychoanalysis with the works of Freud - Dispositional/Trait Paradigm - Dispositional- value the uniqueness of certain individual. - Humanistic/Existential Paradigm - Humanistic/Existential- speaks about the unique quality of individual or growth and their fulfillment of highest potential. - Biological/Evolutionary Paradigm - Learning/Cognitive Paradigm - Learning (social) cognitive- how people learn and acquire things from environment that develops their personality. - Dimension for Concept of Humanity - Determinism vs. Free Choice - Determinism- people's behavior are determined by forces in which they have no control. - Free Choice- people can choose what they wish to be. - Pessimism vs. Optimism - Pessimism- people are doomed to live a miserable, conflicted, and trouble life. - Optimism- they can change and grow, and become psychologically healthy human being. - Most humanistic theories are optimistic in nature. - Causality vs. Teleology - Causality- it holds that behavior is function of their past experiences, personality is shaped by past. - Teleology- personality is influenced by future. Ex: You have goals and dreams in life which is in the future, so your present actions is influenced by what you aim for. - Conscious vs. Unconscious - Conscious- personality is shaped by things we are aware of. - Unconscious- personality is shaped by things we are unaware of. - Biological vs. Social Influences - The same as Nature vs. Nurture. - Uniqueness vs. Similarities - Uniqueness- human development is concentrated on individuality or uniqueness of person. - Similarities- human development is shaped by commonality of people. - Methods of Assessing Personality - Objective Test- true test used to assess personality in scientific process. - Behavioral Method- use of observation and interviews to assess personality. - Projective Technique- test that utilizes the idea of unconscious and quite more sophisticated than objective test. - Experimental and Field Studies- researching on different personality perspective as well as having raw reaction and raw behavior through the use of experimental approach, and build studies that leads to assessment of different personality. **Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis** **Freud** - Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic therapy - Personality is determined by things we don't know. **Biography: Sigmund Freud** (most controversial theorist) - Born on May 6, 1856 (most acceptable birthdate) in Freiberg, Moravia as **Sigismund Schlomo Freud.** - Firstborn child of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud. - Enjoy a warm, indulgent relationship with his mother, leading him in later years to observe that the mother/son's relationship was the most perfect, the freest from ambivalence of all human relationship. - Other book says: March 6, 1856 is his birthday. - His parents have big age gap. - Have two older brothers. - Deep attachment existed between his mother and Freud being her first born. - Freud even said "a man who has been the indisputable favorite of his mother keeps for life the feeling of a conqueror, that confidence of success that often induces real success" - In 1860, he moved with his family to Vienna, Austria. - When he was about a year and a half old, his mother gave birth to a second son, **Julius,** an event that has a significant impact on his psychic development. - "I welcomed my one-year younger brother with ill wishes and real infantile jealousy, and his death left a germ of guilt in me"- he wrote a letter to his close friend. - He had close relationship to his nephew**, John**, who was a year older than him. It evoked multitude of feelings which contributed to the understanding of himself and human personality in general. - "until the end of my 3^rd^ year, we had been inseparable, we had loved each other and fought each other, and as I have hinted this childish relationship. It has determined all my later feelings in my intercourse with persons of my own age. At times, he must have treated me very badly, and I must have opposed my tyrant courageously." - Freud states that he can recall only three incidents from his **first three years of life** but all bear more than passing relationship with later theoretical formulations. - **First:** entering into his parents' bedroom out of curiosity and being ordered out by his irate father. - **Second:** when he was admonished by his father for wetting his bed at the age of two. - **Third:** death of his brother when he was 19 months old. - In their journey from Moravia to Vienna, Freud (roughly 4 years old) saw his mother naked, it is interesting that he described the fact in Latin: - "later libido toward matrem was aroused: the occasion must have been the journey with her... during which we spent the night together and I must have had the opportunity of seeing her nudam" - For Freud, libido is energy. - This became the basis of **Oedipus complex**. - Steady progression of younger siblings (two were born before he was three) might have made his young mind speculative