Toddlers & Preschoolers Nutrition Part 1 PDF

Nutrition in Toddler, Pre-schoolers, Early Childhood, & Preadolescents – Part 1 By Dr Chen Seong Ting Email: [email protected] Acknowledgement to Dr Ong Shu Hwa  Learning outcomes – Part 1 Describe physical and cognitive development at each...

Nutrition in Toddler, Pre-schoolers, Early Childhood, & Preadolescents – Part 1 By Dr Chen Seong Ting Email: [email protected] Acknowledgement to Dr Ong Shu Hwa  Learning outcomes – Part 1 Describe physical and cognitive development at each life stage Growth rate Body composition Assessment of physical growth Early Childhood (0 – 8 years) Infants: 0 – 1 year old Toddlers : 1 – 2 years old Preschoolers : 3 – 4 years old Middle Childhood (6 – 13 years) Primary school children : 6 – 12 years old Pre-adolescents : 10 – 13 years old  Growth development Growth during toddler (1-3 yrs) & pre schoolers (3-5 yrs): slower than in infancy but steady Growth velocity slows after infancy until the adolescent growth spurt All children develop a little differently  Physical & motor skill markers – Age 2 Able to turn a door knob Look through a book and turning one page at a time Build a tower of 6 to 7 cubes Kick a ball without losing balance Pick up objects while standing, without losing balance. (This often occurs by 15 months. It is a cause for concern if not seen by 2 years.) Run with better coordination May be ready for toilet training Should have the first 16 teeth, but the actual number of teeth can vary widely At 24 months, will reach about half final adult height  Physical & motor milestones – Age 3 Gains about 1.8 to 2.25 kilograms May have daytime control over bowel and bladder functions (may have night time Grows about 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 control as well) cm) Can briefly balance and hop on one foot Reaches about half of his or her adult height May walk up stairs with alternating feet (without holding the rail) Has improved balance Can build a block tower of more than 9 Has improved vision (20/30) cubes Has all 20 primary teeth Can easily place small objects in a small Needs 11 to 13 hours of sleep a day opening  Physical & motor milestones – Age 4 Gains weight at the rate of about 6 Shows improved balance grams per day Hops on one foot without losing Weighs 40 pounds (18.14 kilograms) balance and is 40 inches (101.6 cm) tall Throws a ball overhand with Has 20/20 vision coordination Sleeps 11 to 13 hours at night, most Can cut out a picture using scissors often without a daytime nap May still wet the bed Grows to a height that is double the birth length  The typical 3- to 6-year-old: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Gains about 4 to 5 pounds (1.8 to 2.25 kilograms) per year Grows about 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) per year Has all 20 primary teeth by age 3 Has 20/20 vision by age 4 Sleeps 11 to 13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap  Body composition Growth during childhood progresses at a slower pace with less pronounced changes in body composition Sex differences in percent body fat observed during infancy continue through this period A small increase in the rate of weight-, height-, and body breadth-gain is observed in the mid-childhood growth spurt occurring around ages 6–8 A rebound in body mass occurs at approximately the same time  Body composition Body Mass Index peaks near the end of infancy declines in early childhood reaches a nadir (lowest point) around age 5–6 increases throughout the remainder of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood The timing of this BMI rebound may be genetically regulated Why we need to monitor the growth of children?  Purposes of growth monitoring Measure changes of the body size, shape, & composition Assess the adequacy of diet, health care, growth, & development especially in infants & children Evaluate nutritional status and initiate effective action Abnormal patterns of growth Monitor effects of nutritional intervention To teach parents how nutrition, physical activity, genetics & illness can affect growth  Key recommendation 1: Monitor the growth of children and adolescents using appropriate growth standards or charts to ensure healthy growth 1. Measure weight and height, calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) and determine weight status using BMI-for-Age monthly. 2. Monitor growth of children below 5 years old using WHO (2006) chart & use WHO (2007) reference for children 5 to 19 years old. 3. Discuss the growth of children with health care professionals (nutritionists, dietitians, doctors, nurses) or teachers. 4. Bring your child to the clinic according to the appointment date for growth monitoring. 5. Keep your child’s growth chart and constantly monitor his or her growth. Seek medical advice if there is any concern with his or her growth. Cited from: MDG for children & adolescent (2013) p. 21  WHO CDC What is it Growth standards – Growth reference – “describe how healthy “describe how certain children should grow under children grew in a particular optimal environmental and place and time” (CDC, health conditions” (CDC, 2010, p.2) 2010, p.2) BMI for age Starting at birth Starting at age 2 years Head circumference Children < 36 months Children