in childish fashion upon the nature of reproduction. - Freud was drawn into medicine, not because he loved it, but because he was intensely curious about human nature. - He entered the **University of Vienna Medical School**, with no intention of practicing medicine. - Freud might have continued his work indefinitely had it not been for **2 factors**: - As a Jew, his opportunities for academic advancement would be limited. - His father, who helped finance his medical school expense, became less able to provide monetary aid. - Freud turned his laboratory to the practice of medicine. - In 1885, he received a travelling grant from the University of Vienna and decided to study in Paris with the famous French neurologist **Jean Martin Charcot**. - Freud developed a close professional association and a personal friendship with **Josef Breuer**, a well-known Viennese physician 14 years older than Freud and a man of considerable scientific reputation. - **Anna-O** -- patient of Josef Breuer (rumored to have a romantic relationship so Josef referred her to Freud since it is prohibited to have a doctor-patient relationship. - **Catharsis-** emotional release - **Therapy**: talk therapy - **Studies on hysteria**- Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer - Breuer had discussed in detail with Freud the case of Anna-O (person with hysteria), a young woman Freud had never met, but whom Breuer had spent many hours with. - Breuer and Freud had a quarrel (disagreements) - During the late 1890s, Freud suffered both professional isolation and personal crises - **First crisis**: he had begun to analyze his own dreams, and after the death of his father in 1896, he initiated the practice of analyzing himself daily. - **Second crisis**: he was now middle-aged and had yet to become famous. - In 1899, Freud completed his greatest work, "**Interpretation of Dreams**" - The book contained many of his dreams. - In 1902, Freud invited a small group of somewhat younger Viennese physicians. - Freud (leader), Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane, Rudolf Reitler -- **Wednesday Psychological Society** - It later formed the name "**Vienna Psychoanalytic Society**" - In 1910, Freud founded the **International Psychoanalytic Association** with **Carl Jung** of Zurich as President. - Trivia: Freud thinks that Carl Jung thinks he will continue his legacy. - The years of World War I was difficult for Freud. - He had 33 operations for career of the mouth but still had significant revisions in his theory. - Revision: elevation of aggression to a level equal to that of the sexual arise, the inclusion of repression as one of the defenses of the ego; and his attempt to clarify the female Oedipus complex, which he was never completely accomplish. - In 1938, he left Vienna and settled in London. - **September 23, 1939**, Freud died due to drug overdose and had been suffering agonizing pain caused by an inoperable cancerous tumor in his eye socket and cheek. The cancer had begun as a lesion in his mouth that he discovered in 1923. - **Trivia about Freud**: - Freud had an appetite for cocaine. - He had initial discovery of anesthetic quality of cocaine. - 48,000 items of his works were in Library of Congress Repository in Washington D.C. - Interpretation of Dreams (1900) sold 315 copies in 6 years. - In 1929, his book civilization and its discontent was published- 12,000 copies were sold out. - Sex and Aggression- cornerstone of Psychoanalysis. - **Topographical Model of the Mind** - The mind has three regions: - **Conscious** -- thoughts, perception - **Preconscious** -- memories, stored knowledge (could easily be brought to awareness) - **Unconscious** -- fear, violent motives, unacceptable sexual desire, irrational wishes, immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful experiences - **The Conscious** - Perceptions coming from the outside world or within the body or mind are brought to awareness. - Consciousness is a subjective phenomenon whose content can be communicated only by means of language/behavior. - **The Preconscious** - Composed of mental events, processes, and contents that can be brought into conscious awareness by the act of focusing attention. - Interfaces with both conscious and unconscious. - Contents of the unconscious must become linked with words and thus become preconscious to reach conscious awareness. - **The Unconscious** - Dynamic, its mental contents and processes we kept from conscious awareness through the force of censorship/repression and it is closely related to **instinctual drives** -- behavior, something you do not thought of. - Limited to wishes seeking fulfillment. - Characterized by primary process thinking, which is principally aimed at facilitating with fulfillment and instinctual discharge. - **Provinces of the Mind** - das Es (Id), das Ich (Ego), das Uber-Ich (Superego) - **Id** - No contact with reality, strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires. - "What the id wants, Id should get" - Serves the pleasure principle - Primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness, unchangeable, immoral, illogical, unorganized - **Ego** - Only region in contact with reality - Grows out of the id during infancy and becomes a person's sole source of communication with external world. - Governed by reality principle, tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of the id. - **Superego** - Moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the id. - Contains the subsystems: conscience, and ego ideal - **Psychosexual Development Theory** - Freud had a notion that children are influenced by sexual drives. - He noted that infants are capable of erotic activity from birth which is basically non-sexual and associated with bodily functions such as feeding and bowel, and bladder control. - **Erogenous Zone**- part of the body where you experience most pleasure. - **Oral Stage (12-18 months)** - Earliest stage of development in which the infants' needs, perception, and expression are centered on the mouth, lips, and tongue, and other organs related to the oral zone. - Ex: thumb sucking, sucking on nipples for food. - **Description** - It includes thirst, hunger, pleasure tactile stimulation from nipple or substitute sensations related to swallowing and satiation. - It is separated into 2 components: Libidinal and Aggressive - Libidinal needs/Oral erotism- early parts of oral phase. - Oral Aggression/Oral Sadism- present at the latter part which includes biting, chewing, crying. - It consists of the wish to eat, sleep, and reach relaxation that occurs after sucking. - **Character** - This phase provides character structure for capacity to give and receive from other people without excessive dependency/envy. - In this stage, a sense of trust as well as sense of self-reliance and self-trust is developed. - **Pathological Traits**- problematic traits that might lead to psychological problems. - Excessive gratification/deprivation leads to pathologic traits such as excessive optimism, narcissism, pessimism, and demandingness. - Oral characters often excessively dependent and require others to give to them and look after them - This person wants to be fed but maybe exceptionally giving to a return of being given to. - They are extremely dependent on object to main self-esteem. - Envy and jealousy are associated with oral traits (under satisfied in oral stage) - **Anal Stage (18mos-3years)** - Psychosexual development that is prompted by maturation of neuromuscular control particular of the sphincters (pamigil) thus permitting voluntary control over retention or expulsion of feces. - **Description** - Extends from 1-3 years of age marked by intensification of aggressive drives mixed with libidinal components and in realistic impulses. - Voluntary control of sphincter shift passivity to activity. - Anal erotism- sexual pleasure in retaining precious feces and in presenting them as gift to parent -- over gratification (clean, organized, frugal). - Anal sadism- aggressive wishes to discharge feces as powerful and destructive weapons -- under gratification (messy, spender) - Toilet training gives rise to increase ambivalence together with a struggle over a separation, individuation, and independence. - **Character Traits** - Development of Personal Autonomy - Independence - Initiative without guilt - Cooperation - **Pathological Trait** - Maladaptive trait is inconsistent and are derived from anal erotism and the defenses against it. - **Urethral Stage** (transition between anal and phallic) - Shares characteristic of anal and phallic stage. - Urethral irritation refers to pleasure in urination and retention similar to anal retention. - Similar issues of performance and control are related to urethral function. - **Phallic Stage** (3-5years old) - Focus of sexual interest, stimulation, and excitement in the genital area. - Penis becomes the organ of principle interest to children of both sexes. - Lack of penis in the female being considered evidence of castration. - Associated in genital masturbation accompanied by unconscious fantasies of the opposite sex parent. - During this phase, the oedipal involvement and conflict are established and consolidated. - Children often touch their genitals because they are exploring their identity. - Oedipus- Person from Roman novel where he married her own mother. - **Oedipus complex** -- castration anxiety - **Electra complex --** penis envy - **Character Traits** - Sexual identity, sense of curiosity without embarrassment, initiative without guilt, mastery of internal processes and impulses. - Internal source of regulation is the superego and it is based on identification derived primarily from parental figures. - **Pathological Traits** - Complex and encompasses the whole neurobic development. - Issues focused on castration in males and penis envy and females. - Residues of previous psychosexual. - **Latency Stage** (5-6 to 11-13 years old) -- no erogenous zone - Institution of superego and maturation of ego functions. - Sexual interest is quiescent. - Homosexual affiliations. - Libidinal and aggressiveness energies are directed to learning and playing activities. - **Genital Stage** -- onset of puberty from 11 to 13 until young adulthood. - Physiological maturation of genital (sexual) system leads to intensification of libidinal drives. - Reopen conflicts of previous stage of previous development and provides opportunity for resolution achieving a mature sexual and adult identity. - **Character Trait** - Capacity for self-realization and participation in the areas of work and love. - **Pathological Trait** - Due to failure to achieve successfully resolution and fixation will produce pathological defects in adult personality. **Anxiety** -- Empathize that it is a felt, effective, unpleasant state accompanied by physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger. - **Fear**- what we feel at present. - **Anxiety**- futuristic point of view. - **Types of Anxiety** - Neurotic Anxiety - Moralistic Anxiety - Realistic Anxiety - Note: All felt by the ego but originated from different provinces. - **Neurotic Anxiety** - Apprehension about unknown danger. - Felt my ego, but originated from Id. - Feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originated from in the impulses. - Ex: Worrying about something you do not know why. - **Moral Anxiety** - Stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. - It may also result from the failure to behave consistently with what they regard as morally right. - Ex: a person struggling with the decision to report a colleague\'s unethical behavior, fearing potential consequences. - **Realistic Anxiety** - Closely related to fear. - Defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. - Ex: a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. **Defense Mechanism** -- operates unconsciously **Coping mechanism** -- we voluntarily do - Mental process used to avoid, deny, distort sources, of threat and anxiety. - The principal defense mechanisms identified by Freud include repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation regression projection, introjection, and sublimation. - **Repression** -- Motivated forgetting, cornerstone of defense mechanism. - Ex: Forgetting details of an incident, accident, or crime. - **Displacement** -- People can redirect their unacceptable urges into a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised for concealed. - Ex: When you are angry, you accidentally break things or say things (Displaced Aggrerssion) - **Reaction Formation** -- Adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form. - Ex: Saying things that is not what he truly feels. - **Undoing** -- An attempt to undo a negative or doing the opposite. - Ex: You unconsciously doing a favor to your friend who is angry at you. - **Projection** -- Attributing unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. - Ex: When you saw someone you like, you point others as someone who have feelings for that person but you are truly the one who likes him/her. - **Introjection** -- People incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. - Ex: Idolizing people causing you to adapt what they do like Kpop idols. - **Sublimation** -- Repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim. The sublimated aim is expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature, but more subtly, it is part of all human relationship and all social pursuits. - Ex: Aggressive people doing sports like boxing. - Unconsciously doing music out of your feeling. - **Denial** -- Arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist. - Ex: After the unexpected death of a loved one, a person might refuse to accept the reality of the death and deny that anything has happened. - **Rationalization** -- Supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to real reason. - **Rational Reason: Sweet lemon** -- Rationalize the positive aspect of something you got. Ex: Buying something you did not get but it is something within your budget **Sour Grapes** -- Rationalizing the negative aspect of something you did not get. Ex: saying negative things to something you did not get (pampalubag-loob). - **Intellectualization** -- Avoiding unacceptable emotion. - Ex: When someone you know died, you make yourself busy so you cannot feel you lost someone. - **Regression** -- Returning to previous stage of development. - Ex: Wanting to experience childhood again like watching cartoons, playing in the rain. **Freud's Theory** - Determinism vs. Free Will -- **Determinism** - Causality vs. Teleology **-- Causality** - Similarities vs. Differences -- **Both** - Pessimism vs. Optimism -- **Pessimism** - Conscious vs. Unconscious -- **Unconscious** - Biological vs. Social Influence -- **Biological** **Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology** **Alfred Adler --** one of the forerunners in giving explanation to personality. - **Biography** - A second born child, born on **February 7, 1870** in Rudolfsheim, a village near Vienna. - He was weak and sickly, and was not a favored child. - He had a normal relationship to his mother. - He experienced fatal illness at a young age, suffered from **rickets**, a deficiency in vitamin B among children and adolescent that weakens the bones, that makes him awkward and clumsy. - He was a fond of watching child plays. - He was initially pampered until the birth of his younger brother. - At the **age of three** he saw his younger brother, Rudolph, die in next bed where Adler began to be afraid of death. - He traced his interest of becoming a doctor to the near fatal illness he had. - At school, he was an average student. Nonetheless, he rose to superior position in school. - He started medicine at the **University of Vienna**. - He began private practice as eye specialist, but gave up that specialization and turned to psychiatry and general medicine. - In **1902**, he was invited by Freud to join a weekly discussion on Psychoanalysis. - A lot of stories concerning association of Freud and Adler have been point out. - He was **never a student of Freud nor was ever psychoanalyzed**. - He joined the discussion because of interest in psychoanalysis, but from the very beginning discovered point of disagreement. - Like Freud, Adler was affected by events surrounding World War I. - Freud elevated aggression to the level of sex after viewing the horrors of war, Adler suggested that **social interest and compassion** could be the cornerstone of human. - He formed the **Society for Free Psychoanalytic Study**. - He soon changed the name of his organization to the **Society for Individual Psychology** - a name that clearly indicates that he abandoned psychoanalysis. - Adler frequently visited the US, where he taught in the Individual Psychology at Columbia University and New School for social research. - **Personal qualities:** optimistic on human condition, intense competitiveness with friendly congeniality and strong belief in basic gender equality, and advocate for women's rights. - In **May 28^th^, 1937,** he died of **heart attack** in **Aberdeen, Scotland**. **The Adlerian Theory "**less known" - **Three reasons why this theory is less known** - Adler did not establish a tightly run organization to perpetuate his theories. - He was not particularly gifted writer -- mainly used "**word of mouth**." - Many of his views were incorporated into that works of such later theorist as Maslow, Rogers, Ellis, and thus are no longer associated with Adler's name. - **Adlerian Theory** - The **Birth Order Theory** by Alfred Adler as an author. - Evolved a basically **simple and parsimonious theory**. - People are born with weak, inferior bodies - condition that leads to the feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence on other people. - Therefore, a feeling of unity with others or social interest is inherent in people and the ultimate standard for psychological health. **Adlerian Theory** - The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is the **striving for success or superiority**. - People's subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality. - Personality is unified and self-consistent. - The value of all human activity must be seen from the **viewpoint of social interest**. - The self-consistent personality structure develops into a **person's style of life or lifestyle**. - Style of life is molded by people's creative power - the power to choose, be responsible, be free for the sake of your development. 1. **The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is the striving for success or superiority**. - Individual psychology hurts that everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that activate feelings of superiority or success. - Some people strive for a superiority with little or no concern for others. - Their goals are personal ones and their strivings are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority or the presence of an inferiority complex. Ex: politicians. - Some people are motivated by social interest and the success of all humankind. - Goals beyond themselves, are capable of helping others without demanding or expecting a personal payoff, and are able to see others not as opponents but as people with whom they can cooperate for social benefit. Ex: Helping others without hoping for anything in return. - Psychologically unhealthy individuals strike for personal superiority. - Psychologically healthy people seek success for all humanity. - Regardless of the motivation for striving, each individual is guided by the **"final goal"** -- Influences our personality development. **Final Goal** - People strive toward a final goal of either personal superiority or the goal of success for all humankind (Adler, 1956) - Each person has the power to create a personalized fictional goal. - It is the product of creating power, that is, people's ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality. **Striving Force as Compensation** - People strive for superiority or success as a means of compensation for feelings of inferiority or weakness. - Physical deficiencies ignite feelings of inferiority only because people by their nature, possess an innate tendency towards completion or wholeness. 2. **People's subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality**. - **Fictionalism** is the expectations of the future. - Physical inferiorities 3. **Personality is unified and self-consistent**. - Choosing the term individual psychology, Adler wished to stress belief that each person is unique and indivisible. - The disturbance of one part of the body (feeling of inferiority) cannot be viewed in isolation, it affects the entire person. In fact, the deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual's goal, a conditional known as "**organ dialect**." 4. **The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest**. - A better translation might be "social feeling" or "community feeling.\" - Social interest is the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together. 5. **The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person's style of life or lifestyle**. - The self-consistent personality structure develops into a personal style of life. - **Style of life** is the term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a person's life. - It includes a person's goal, self-concept feelings for others, and attitude toward the world. 6. **Style of life is molded by people's creative power - the power to choose, be responsible, be free for the sake of your development**. - Adler believed, it is empowered with the freedom to create her or his own style of life. People are responsible for who they are and how they behave. **Abnormal Development** - One factor underlying all types of maladjustments is underdeveloped social interest. - Neurotics tend to (1) set their goal too high \(2) live in their own private world \(3) have a rigid and dogmatic style of life. - \(1) Exaggerated physical deficiencies. - \(2) A **pampered style of life** -- heart of neurosis. - \(3) A neglected style of life. **Safeguarding Tendencies** -- we consciously do - Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace. - Excesses, aggression, withdrawal - **Excesses** - Typically expressed in the "**yes, but**" or "**If only**" format. - These excuses protect a weak - but artificially inflated - sense of self-worth and deceive people into believing that they are more superior than they really are. - **Ex**: "Kung pinag-aral lang ako, hindi ako ganito" - **Aggression** - Safeguard their exaggerated superiority complex, that is, to protect their fragile self-esteem. - **Depreciation** - Tendency to undervalue other people's achievements and to over value one's own. - Evident in such aggressive behavior as criticism and gossip. - **Ex:** "Kaya lang naman kasali sa top 'yan dahil teacher ang nanay niya" - **Accusation** - Tendency to blame others for a one's failures and to seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one's own tenuous self-esteem. - Unhealthy people invariably act to cause the people around them to suffer more than they do. - **Ex:** "Nanay ko lang may gusto sa program na 'to, kaya bagsak ako" - **Self-Accusation** - Self-torture and guilt. - Some people use self torture, including masochism, depression, and suicide, as means of helping people who are close to them. - **Withdrawal** - Some people unconsciously escape life's problems by setting up a distance between themselves and those problems. - **Four modes**: (1**) moving backward** (takasan) (2**) standing still** (patatagan) \(3) **hesitating** (using excuse -- "huli na ang lahat") \(4) **constructing obstacles** (pinapangunahan) **Masculine Protest** - Adler believed that the psychic life of women is essentially the same as that of men and that a male-dominated society is not natural but rather an artificial product of historical development. - He assumed that **women** - because they have the same psychological and psychological needs as men, women should also get the privilege that men in society enjoy. **Application of Individual Psychology** - **Family constellation** - almost always asked patients about their family constellation, that is, their birth order, the gender of their siblings, and the age spread between them. - **Eldest child --** nurturing - **Middle child --** sandwich child, competitive, large social capital, "madiskarte" - **Last born --** the most competitive, "pinapaboran" - **Only child --** have a pampered style of life. - Set-up for large set of siblings. El Mi La El Mi La El Mi La - **Early Recollection** -- Always consistent with people's present style of life and that their subjective account of these experiences. - **Dreams** -- Cannot foretell the future, they can provide clues for solving future problems -- "**déjà vu**" - **Psychotherapy** -- Results from lack of courage, exaggerated feelings of inferiority. - Enhanced courage, encourage social interests. **Adler's Theory** - Freedom vs. Interest -- **Freedom** - Heredity vs. Environment -- **Environment** - Uniqueness vs. Universality -- **Uniqueness** - Optimism vs. Pessimism -- **Optimism** - Causality vs. Teleology -- **Teleology** - Consciousness vs. Unconsciousness -- **Middleground** **Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology** **Biography** - Born on **July 26, 1875** in Kesswill, Switzerland - Second child of Johann Paul Jung and Emelie Preiswork Jung - At the **age of three**, Jung's parents had a brief separation that leaves Carl with deep distrust of women and love. - As a child, Carl Jung is an introvert. - During his childhood years, Jung have discovered two aspects of his personality: introvert and extravert. - In 1895, Jung began to study in University of Basel with a degree of medicine, specifically psychiatry. - During his studies, he lived with his maternal relatives whom got him involved with seances, which solidify his belief in ancient unconscious and use psychology to study paranormal activity. - In 1900, Jung become a psychiatric assistant to **Eugene Bleuler** at **Burgholtzi Mental Hospital** in Zurich, possibly the most prestigious psychiatric teaching hospital in the world at that time. - In 1903, He returned to Switzerland and married **Marries Emma Rauschenbach**. - While still studying, Jung has been fascinated with the works of Freud specifically "**The Interpretation of Dreams**" and in 1906, he begins correspondence with Sigmund Freud. - Freud had become a significant person in Jung's life. He became his mentor and they had a father-son relationship to the point that Freud sees him as successor and appoint him as the **first president of International Psychoanalytic Association.** - Due to some of disagreement, Jung broke his relationship with Freud which led him in deep isolation and loneliness. He **undergone self-analysis and trip to underground of his own unconscious psyche** -- **CREATIVE ILLNESS** - This became a painful yet fruitful travel of the birth of **Analytic Psychology**. - His theory flourish until he **died on June 6 1961**, in Zurich, a few weeks short of his 86^th^ birthday. **View of Human Nature** - **Two Tier of Human Life** - Separate ourselves from humanity - create our own identities. - Human reunite with the human race - becomes part of collective once again (volunteer, create art, religious doings, etc.) older and wiser years. - The **first half of life** is devoted to forming a healthy ego. - The **second half** is going inward and letting go of it. - **Process of Individuation** - **Completeness** - Young men search for their true self and realize what to contribute to attain the whole self which he called completeness. - **Integration of Opposites** - Acceptance that two opposing feelings could happen within us, like we can feel sad and happy at the same time, and being introvert and extrovert at the same time. - **Center of Consciousness** - We are more govern by the idea that we are more aware of the things happening around us. - Individuals must be open to the parts of oneself beyond one's own ego. - **Levels of Psyche** - **Ego** - The conscious mind, concerned with feeling, remembering and perceiving. - Consciousness plays a relatively minor role in analytical psychology and an overemphasis on expanding one's conscious psyche can lead to psychological imbalance. - Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious world, but they also allow themselves to experience their unconscious self and thus to achieve individuation. - **Personal Unconscious** - Includes both memories that are easily brought to mind and those that are suppressed for some reasons. - Product of individual experience that can easily be retrieved. - Formed through experiences so not everyone has the same personal unconscious. - The contents of personal and conscious is organized into clusters called complex. - **Complex** - Emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas. - Organized group of thoughts, feelings and memories about certain concept. - Example: Complex of Mother - Own experience being a mother. - Other mothers I have known. - Own mother. - Others experience of being a mother. - What I have heard or read about being a mother. - **Collective Unconscious** -- most famous concept of Carl Jung. - Psychic inheritance. - Reservoir of our experience as a species; has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. - A kind of knowledge we are born with. - Collective unconscious does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to humans' innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency. - Ex: Why mothers can automatically love their unborn child without seeing it yet - Within the collective unconscious lies the archetypes: - Ancient or archaic images. - Potential for countless numbers of archetypes exist within each person, and when a personal experience corresponds to the latent primordial image, the archetype becomes activated. - When we experience something, it suddenly become activated giving you certain behavior which we get from our ancestors. - **Types of Archetypes** - **Persona** - Personality that people show to the world. - A mask which protects the ego. - Project a particular role, one that society dictates to each of us. - Ex: A man applying for a job on sales, even if you are very quiet, you must become talkative to be accepted on the job. - **Shadow** - Includes life and sex instincts. - Dark side of the ego - "the devil within" - Ex: Lying is works of your shadow - **Anima** - Female side of men - Originated from early encounters with women - Ex: Men doing household chores. - **Animus** - Male side of women - Originated from early encounters of men. - Ex: Female making rational decisions. - For Carl Jung, humans are psychologically bisexual. - **Great Mother** - Pre-existing concept of mother is always associated with positive and negative. - Ex: Even if you are not a mother, you are showing love and care to your nephew. - **Wise Old Man** - Wisdom and meaning - Ex: Giving advices to your friends. - **Hero** - Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person. - Represents victory over the forces of darkness; and at the same time have those weaknesses. - **Self** - Archetype of archetypes. - Regulating center of psyche and facilitator of individuation. - Unifying force to strike wholeness. - Symbolized by a person's ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness. - Balances all the archetypes represented by the symbol of Yin and Yang - Individuation/Self-realization -- when you balance all archetypes, individuation is reached. - **Dynamics of Personality** - **Causality and Teleology** -- past influences present - future influences present. - **Progression and Regression** - To achieve individuation, we must integrate the opposites - Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression. - Jung believed that the balance of two influences one's behavior. - **Psychological Types** - **Union of Two Attitudes** - Extraversion - Introversion - **4 Functions** - Thinking - Feeling - Sensation - Intuition - **Attitudes** -- the way we act and react - **Extraversion** - Attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. - Influenced by surroundings rather than inner world. - **Introversion** - Inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. - Influenced by inner world rather than surroundings. - **Carl Jung Attitude Type** - Where do you put your attention and get your energy? Do you like too spend time in the outer world of people and things (Extraversion), or in your inner world of ideas and images (Introversion)? - **Functions** - **Thinking** -- logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas; meaning and understanding. - **Feeling** -- describe the process of evaluating an idea or event based on one's own emotion. - **Carl Jung Principal Psychological Function** - Rational/Judging Function / Decision Making Function - Thinking/Feeling - Do you like to put more weight on objective principles and impersonal facts (thinking) or do you put more weight on personal concerns and the people involved (feeling)? - **Sensation** -- receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness - **Institution** -- perception beyond the workings of consciousness. - **Carl Jung Principal Psychological Function** - Irrational/Perceiving Function / Information Gathering Function - Sensation/Intuition - Do you pay more attention to information that comes in through your five senses (sensing), or do you pay more attention to patterns and possibilities that you see in the information you receive (intuition)? **Stages of Development --** Carl Jung focuses on the **"second half of life"** or midlife which is roughly 35-40 years old. According to him, we could find meaning in our declining years. - **Childhood Stage** - **Anarchic Phase** -- chaotic and sporadic consciousness - Primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized - You cannot communicate still what you are thinking. - **Monarchic Phase** -- development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. - You now have consciousness and you start to think like describing things, slowly communicate through language. - **Dualistic Phase** -- first person and are aware of their existence as separate individuals. - Could happen roughly 7-8 years old and having independence. - **Youth** - Puberty to mid-life. - Young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world. - Problem free childhood is gone. - **Middle Life** (most important) - Look forward to the future with hope and anticipation, surrender the lifestyle of youth, and discover new meaning in mid-life. - Major changes happen and responsibilities come like taking care of your children and aging parents. - **Old Age** -- last stage - Death is the goal of life. - Life can be fulfilling only when death is sought in this life - Most of Jung's patients are old people. - To cure them is to teach them to accept and have a new symbol for death -- it should not be feared because everyone will die at the end. **Carl Jung (View of Humanity)** - Freedom vs. Determinism -- **Determinism** - Heredity vs. Environment -- **Heredity** - Uniqueness vs. Universality -- **Universality** - Optimism vs. Pessimism -- **Middleground** - Conscious vs. Unconscious - **Unconscious**